More Related Content Similar to Il CSP di piccola taglia e il calore di processo: esempi pratici e casi studio - Werner Platzer (20) More from Sardegna Ricerche (20) Il CSP di piccola taglia e il calore di processo: esempi pratici e casi studio - Werner Platzer1. Conference on Small-scale Concentrating Solar Power in Sardinia
Small-scale CSP and solar process heat
application: case studies
Werner J. Platzer
© Fraunhofer ISE
Werner J. Platzer
Director Division
Solar Thermal and Optics
Fraunhofer Institute for
Solar Energy Systems ISE
Pula, 25th September 2015
2. Fraunhofer ISE – Short Profile
Director Prof. Eicke Weber
Founded 1981
12 Business areas
Budget 2014 86 Mio €
© Fraunhofer ISE
Revenues from industry average
40% (over last seven years)
1225 Employees
27000 m2 lab and office space
Strong growth rate 2008-2012
3. Solar Thermal Technology for Heat and Electricity
Optics and Material
Science
Solar Thermal
Collectors
Solar Thermal Systems
Engineering
Collector development
Certified TestLab
Heat transfer
Concentrator optics
DHW and heating
Process heat
Solar thermal power
Thermal storage
PVD coatings
Surface analytics
Vacuum technology
Micro structuring
© Fraunhofer ISE
Concentrator optics
Structural mechanics
Thermal storage
Water treatment
Micro structuring
Degradation
6. Heat plays important role worldwide
© Fraunhofer ISE
Note: Figure based on 2009 data
Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2012
7. Industrial process
heat…
District heating
Central Europe
Useful heat
from natural gas
Useful heat
from electricity EU27 average:
€-cent 19.3EU27 average:
€-cent 7.7
Cost of Solar Heat in Europe
© Fraunhofer ISE
Source: ETP RHC
(2013)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DHW
thermosiphon…
DHW forced
circulation…
Combi-systems
Central /…
heat…
Heat costs in €-cent / kWh
8. Is the combination of CSP and process heat the
solution?
Combination of CSP and solar process heat => small scale CSP
1 MWel instead of 100 MWel
Considerations:
Heat consumers have limited demand on heat -> industry < 10 MWth
Area in industrial areas is usually more expensive
Area for solar process heat often limiting factor
© Fraunhofer ISE
Area for solar process heat often limiting factor
Economy of scale: large plants have lower specific costs
Additional operational complexity
PV electricity seems better suited for smale-scale generation
Which factors can make SSCSP commercially viable?
10. Temperature
• Industrial Process Heat
• Solar Cooling (2 stage)Small
> 300 °C
Utility scale
power
generation
Solar Tower,
Parabolic
Trough and
Fresnel
Solar Thermal Collectors – for Power, Cooling and Heat
© Fraunhofer ISE
40-60°C
70-80°C
90-110°C
120-250°C
Temperature
• Solar Cooling (2 stage)
• Distributed Power Generation
Small
troughs and
Fresnel
• Solar Cooling (1 stage)
• Low Temperature Process
Heat
Vacuum Tube
CPC Collectors
• Domestic Water Heating
• Space Heating
Flat Plate
Collectors
11. Parabolic Throughs and Linear Fresnel Collectors
Reduced temperature level for process heat compared to CSP
Smaller solar field requires different installation procedures
© Fraunhofer ISE
12. 40%
60%
80%
100%
European Industrial Heat Demand
by temperature level and industrial sector year 2003
© Fraunhofer ISE
0%
20%
40%
M
ining
and
Q
uarrying
Food
and
Tobacco
Pulp
&
paper
C
hem
ical
N
on-M
etallic
M
inerals
B
asic
M
etals
M
achinery
Transport Equipm
ent
O
thers
Abov e 400°C
100 - 400°C
Be low 100°C
Source: ECOHEATCOOL
13. Temperature Levels for Industrial Heat
Industry Sector Process Temperature level [C]
Food and Drinks Drying
Washing
Pasteurising
Cooking
Sterilising
Heat Treatment
30 - 90
40 – 80
80 –110
95 – 105
140 – 150
40 – 60
Textile Washing 40 – 80
© Fraunhofer ISE
Textile Washing
Bleaching
Dying
40 – 80
60 – 100
100 – 160
Chemistry Cooking
Destilling
various chem. Processes
95 –105
110 – 300
120 -180
All Sectors Feedwater pre-heating
Space Heating
30 – 100
30 – 80
15. Process characterization
Heat profile of the process
Temperature level
Heat Integration
© Fraunhofer ISE
Process: time, temperature, pressure, humidity...
