Nigeria and Honduras face challenges stemming from unequal distribution of resources, corruption, and ethnic/regional divisions. In Nigeria, ethnic divisions have intensified in recent years, testing the constitution as citizens grow frustrated with lack of basic needs. Honduras has a large wealth gap between rich and poor, resulting in low education, healthcare, and hunger. Both countries have experienced military intervention and rely on foreign investment and trade, though Nigeria plays a larger regional role in Africa through organizations like ECOWAS.
2. NIGERIA
Current Policy Challenges
Nigeria might be the only country
whose continued existence is currently
in doubt. The country´s ethnic, regional
and religious divisions have intensified
in recent years. Even though Nigeria has
returned to constitutional rule, that
constitution will continue to be tested by
Nigerian´s frustration over the failure of
their potentially wealthy country to
provide basic human
needs like education,
health care, basic
services, and food
supply.
HONDURAS
Current Policy Challenges
Honduras is the one of the poorest
nations in Central America due to the
unequal distribution of production,
goods, and resources. Honduras has a
great gap between the rich and the poor
posing major problems for the Honduras
society; low levels of education, low
health care quality, basic services are not
covered, hunger specially in the rural
areas. Strikes and other forms of mass
representation are very common in the
Honduran
society.
3. NIGERIA
History
In one sense there are ´´many´´
Nigeria’s. That is, there are distinct
political cultures with pre-colonial
origins, and there are varied colonial
experiences. Some of the people’s that
inhabit what is now Nigeria were
organized only at the village or extended
family level. While in other areas there
were kingdoms and states. For example
the Hausa people began forming city-
states in northern Nigeria between 1000
and 1200 A.D and came under the
influence of Islam no later than the
fifteenth century.
HONDURAS
History
During the first millennium,
Honduras was inhabited by the Maya.
Other indigenous groups were the Lencas,
Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos,
and Tolupan.
Columbus explored the country
in 1502. contact with Europeans began
soon after Christopher Columbus landed on
the Honduran coast in 1502. During the
early 1520s, the region was subjugated by a
variety of conquistador expeditions, each of
which laid claim to a part of it. Cortés, who
arrived in 1525 via Mexico, imposed some
order on the squabbling groups but after his
departure, the local
conflicts resumed
as before.
4. Only after
the discovery of gold
and silver deposits in the
1540s was some order
imposed on theregion;
large numbers of slaves
from Africa were then imported to work
the mines. In 1524, Conquistador
(conqueror) of the Mexican Aztecs Hernan
Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to conquer
and rule Honduras in the name of the
Spanish Crown. The sixteenth, seventeenth,
and eighteenth centuries saw relatively
little change in this land. In the eighteenth
century, gold and other mineral deposits
were found in the central mountains and
near the Caribbean coast, and the Spanish
colonists employed nearby Indians in the
mines.
The Fulani people with their
origins in western Sudan entered into the
Hausa lands and have since then mixed
together so much that the people of the
north are usually referred to as the
Hausa-Fulani. In the forest region we
find the Yoruba and Bini people both of
the southwest, which began forming
kingdoms between the 12th and 15th
centuries at Oyo.
Indeed the name Nigeria itself
was coined by Flora Shaw, an
Englishwoman who later married sir
Frederick Lugar , the architect of
colonial Nigeria.
5. • In 1884-1885 European powers met at
the conference of Berlin and divided
Africa into spheres of influence. This
colonial thrust placed boundaries that
intercepted the climate zones.
• It first became a state in 1914 when the
north and south protectorates and Lagos
where brought under one colonial
administration. Along with commerce
and education British brought also
missionaries. Modern constitutional
development began within a few years
of the creation of Nigeria as a single
colony with elective office first
provided in 1922. Independent Nigeria
was born on October 1, 1960.
Nigerian´s independent government at
the federal and state levels experienced
a very short ´´honey moon´´ period.
Many modern Nigerian´s remain
Yoruba and Hausa.
• In the eighteenth century, most colonists
settled in the highlands near the Pacific
coast, in cities including Tegucigalpa
and Comayagua.
• In 1821 Honduras declared its
independence from Spain to form the
federation of central American States
but in 1823, the Central American
provinces of Mexico broke away to form
the United Provinces of Central
America.
• Then, after years of interstate
tension, squabbling, rewriting of the
constitution, and moving of the
capital, the Central American states
decided to form independent, sovereign
nations. Honduras declared
independence on October 26, 1838, and
adopted a constitution as the Republic of
Honduras in January of 1839.
6. NIGERIA
Environmental potential and
Limitations
Nigeria is counted among the world´s
less developed third world countries.
