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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
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9. 1. A Future Revolution in Medical/Dental Therapeutics: Medical Marijuana
P. Flaer, J. Gallegos 1
2. Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Mural Variant—A Rare Case Report
Tanvi Vijay, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Zibran Khan, Amar Singh Jadaun, Sandeep Dungarwal,
Shivendra Kumar Singh 7
3. Minimal Invasive Approach in Periodontal Therapy: A Review
Kunal Keshaw, Pushpa Pudalkatti, Anita Raikar, Gunjan Richa, Ancia Vas 13
4. Report of Two Cases with Supplemental Tooth in Primary Dentition
Neelam Hasmukhbhai Joshi, Anshula Neeraj Deshpande, Rameshwari Raol, Urvashi Krunal Patel 18
5. Awareness Regarding Importance of Fluoridated Toothpaste among 12–14 Years Old Children
Poonacha K.S., Dimple Mehta, Anshula Deshpande, Seema Bargale, Neelam Joshi, Kishan Naik 22
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry

10. RRJoD (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Future Revolution in Medical/Dental Therapeutics:
Medical Marijuana
P. Flaer1,
*, J. Gallegos2
1
Department of Diagnosis, Florida Institute for Advanced Dental Education, Miami,
Florida 33127, USA
2
Community Smiles, Miami, Florida 33127, USA
Abstract
Dispensing and use of marijuana (Cannabis) and derivatives are restricted under federal
statutory control in the United States as “SCHEDULE 1” substances (illegal drugs).
However, at the state level (September 2016), “medical marijuana” is legal in 20 states plus
“recreational marijuana” in four states and the districts of Columbia. Several other states
have litigation for marijuana decriminalization on the November 2016 ballot.
Pharmacotherapeutic use of marijuana and its derivatives may alter future prescribed use of
opioid medications (most narcotic medicines) for pain control in medicine and dentistry—
lowering the effective dose of the opioid when used in combination with marijuana. Although
abuse of marijuana is still controversial, modern practitioners are beginning to incorporate
“medical marijuana” into their clinical practice. Marijuana and its derivatives have been
used for many indications in medicine and dentistry—some are supported by research
evidence, however, many are not. Practitioners should take appropriate care that use of
“medical marijuana” will benefit the patient and that such treatment is in the best interest of
the patient.
Keywords: Medical marijuana, pain control, marijuana research, opioids, chronic illnesses
INTRODUCTION
Marijuana (Cannabis) and related drugs have
potential therapeutic uses in medicine and
dentistry. Therapeutic effects of marijuana that
are supported by research evidence include the
following [1–3]:
 Activity in chronic and neuropathic pain.
 Antiemetic properties in cancer
chemotherapy.
 Stimulated appetite (important for weight
gain in HIV/AIDS).
 Decreased spasticity in multiple sclerosis.
 Lessened severity of “tics” in Tourette
syndrome.
 Increased uninterrupted sleep in chronic
insomnia.
Synthetic marijuana formulations are available
as the prescription medicines Marinol
(dronabinol) and Cesamet (nabilone)—both
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration as effective and safe [4]. These
drugs are classified as SCHEDULES II and
III, respectively by the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) and are available
according to laws in “medical marijuana”
states. The synthetic marijuana formulations
have been found to have therapeutic use in
cancer chemotherapy and HIV/AIDS as
antiemetics and for promoting appetite [4].
Another prescription medicine—the marijuana
plant-derived drug Sativex—has similar
activity as its natural source; although used in
Europe, it is still undergoing clinical trials in
the United States [5]. Marijuana in capsular
form has a longer duration of action, decreased
pain sensitivity, and less euphoric effects in
analgesic activity [6, 7]. In addition, these
marijuana-related drugs have a delayed onset
of activity as compared to smoked
marijuana—tending to lower the potential for
abuse [8].