Heat carrier: air, water, steam, oil...
Process medium
Process: continuous or batch-process?
16. Solar Thermal Heat Integration
Process Level
© Fraunhofer ISE
Simplified system concept for direct process heating
17. Solar Thermal Heat Integration
Supply Level Example: Direct Steam Generation
Solar thermal
System
CondensateConcentrating-Collector
Steam
Drum
Process Steam 140 °C 4 bar
Pressure
Valve
Process Steam
Network
© Fraunhofer ISE
Simplified system concept for direct steam generation
Conden-
sate
Steam
Boiler
Feed Water
Feed Water
Tank 90°CMake-up-
Water 20°C
Tank
Concentrating Collector Drum
Circulation Pump
Valve
Feed Pump
18. Integration concepts
Process Level
Solar heat is directly supplied to the process.
Can be used for processes where the temperature of heat required is of low
grade (until 100 °C) such as washing, cleaning, heating of industrial baths,
hot air drying.
Is useful most when the heat requirement is restricted to one or two
processes.
© Fraunhofer ISE
Supply Level
Solar heat is supplied to all the processes through the heat distribution
network.
Used in steam networks and high temperature networks where the solar
thermal system may deliver pre-heated feed water or direct high-
temperature steam
Flexible against process and demand changes!
20. Parabolic mirrors
focus sunlight onto a
Series of flat /
shallow-curvature
Array of heliostats
focus sun-light upon a
Parabolic dish
focuses sunlight
Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel Solar tower Dish / Stirling
Overview of CSP technologies
~3 GW ~400 MW~140 MW ~2 MW
XX = worldwide installed capacity (status 2013)= required land use
Four main CSP technologies today
© Fraunhofer ISE
1) Depending on tower technology
focus sunlight onto a
receiver tube
Receiver contains fluid
(oil, molten salt or
water) which is heated
and used to produce
steam that drives
turbine & generator
shallow-curvature
mirrors focus sunlight
onto receiver tube
positioned above the
mirrors
Fluid (oil, molten salt
or water) in receiver is
heated and steam is
generated that drives
a turbine and
generator
focus sun-light upon a
single point (receiver)
at the tower
Receiver is heated up
(air, oil, water, etc.)
and produces steam
Steam drives a turbine
and generator
focuses sunlight
onto a receiver
above the dish
A combustion engine
(Stirling type)
converts heat into
kinetic energy and
drives an electric
generator
3.25 ha/MW 1.45 ha/MW
1.39 ha/MW1)
4.50 ha/MW1)
3.90 ha/MW
21. Capacity factors of CSP
CSP provides wide range of plant types with different CF
Andasol 40%
Solana 43%
Gemasolar 75%
Shams 24%
Kuraymat ISCC 77%
(solar 20%)
Ivanpah 33%
© Fraunhofer ISE
50% 75% 100%25%
Hydro world avrg
44%
Coal avrg
63%
PV max ~20% Nuclear
up to 90%
22. Why CSP? Case study – RE-mix at middle east site
PV power production profile vs. load
PV production follows irradiation with peak at noon
CPV has slightly lower output because it only uses direct irradiance
Exemplary day (June 28th) Annual average
© Fraunhofer ISE
23. Why CSP? Case study – RE-mix at middle east site
CSP production profile vs. load
On a good solar day, CSP storages are filled and the complete period of high
load can be covered
With large thermal storage, even 24/7 operation is possible
Also the annual average shows the positive influence of storage
Exemplary day (May 5th) Annual average
© Fraunhofer ISE
24. Why CSP?
Impact on grid infrastructure utilization
Due to the higher capacity factor the grid infrastructure is used much more effectively
