11. Natural:forest fires, pollen, dust storm
Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood and other
fuels used in cars, homes, and factories for
energy
when only short-term economic gains are
made at the cost of the long-term ecological
benefits for humanity. No natural
phenomenon has led to greater ecological
changes than have been made by mankind.
During the last few decades we have
contaminated our air, water and land
on which life itself depends with a variety of
waste products.
12. Pollutants include solid, liquid or gaseous substances
present in greater than natural abundance produced due to
human activity, which have a detrimental effect on our
environment.
The nature and concentration of a pollutant determines
the severity of detrimental effects on human health. An
average human requires about 12 kg of air each day, which
is nearly 12 to15 times greater than the amount of food we
eat. Thus even a small concentration of pollutants in the
air becomes more significant in comparison to the similar
levels present in food. Pollutants that enter water have the
ability to spread to distant places especially in the marine
ecosystem.
13. Ecological point of view Pollutants may be
classified as
Degradable or non-persistent pollutants:
These can be rapidly broken down by natural
processes.
Eg: domestic sewage, discarded vegetables, etc.
14. Ecological point of view Pollutants may be
classified as
Slow dégradable or persistent pollutants:
Pollutants that remain in the environment for
many years in an unchanged condition and
take decades or longer to degrade.
Eg: DDT and most plastics.
15. Ecological point of view Pollutants may be
classified as
Non-degradable pollutants:
These cannot be degraded by natural
processes. Once they are released into the
environment they are difficult to eradicate and
continue to accumulate.
Eg:toxic elements like lead or mercury.
25. Sulfur Dioxide
•produced when coal and fuel oil are
burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing wheezing and
shortness of breath, especially in those with
asthma
26. Nitrogen Dioxide
•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric oxide
combines with oxygen in the
atmosphere
•present in car exhaust and power
plants
•affects lungs and causes wheezing;
increases chance of respiratory
infection
27. Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and structures that are
released into the atmosphere
•present in many sources including fossil fuels,
dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk
of respiratory infection
28. Ground Level Ozone
•at upper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s harmful
UV rays
•at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
•formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung
function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs
29.
30.
31. •Combination of gases with water vapor and dust
•Combination of words smoke and fog
•Forms when heat and sunlight react gases
(photochemical smog)
•Occurs often with heavy traffic, high
temperatures, and calm winds
36. •1st smog related deaths were in London in 1873; death
toll 500 people; can you imagine how much worse the
atmosphere is now?!
•Limits visibility
•Decreases UV radiation
•Yellow/black color over cities
•Causes respiratory problems and bronchial related
deaths
66. •Ride your bike
•Tell your friends and family about pollution
•Make sure your parents get pollution checks on their cars
•Ride the school bus
67. •Learn more; stay up to date
•Join a group to stop pollution
•Encourage your parents to carpool to work
•Switch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when you leave the
room
68. Encourage your family to
walk more
Take the school bus
Reduce the amount of
spray bottles
Do not burn leaves in
your yard- put them in a
compost
Keep your family cars in
tune
Put catalytic converters
on cars
Share your room with
others when the air
conditioner is on
Take care of your trees
68
Air Pollution
Solutions
72. Effects of Air Pollution
Health problems
Damage to the environment
Damage to property
Thinning of the protective
ozone layer of the atmosphere
which is leading to climate changes
72
74. What is air pollution?
contamination of the
air by noxious gases
and minute particles of
solid and liquid matter
(particulates) in
concentrations that
endanger health
Air pollution only
occurs outdoors
75. Sources of Outside Air Pollution
Combustion of gasoline and
other hydrocarbon fuels in cars,
trucks, and airplanes
Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal,
and dinosaur bones)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Everyday radioactive fallouts
Dust from fertilizers
Mining operations
Livestock feedlots
76. A major form of air pollution is emissions given
off by vehicles.
The number of cars in EU has doubled between
1970 and 1994 – 3% per year
77. What’s in smog
particulates (especially
lead)
nitrous oxides
potassium
Carbon monoxide
Other toxic chemicals
78. Sources of Indoor pollution
Efficient insulation
Bacteria
Molds and mildews
Viruses
animal dander and cat saliva
plants
house dust
Mites
Cockroaches
pollen
79. Effects on the environment
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
In human population-
respiratory problems,
allergies, strengthens
lugs, and a risk for
cancer
80. Acid rain
contains high levels of sulfuric
or nitric acids
contaminate drinking water and
vegetation
damage aquatic life
erode buildings
Alters the chemical equilibrium
of some soils
81.
82. Strategies Air Quality Management Plan
Development of new
technology- electric cars,
cleaner fuels, low nitrogen
oxide boilers and water
healers, zero polluting
paints, less polluting BBQ
lighter fluids
Use of natural gas
Carpooling
Follow the laws enacted
83. Urban Emissions
•There are small emissions of NOx from industrial
processes
•The main emissions are from combustion.
•There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels
so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the
air.
•Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in
most fuels.
•Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm
aerodynamic diameter.
84. Role of Engines and Fuel
Different engines and fuel combinations give out
different emissions in different quantities.
Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove
part of the harmful gases.
85. Catalytic Converters and
Particle Traps
Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx
emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2
Platinum Honeycomb
Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the
effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle
burns has a high sulphur content.
The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.
86.
87. STRATEGIE
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach:
Based on scientific knowledge
Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data
With close involvement of stakeholders:
1. Project future emissions and air quality resulting from
full implementation of current EU legislation
2. Explore scope and costs for further measures
3. Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios
4. Estimate benefits of policy scenarios
88. Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution
- Traffic emissions including diesel engines
- Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood
- Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC
89. Ground level ozone
- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities
- N0x reduction from traffic
- Control of N0x emissions from ships
- Methane reduction
91. Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons
pour faire un peu d’ozone
(l < 430 nm)NO + ONO2 + hn
O + O2 O3
Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de
l'ozone formé,
Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop !
NO2 + O2
O3 + NO
RO2 + NO
La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple !
92. LES COV
40 BTX automatiques
50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes
à diffusion, canisters, …)
CPG automatiques
(31 composés)
Monitoring of NOX - COV
LES NOX
505 NO2 automatiques
en sites fixes
93. Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation
de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003
Durées cumulées des dépassementsNb d’évènements de dépassement
• 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180
• Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur,
• Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes
• Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées
94. Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés
chaque semaine au Pic du Midi
(3000m )depuis Juin 2002
(LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE)
Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS
L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
<NO2 et de particules en raison d’une forte activité
photochimique
Eté 2002
Eté 2003
filtres du 1-8 Août et
Du 8-15 Août
Effet canicule ?
Été 2002