MEDICAL MARIJUANA
On August 1, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration reaffirmed the status of
marijuana and its derivatives as SCHEDULE I
substances [9]. The classification of marijuana
as a SCHEDULE I substance (i.e., an illegal

11. RRJoD (2016) 7-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Mural Variant—A Rare Case
Report
Tanvi Vijay1,
*, Abhishek Kumar Singh2
, Zibran Khan1
, Amar Singh Jadaun3
, Sandeep
Dungarwal1
, Shivendra Kumar Singh4
1
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pacific Dental College and Hospital (PAHER)
Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
2
Department of General Surgery, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital (Dr. D.Y. Patil University),
Pune, Maharashtra, India
3
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ora Max Hospital, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
4
General Surgery, Public Health Centre, Muradnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
According to the recent literatures, ameloblastoma is a benign tumour of jaw bones with
locally invasive capacity. It is a true neoplasm of enamel-organ type of tissue which does not
undergo differentiation to the point of enamel formation. It belongs to the group of tumors
arising from odontogenic epithelium with mature fibrous stroma without odontogenic
ectomesenchyme as per according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of
Odontogenic Tumors in 2005. This article describes a case of mural variant of unicystic
ameloblastoma involving a 27-year-old male located in the lower vestibular/buccal gingiva.
After the case presentation, clinical and microscopic findings are discussed.
Keywords: Ameloblastoma, unicystic, mural, tumor
INTRODUCTION
Ameloblastoma is the best-known odontogenic
tumour, very often used as the norm by which
other odontogenic tumours are judged. Its
unique clinical and pathologic behaviour was
described by Robinson (1937) as being
“usually unicentric, non-functional,
intermittent in growth, anatomically benign
and clinically persistent”. It is classified
clinically as unicystic ameloblastoma,
multicystic or solid ameloblastoma, peripheral
ameloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma [1].
Though ‘unicystic ameloblastoma’ was
instigated by Robinson and Martinez
(1977), scepticism still exists regarding the
nomenclature of ‘unicystic ameloblastoma’
with cystic (intracystic) ameloblastoma,
ameloblastoma associated with dentigerous
cyst, cystogenic ameloblastoma, extensive
dentigerous cyst with intracystic ameloblastic
papilloma, mural ameloblastoma, dentigerous
cyst with ameloblastomatous proliferation, and
ameloblastoma developing in a radicular cyst
[2, 3]. The ‘unicystic’ term is gleaned from its
macroscopic and microscopic nature.
Unicystic ameloblastoma appears as a
unilocular as well as a multilocular bone
defect [3]. They are seen around the fourth and
the fifth decades of life, except the unicystic
form, which is seen commonly in 2nd and 3rd
decade.
Published recurrence rates may overestimate
or underestimate the actual recurrence for
certain types of ameloblastoma.
Ameloblastomas are benign aggressive slow-
growing neoplasms with a poorly understood
potential for rare metastasis. They are capable
of reaching large sizes with extensive local
bone erosion and destruction [4]. However, it
has been suggested that the cystic
ameloblastoma, especially the unicystic type,
is less aggressive, with a lower recurrence rate.
CASE REPORT
A 27-year-old male non-smoker presented
with a swelling on left posterior region of
lower jaw since 2 months. Swelling gradually
increased to 2 cm  2 cm with occasional pain.
Clinical features revealed a lesion covered by
normal mucosa with a smooth surface and firm

12. RRJoD (2016) 13-17 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Minimal Invasive Approach in Periodontal
Therapy: A Review
Kunal Keshaw*, Pushpa Pudalkatti, Anita Raikar, Gunjan Richa, Ancia Vas
Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Science
and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Minimally invasive periodontal treatment procedures are mostly confined within the context of
periodontal surgery and aim to perform less extensive surgical manipulation, leading to
reduced level of pain and discomfort. It also prevents the delirious esthetic changes that could
occur with the conventional surgical approaches. This review deals with the ground
understanding of minimally invasive periodontal therapy inculcating the regenerative
potential at the confined site, when performed. Many studies reveal that the microsurgical
access flap, in terms of MIPS, has a high potential to seal the healing wound from the
contaminated oral environment by achieving and maintaining primary closure. Soft tissues
are preserved to avoid recession and this stands upon the aesthetic demands of both the
patient and the clinician. However, larger studies are required to confirm and extend the
reported positive preliminary outcomes.