• In the south: producing cocoa, palm oil,
timber, and rubber
• In north the market products are cattle,
hides, and skins trying to make Nigerian
production compatible with British
needs.
• increasing population growth
• diseases like AIDS and high infant
mortality rates,
• the commercialization of agricultural
techniques
• rapid increase in urban population have it
came to independence with the typical
economy of a third world country.
HONDURAS
Environmental potential and
Limitations
• Agriculture continues to dominate the
Honduran economy, supplying in 1999
over 60 percent of the jobs and over half
of all merchandise export earnings.
• Banana production, which takes place on
the northern coast, is controlled
primarily by the subsidiaries of 2 U.S.
conglomerates, Chiquita and Dole.These
companies have established effective
monopolies over the banana export
trade in . Nontraditional crops such as
melon, pineapple, sugarcane, shrimp, an
d African palm has expanded since the
mid-1990s.
• Has problems with vectors like
Dengue, increseasing natality rate and
rapid grow of urban population
7. NIGERIA
Political Culture and Subcultures
Ethnic Identity
Nigerian can be easily identified base on:
– Language
– Cultural Traits
Has more than 250 different ethnic
groups
Mayor groups:
• Yoruba people are one of the
largest ethno-linguistic or ethnic
groups in West Africa.
• Igbo are an ethnic group living chiefly in
southeastern Nigeria.
• Hausa regions of northern Nigeria.
HONDURAS
Political Culture and Subcultures
Ethnic Identity
•The Lenca, inhabit the central and southern
region
•The Tolupan, inhabited the north of the
country
•The Pech, inhabit the area east of the
country.
•The Tawahka, inhabit the area east of the
country near the border where is now
Nicaragua.
•The Chorti, inhabit the country's
west, where 500 years earlier ruled the
Mayan empire.
•The chorotegas, inhabit the southern region
9. NIGERIA
Religion
• Islam
• Christianity
Nationalism
3 mayor sources of nationalism
– Number of freed slave from
North America
– National fervor for the ones who
fought the World War II for the
British
– Nigerians who studied in
England & in the United States
HONDURAS
Religion
• Christian
• Minority of Evangelicals
• less than 1% of the population that
shares the planet's most diverse
religions
Muslims, Jews, animism, Buddhism
Nationalism
•The sense of nationalism is shown
mostly when the Honduran Soccer team
plays a game with another team.
•It’s been growing since the event of
June 28, 2009
10. NIGERIA
Political Socialization
• Family: whether nuclear or extended remains
the core unit of political activity and
socialization.
• School: plays a central role in developing a
sense of community, is important in means of
economic and social advancements for
Nigeria.
• Mass Media: newspaper, radio and television
are one of the most influential mass media in
Nigeria because that's how people get inform
about latest news in politics or any other
topic.
• Contact with urban life: the oil boom in 1970
cause people to move from side to side of the
country because it stimulated wealth and
employment opportunities
• Religion: Very important in many Nigerian
lives it is not surprising that religious
institutions and leaders affect political
orientations.
HONDURAS
Political Socialization
• The family: is the fundamental social unit in
Honduras, providing a bulwark in the midst of
political upheavals and economic reversals.
• Schools: Because of a lack of schools, understaffed
schools, the high cost of materials needed for these
schools, and the poor quality of public education, a
good education is still largely the privilege of the
few who can afford to send their children to private
institutions.
• Mass Media: television , radio and newspapers are
one of the most common mass media here in
Honduras.
• Contact with urban life: highlights the contrasts
between the life-styles of the rich and the poor.
There is a lot of movement to urban areas.
• Religion: the church has remained an important
social actor, and the vast majority of Hondurans
have remained Roman Catholic. Church schools
receive government subsidies, and religious
instruction is part of the public school curriculum.
•
11. NIGERIA
Political Recruitment
In first place northerners have
dominated the leadership of the country
under both civilian and military rule, in
the first case because the population of
the north is about the same as in the east
and west combined and in the case of the
military regimes, because of increasing
dominance of the officer corps by
northerners.
HONDURAS
Political Recruitment
The political Recruitment in
Honduras is basically from the high
class, the owners of the national private
owned companies. It is also very
common to have patron client
relationships in the system that can even
lead to bribery. It is also common to
have several members of certain
important families in power.
12. NIGERIA
Political Structure
• Decisions are not make at a national level.
• Decentralize federal system.
• Local government is unable to produce revenues and public services.
• State-level political dominated by ethnic groups.
• There is an educational advantage in the south.
• Senator, House representatives, president serve a 4 year term.
