3. Geography
• Bordered by Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, and China
• Contains about 85,000 square
miles of land
• Mountainous, sparsely populated
region
• Varied climate due to elevation
• Most populated area is the Vale
of Kashmir, on the Indian side
• Currently, Kashmir is divided into
three regions: one controlled by
India, one controlled by
Pakistan, and a small area
controlled by China
4. Divided Kashmir
Indian Kashmir
• India controls the
southeast portion of
Kashmir, which has
the most fertile land
• Indian territory is
governed as a state,
called Jammu and
Kashmir
Pakistani Kashmir
• Pakistan controls the northwest,
with a harsher climate and
sparser population
• Pakistan’s territory is divided into
two regions: Azad Kashmir, or
free Kashmir, which has its own
government, and the Northern
Areas, which are governed
directly by Pakistan
• Azad Kashmir is about 4,500
square miles, and the Northern
Areas are about 28,000 square
miles
7. History of the Conflict
The territory of
Kashmir
The territory was
handed over to India
after they gained
independence from
the British in 1947.
8. The Problem
The Kashmir area was
predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled
to India and agreed to
place Kashmir under
Indian rule if India would
protect Kashmir from
invasion.
If there had been a vote
in Kashmir, the majority
probably would have
voted to become part of
Pakistan for religious
reasons.
9. Kashmir, Nehru, the
British
Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees
to sign on with India, and
Nehru makes exception to
the rule of partition:
“in cases of majority population
land goes to Pakistan in
border regions”......
11. ? Of Natural Resources
• The geography is
mostly rural, with
large mountains,
deserts, and valleys.
• The region could
have natural
resources such as oil,
gold, or silver that has
not yet been
discovered.
12. Control of the Indus River
• The Indus begins in
Kashmir, flows through
Pakistan, then flows into
mainland India.
• Since Kashmir is part of
India, they could dam the
Indus and change the
flow of the river.
• Without fertile land to
grow crops, Pakistan
would become a desert
and its people would
starve.
13. • Pakistan primarily Muslim
• India primarily Hindu
• 80% of people in Kashmir
primarily Muslim
• Sikhs (about 10% of the people in Kashmir)
want to remain in India.
Religion
14. Religious Sites
• Both Pakistan and
India have sites in
Kashmir that are
important to their
respective religions.
– Pakistan is
predominately Muslim.
Kashmir is
predominately Muslim.
– India is predominately
Hindu.
17. India’s Positions
• The accession of Kashmir to India is legally
indisputable
• Religion is irrelevant in determining control
of Kashmir—a large Muslim community
supported the accession of Kashmir to India
• The Pakistani sponsorship of terrorism in
Kashmir disrupts the democratic process in
the region
• International intervention is out of the
question, as Kashmir is strictly India’s affair
18. Pakistan’s Positions
• Kashmir rightfully belongs to Pakistan due to
their religious and economic ties
• Pakistan does not provide material aid to any
terrorists or insurgents in Kashmir
• In accordance with the UN Security Council,
Pakistan considers India’s claim to Kashmir
invalid
• The Kashmiri people should be allowed to
choose between Pakistani and Indian control
through a vote.
19. Kashmir’s Positions
• Kashmiris overwhelmingly favor
independence
• A poll conducted in the Kashmiri capital of
Srinagar in 2007 revealed that 87% of
Kashmiris desire independence, 7% favor
Indian rule, and 3% prefer Pakistani control
• Kashmiris oppose Indian rule due to the
restrictions placed on them by Indian security
forces and alleged human rights abuses by
the Indian government
21. Chronology/History
Pakistan Kashmir Conflict
1947
Partition of
India creates
Pakistan
1948
Muhammed Ali
Jinnah
assassinated; 1st
War with India over
Kashmir
1956
Constitution
proclaims
Pakistan an
Islamic Rep.
1958 General
Ayyub Khan
takes over
1965
2nd War with
India over
Kashmir
1971
East Pakistan
secedes – Civil War.
India supports E.
Pakistan.
1972
Simla peace
agreement w.
India creates new
Kashmir border
1980
US pledges military
assistance to Pak as
Russia invades
Afghanistan
1998
Pakistan
conducts
nuclear tests
(after India)
1999
Pak forces
clash w/ Indian
military vic.
Kargil
2001 Pakistan
supports US in
GWOT
Dec 2001-
Ind/Pak
mass troops
Along border
APR 2005
Bus services
resume between
PAK and India
after 60 years
May, 2002
Pakistan test fires 3
med range missiles
capable of carrying
nuclear warheads
2003
Ind/Pak
declare a
cease fire
2011 March - The
prime ministers of
India and Pakistan
meet to watch a
cricket match
23. ... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in
1947-8, ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...
24. First War
Cease-fire was declared
Line of Control (LOC) was drawn
separating the two sides.
2/3rds of Kashmir now under Indian
control (Jammu, one of the three regions
in Kashmir, with 9 million people)
1/3rd of Kashmir now under
Pakistani control called Azad or
28. War
Three major wars
between India and
Pakistan have been
fought over the Kashmir
territory
1947-1948
1965
1971
A fourth war almost took
place when Pakistan
invaded and attempted
to capture Kargil.
29. The Battle for Kashmir
India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region
in northern India
Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the
region continues.
In total, India and Pakistan have fought four
wars
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)
31. Terrorism Joins Conflict
• 1979-1988 - Pakistan launched a proxy war for US and
Saudi Arabia during Afghan’s Soviet era (1978-1988)
producing several jihadi groups targeting the “godless”
Soviet Union and the Shias.
• 1988 - Kashmir became the new front for Jihad and
Hindus the new infidels.
• India deployed more troops to Kashmir in the 1990’s to
“fight fire with fire.”
Associated Radical Jihadi Groups from Pakistan
• Lashkar e-Toiba (LeT; 1980) • Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM; 2000)
• Hizbul Mujahideen (HUM) • Jamaat Ul- Mujahideen (JuM)
• Harkat-ul- Ansar (HUA) • Jammu and Kashmir Lib. Front (JKLF;
1964;1988)
33. Kargil Conflict (1999)
• In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few
days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear
tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence
capability.
• Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore
Summit was held in 1999.
• The sense of optimism was short-lived, however,
since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces
and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but
strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district
of India.
34.
35. Maintaining a Divided
Kashmir
• Pros
• Requires the
smallest
investment of time
and resources
• Cons
• Provides a source
for continued
tension between
the two nations
• Fuels nationalist
sentiments among
both Indian and
Pakistani citizens
• Goes against the
will of the Kashmiri
people
36. Kashmiri
Independence
• Pros
• Satisfies the will of the
Kashmiri people
• Prevents the issue from
being a point of
contention between India
and Pakistan
• Precludes further human
rights abuses from the
Indian military
• Diminishes the motivation
of extremists and
insurgents
• Cons
• Opposed by the Indian
and Pakistani
governments
• Fledgling nation may
not have a stable
economy or
government
• The Hindu population
would be a minority,
and tensions between
Muslims and Hindus
could develop
