Nano Material Introduction and Synthesis Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]). Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]

1. NANO MATERIALS
Introduction
and synthesis

2. INTRODUCTION
In simple, any physical
substance with structural
dimensions between 1-
100nm can be defined as
NANOMATERIAL
• Nano materials
“NANO” +”MATERIALS”
“dwarf”=quantum

3. WHAT ARE NANOMATERIALS?

4. WHAT ARE
NANOMATERIALS?
Nanomaterials:
Materials possessing one or more dimensional
features having length of order of a billionth of a
metre.
 Simply ,1 inch = 2,54,00,000 nm.
If one marble =1 nm,1 m would be size of earth.

5. WHY NANOMATERIALS
ARE CALLED SO?
• NANOSCALE:
Border line between macro scale and quantum scale.
MACRO -------> NANO -------> QUANTUM
> 100nm 1-100nm < 1nm

6. IMPORTANCE AND
PROPERTIES
1 nm = 1000 millionth of a metre.
e.g.(1)Red blood cells = 7000 nm(approx.)
(2)water molecule = 0.3 nm.
At Nanoscale , the properties of materials can be
very different from those at larger scale.Such as
(1)Optical (4) Melting (7)Bandgap
(2)Catalysis (5) Conductivity (8)Surface area
(3)Reactivity (6) Solubility (9)Mechanical
properties

7. SIGNIFICANCE
Composites made of nano particle become much
stronger than predicted.
e.g. grain size (10 nm)is 7 times harder and
tougher than grain size (100 nm).
The properties of materials can be differentat
nanoscale due to 2 main reason
(1)Larger surface area chemically
more reactive
(2)Quantum effects begin to dominate the
behaviour of matter at nano scale.

8. CLASSIFICATION

9. APPEARANCE OF
NANOMATERIALS

10. SYNTHESIS APPROACH OF
NANOMATERIALS
 TOP DOWN METHOD:
From bulk materials to
nanomaterial.(MACRO to NANO
scale)
 BOTTOM UP METHOD:
From quantum material to nano
material.(QUANTUM to NANO
scale)

11. SYNTHESIS APPROACH OF NANOMATERIALS
 TOP DOWN
(BULK to NANO)
METHODS:
1. MECHANICAL GRINDING:
(a)larger scale materials are
grinded to nanoscale.
2. LITHOGRAPHY:
(a)tiny chips from relatively large
structure.
 BOTTOM UP
(QUANTUM to NANO)
METHODS:
1. SELF ASSEMBLY:
(a) Desired Nanostructures are
self assembled without any
external manipulation.
2. POSITIONAL ASSEMBLY:
(a)We can program to
manipulate atom & molecule at
will.

12. NANOMATERIALSSYNTHESISTECHNIQUES
 GAS PHASE METHODS:
(1)Vapor Evaporation/Condensation
(2)Chemical Vapor Deposition
(3)Laser Ablation
 CHEMICAL METHODS:
(1)Precipitations
(2)Micro-emulsion Synthesis
(3)Sol gel Synthesis
(4)Spray Drying/Spray Pyrolysis
(5)Thermal Decomposition
 MECHANICAL DEFORMATION:
(1)Mechanical Alloying
(2)Chemo - Mechanical Alloying
(3)Severe Mechanical Deformation

13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOP DOWN AND
BOTTOM UP APPROACH
Bottom – up Approach
1. QUANTUM to NANO.
2. It can be found from
nature.
3. Higher precision accuracy.
4. No wastage of material.
Top – down Approach
1. BULK to NANO.
2. It cannot be found from
nature.
3. Lower precision accuracy.
4. Wastage of material
occurs.

14. ANSWER IS : “BOTTOM UP”
1. When object size is getting smaller in nanofabrication ,
bottom – up approach is an
increasingly important complement to top – down
techniques.
2. Bottom – up approach can be found from nature, where
biological systems have exploited chemical forces to
create structure for cells needed for life. Whereas , top –
down approach is uncommon/rare in nature.
3. Limitations to top – down approach are surfaces & edges
are not perfect as they are wrinkly or containing cavities ,
wastage of material & restriction to get smaller size.