Federal
Constitution of
Nigeria of 1999
Judicature
-Supreme Court
-Court of appeals
-Federal high Courts
Executive
-President
-Vice President
-Council of State
Bicameral
legislature
-National Assembly
-House of
Representatives
13. HONDURAS
Political Structure
•The president is both the chief of state and head of government and is elected by
popular vote for a four-year term with no possibility of re-election.
•The National Congress of Honduras has 128 members elected for four year term by
proportional representation; congressional seats are assigned to the parties'
candidates on a departmental basis in proportion to the number of votes each party
receives.
•The judges of the Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia, are
elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress
Unitary system of Constitution 1982
(democratic constitutional Republic)
Judicature
-Supreme Court
-courts of appeal
several courts of original
jurisdiction – such as labor, tax,
and criminal courts
Executive
-President
-Vice-president
-Cabinet
Unicameral
system
National
Congress of
Honduras
14. NIGERIA
Interest Articulation
Associational groups
• Trade unions
• NUPENG
• Medial association
• Nigerian union of journalist
No associational groups
• “Kaduna Mafia” strong influence over
the military Nigerian politics. Ethnic
division prevented to form any
associations at a national level
• Military itself
• Teacher and trade unions
• People that belong to the Yoruba maybe
able to take advantage at local level.
HONDURAS
Interest Articulation
Some associational groups are:
• Committee for the Defense of Human
Rights in Honduras or CODEH
• Confederation of Honduran Workers or
CTH
• Coordinating Committee of Popular
Organizations or CCOP
• General Workers Confederation or
CGT; Honduran Council of Private
Enterprise or COHEP
• National Association of Honduran
Campesinos or ANACH
• National Union of Campesinos or UNC;
United Federation of Honduran Workers
or FUTH
15. NIGERIA
Political Participation
• It is difficult to see its voting turnout. It
is about 40-60%.
• Violence is often employed frequently
as a form of interest articulation.
• Nigeria is a highly politicized country.
Parties and Elections
• It used to have a 5 party system before
the Abacha presidency. The first
modern party was created by Macaulay
• Parties:
Peoples Democratic Party, All Peoples
Party, Alliance for Democracy, All
Nigeria's Peoples Party, PRP, and
GNPP.
HONDURAS
Political Participation
• Honduras voting turnout is about 55%.
• Strikes are a form of interest articulation
and the existence of patron client
relationships.
Parties and Elections
Parties:
•Liberal Party of Honduras*
•National Party of Honduras*
•Democratic Unification Party
•Christian Democratic Party of Honduras
•Innovation and Unity Party
16. NIGERIA
Policy Formation and Implementation
• The economy of Nigeria depends entirely
on revenues from petroleum.
• Life expectancy 51.7%, Adult Literacy
Rate: 87% ,Youth Literacy Rate:87%
• Distribution of Resources is hard since
Nigeria is a large and culturally diverse
country added to the fact that corruption
and mismanagement have led the country
into indebtedness and depression.
• The indebtedness increased dramatically
during the military rule, the Second
Republic and the 1970`s.
• Currency: Naira( 1 Naira=$ 0.01).
• The Nigerian Police Force was at first
regionalized but was then nationalized
and has the duty to enforce traffic laws
and other government legislation.
HONDURAS
Policy Formation and Implementation
•Honduran economy depend of foreign
investments.
•Life Expectancy:73 years, Adult Literacy
Rate: 80%.Youth Literacy Rate: 84%
•Distribution of resources is unequal
throughout the country because the means of
production are either owned by international
companies or the very small and selective
high class.
•The Indebtedness in Honduras initiated in
the late 1970´s when loans were began to be
asked for supposedly cultivating lands but
at the end was stolen and never paid.
•Currency Lempira ( 1$=20lps.)
•The Armed forces were founded in 1825
and during the late 1979 been used to give
military coup´s and since then been used to
prevent crime and law enforcement.
17. NIGERIA
Nigeria in Africa and the World
Nigeria has the population and the
resource to b e a regional power, and has
stimulated hopes and fears among its
neighbors about this potential.
Nigeria took a leading role in the
foundation of ECOWAS(Economic
Community of West African States);
which has had little success in bettering
economic relations among the countries
but has played a major role as a regional
political organization in mediating
disputes among member States. Nigeria
has contributed a lot with military
support. The Western powers have been
critical of Nigerian military rulers but
returned its support upon Obasanjo s
administration.
HONDURAS
Honduras in America and the World
Honduras is a country rich in
resources and labor force, but has had
problems transforming this richness into
something that benefits the people.
Honduras is member of the free trade
agreement with the United States, and
member of the Tratado General de
Integración Económica
Centroamericana. Honduras is also
member in free trade agreements
between Central America and
Chile, Panama, Dominican
Republic, and México.