Keywords: MIPS, surgery, treatment procedures
INTRODUCTION
The need of less invasive methods of
interventional treatment, which can produce
fewer complications have been evident since
25 years and has given rise to the idea of
minimally invasive treatment (MI) with two
interlaced paths of findings, one is newer
regenerative materials and the other is
developing novel surgical approaches. All of
this aims at reducing the trauma of
traditionally applied interventional procedures
to achieve a harmonious therapeutic result.
Minimally invasive procedures in medicine
have been defined as those procedures that
avoid use of open invasive surgery and favour
more of closed or localized surgery. This in
turn causes less pain, less scarring, speedy
recovery and thus, reduces postsurgical
complications.
Minimally invasive dentistry is a concept that
preserves dentition and supporting structures.
The aim is to represent alternative approaches
developed to allow less extensive
manipulation of surrounding tissues than
conventional procedures, while accomplishing
the same objectives [1].
Healing that occurs in sound systemic and
localized condition favors regeneration.
Periodontal regeneration of intrabony defects
has been achieved by employing different
principles, using barrier membranes,
demineralized freeze dried bone allografts, and
wound healing modifiers as enamel matrix
derivatives. With due course, development of
surgical procedures was aimed at complete
preservation of the soft tissues to achieve and
maintain primary closure on top of the applied
regenerative material/substance during the
critical early stages of healing inculcating flap
designs attempted to achieve passive primary
closure of the flap combined with optimal
wound stability. According to data obtained
from controlled clinical trials and meta-
analyses from various systematic reviews,
minimal invasive periodontal therapy (MIPT)
provided added benefits in terms of clinical
attachment level (CAL) gain and probing
pocket depth reduction when compared with
access flap alone [2].
Flap dehiscence at regenerative sites is a
frequent occurrence with barrier membranes,
bone grafts, combination of barriers and grafts
and, to a lesser extent, with EMD. Exposure

13. RRJoD (2016) 18-21 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Report of Two Cases with Supplemental Tooth in
Primary Dentition
Neelam Hasmukhbhai Joshi*, Anshula Neeraj Deshpande,
Rameshwari Raol, Urvashi Krunal Patel
Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital,
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Teeth that are seen in duplications are usually termed as supplemental teeth which may be
present in both primary and permanent dentition. Supplemental teeth forms are actually the
subset of supernumerary teeth which are commonly seen in permanent dentition as compared
to primary dentition. The presence of these extra teeth may pose various clinical
complications. Two cases with supplemental tooth in maxillary arch lateral incisor region are
discussed and emphasis is laid on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment during
early mixed dentition in present case report.
Keywords: Supernumerary teeth, lateral incisor, malocclusion, maxillary arch, mixed
dentition
INTRODUCTION
A supplemental tooth is type of supernumerary
teeth which is seen in addition to the normal
sequence of teeth and can be located in any
region of the dental arch. Usually,
supernumerary teeth are missed by general
dental practitioners and are found by chance
on a radiographic procedure when it is
associated with any of the impacted permanent
tooth. They may also be found in the oral
cavity following spontaneous eruption.
There are various theories which explain the
etiology of supernumerary teeth. One of them
suggests that the supernumerary tooth is
formed as an end result of division of the tooth
bud [1]. Another well supported hypothesis in
the literature is based on the hyperactivity
theory, which advocates it as a result due to
local, independent, conditioned hyperactivity
of the dental lamina [1, 2]. Genetic
predilection has also been mentioned to play a
role, as similar anomalies are encountered in
the relatives of children diagnosed with
supplemental tooth. However, there is no
specific genetic pattern or theory associated
with supernumerary teeth; they have been
commonly associated with various syndromes
and defects such as cleft lip and palate,
cleidocranial dysplasia, and Gardner
syndrome. Hence, the clinician should be
aware of these systemic conditions and its
association with supplemental teeth.
In a survey carried out by Brook in 2,000
school children, 0.3–0.8% prevalence was
found in primary dentitions and 1.7–2.1%
prevalence was found in permanent dentitions
[3]. The most common type of supernumerary
teeth is single supernumeraries occurring in 76
to 86% of cases, followed with double
supernumeraries in 12 to 23% of cases, and
multiple being the most rarest found in less
than 1% of cases [4]. According to Luten’s
study, following teeth are listed in order of
decreasing frequency: upper lateral incisors
(50%), mesiodens (36%), upper central
incisors (11%), followed by bicuspids (3%)
[5]. Whereas according to Shapira and
Kuftinec, the teeth in order of decreasing
frequency are: upper central incisors, molars
(especially upper molars), premolars, followed
by lateral incisors and canines [6]. Considering
the sex distribution, there is no significant
difference in primary dentition but in
permanent dentition male to female ratio is
2:1.
The supernumerary teeth are classified
according to their position and form.

14. RRJoD (2016) 22-28 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
ISSN: 2230-8008(online), ISSN: 2348-9561(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Awareness Regarding Importance of Fluoridated
Toothpaste among 12–14 Years Old Children
Poonacha K.S., Dimple Mehta*, Anshula Deshpande, Seema Bargale, Neelam Joshi,
Kishan Naik
Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K.M. Shah dental College and Hospital;
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Introduction: Brushing with fluoride dentifrice is a critical element of our defence against
dental caries. Optimal caries protection from the fluoride in a dentifrice will only be provided
if brushing delivers fluoride effectively and specifically to the teeth.
Aim and Objectives: Aim was to assess the knowledge regarding use of fluoridated toothpaste
in prevention of dental caries among 12–14 years old children. Objectives were to know
whether the children in the age group of 12–14 years know the advantages of using fluoridated
toothpaste over non-fluoridated toothpaste in prevention of dental caries and to create
awareness about advantages of fluoridated toothpaste.
Materials and Methods: 100 Children in the age group of 12–14 years were selected. The
questionnaire proforma of multiple-choice questions regarding the knowledge and awareness
of fluoridated toothpaste was given to the subjects to mark. The data was evaluated using chi
square test and t-test.
Result: Regarding the awareness of fluoride in toothpaste, only 26% children had the
knowledge regarding fluoride content in toothpaste while only 12% children had knowledge
regarding actual importance of fluoride in toothpaste.
Conclusion: Based upon the findings of present study the awareness, knowledge
and attitude of 12–14 years school going children regarding various oral hygiene measures
and use of fluoridated toothpaste and its role in caries prevention was very poor.
Keywords: Fluoridated toothpaste, fluoride, caries, oral hygiene practice, brushing
INTRODUCTION
Brushing with fluoride dentifrice is a critical
element of our defence against dental caries. It
removes plaque, which can produce cariogenic
acids and delivers fluoride to reduce
demineralization and promote re-
mineralization. Brushing frequency, brushing
duration, rinsing and toothpaste quantity are
all essential brushing behaviour factors to get
optimal caries protection from the fluoride
content of toothpaste [1].
Thorough rinsing with water after brushing
has been shown in vivo to reduce the ability of
fluoride dentifrices to protect against caries.
Rinsing has been shown to reduce
substantially the concentration of fluoride in
saliva after brushing and also in plaque.
However, brushing with fluoridated toothpaste
causes increase in salivary fluoride levels,
which can reach up to 5 ppm immediately
after brushing. Topical application of fluoride
will lead to penetration of fluoride ions into
enamel pores, which causes re-mineralization
of demineralized enamel [2]. Of these studies
on behavioural characteristics, only the effects
of brushing frequency and rinsing have been
well studied. Brushing twice a day improves
caries protection than brushing once per day or
less frequently. This benefit may result from
improved plaque removal as well as increased
fluoride exposure.
This study was undertaken to evaluate
awareness level in the most vulnerable age
group of 12–14 years old children who have
all permanent teeth erupted in oral cavity and
to assess the knowledge acquired about the
fluoride and its effects on teeth. Very few
studies (Database search: PubMed,
EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect) have also been

15. ISSN 2230-8008 (Online)
ISSN 2348-9561 (Print)
conducted
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Energy Science/ /
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