with CSP than with plants without storage
175.2 GWh/a
PV plant without storage
Load center
Similar invest in grid infrastructure
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar tower plant
with large storage
100 MVA
substations
100 MVA
transmission lines
613.2 GWh/a
100 MWe solar plants
Load center
Much higher annual
energy transfer
25. After news on low battery cost – is PV cheaper?
Comparison of Investment Cost for 100 MW Plant
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Invest,M$
Other
Storage 3
Storage 2
Storage 1
Power Block
Assumptions:
Solar Multiple of 3 sufficient for 24h operation
Important to note:
Additional Solar field capacity is required for
storage charging
Storage efficiency is not 100 % but rather 90
© Fraunhofer ISE
0
200
400
CSP PV no
Storage
PV with
Storage
Power Block
Solar Field for
Storage
Solar Field
Storage efficiency is not 100 % but rather 90
% in case of batteries
Batteries need to be replaced at least once
during power plant life time
CSP still competitive for dispatchable power
Detailed comparison required on case by
case basis
26. Grid Model for North Africa
- Regional grid plan
- Interconnectors to Europe taken into account
GR
ITF
R
© Fraunhofer ISE
Source: Aupdte
27. RE-Power Generation in Marocco (Example)
Optimizer ToolOptimizer Tool
Ressources Data base
Power plants
Fuels
Transmission capacities
Demand profiles
Technology models of
Renewable Energies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Optimizer Tool
RE Technology Mix in North Africa
(Invest & Operation)
Optimizer Tool
RE Technology Mix in North Africa
(Invest & Operation)
Site evaluation:
Demand vs. resource
Technology-Mix Export OptionOperation Strategies
250
450
650
850
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
Installierte
Windleistung [MW]
Systembetriebs-
kosten anteilig zum
Referenzszenario in
%
Installierte CSP
Leistung [MW]
28. Analysis of Electricity Production over 5 days
Fluctuating
generation from
RE
Transmission
losses taken
into account
Flexible
Production
Projection North Africa
© Fraunhofer ISE
Production
incorporated in
model
CSP with storage
29. Evaluation of molten salt storages
The path to lower cost
Two-tank indirect
Temperature (T) loss due
two double HX
T limited by oil
One tank always empty
Two-tank direct
Molten salt also in
collector
Higher T possible
Less T loss & equipment
Single thermocline tank
One tank less
Possible integration of HX
Additional use of filler
material reduces amount of
salt
© Fraunhofer ISE
Andasol Gemasolar
salt
Testing / Pilots
GG G
30. CSP – Optimization of Systems and Storage
Development of high-temperature storage,
molten salt technology and further
development of simulation and optimization
tools
1 MW Solar thermal power plant using
single tank storage and MED desalination
in Egypt - MATS (EU FP7)
© Fraunhofer ISE
in Egypt - MATS (EU FP7)
Direct steam generator in single tnak
molten salt storage - OPTS (EU FP7)
Latent storage uisng a screw heat
exchanger unit - INNOLAT (EIRI)
Evaluation of storage concepts and
innovative storage types - Supergrid
(FhG)
Scheme of Single Tank molten
salt storage uisng integrated
steam generator
31. Principle of new PCM storage system
Solid granular material and molten material are stored in separate tanks
Transport of PCM through screw heat exchanger (SHE)
Phase change inside SHE
Size of thermal power and storage capacity are not coupled
Molten salt inlet distribution
© Fraunhofer ISE
Granular material
Molten
material
Steam
Water
Charging of
storage
Molten salt inlet distribution
system
Resistance temperature
sensors
Design of lab
prototype
32. Prototype and commissioning
Angular setting
of SHE
Melt outlet
Melt inlet
© Fraunhofer ISE
Inclination for crystallization not necessary
Crystallization of salt in SHE ṁ = 150 kg/h
Bulk density improved to ρ = 950 kg/m³
=> Proof of concept has been successful
=> Heat transfer experiments with varying
parameters (e.g. mass flow, rotation speed,..
33. Materials Testing
Slow Strain Rate Test in molten salt (CERT –Test)
Heating
Tube
sample
Flat
sample
F F
© Fraunhofer ISE
ASTM G129-00
sample sample
Ceramic insulation
Maximum Load: 150 kN
Test Speed: 0,25 µm/h up to 25 mm/h
correspond > 3,5*10-9 strain rate for a sample length of 20mm
Cooled flange
34. What is the future of CSP?
Dispatchability of Solar Thermal Power is a unique selling point compared to
PV (and allows higher LCOE to some extent); two options:
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) between 3h and 15h capacity
Hybridization with natural gas / biomass boiler
Depending on the level of fluctuating generation (PV, Wind) in a grid the
dispatchability may allow 2-4 €ct/kWh higher LCOE for CSP
© Fraunhofer ISE
dispatchability may allow 2-4 €ct/kWh higher LCOE for CSP
CSP may play a significant role in a regional and national energy mix, when
PV and Wind have already considerable shares in the grid
Efficiency considerations and storage capacity leads to higher operations
temperatures
Dry cooling is less detrimental for high steam temperatures
=> HTF molten salt with increased operation temperatures in future ?
36. Concentrating Solar
Collector Field
Thermal
Energy
Storage
• solar electricity
• integrated fossil fuel backup
capacity, power on demand
Solar Polygeneration - Combined Heat & Power
-> Small projects Grid-connected and Off-Grid!
© Fraunhofer ISE
Fuel
Power Cycle
Solar
Heat
Process Steam
capacity, power on demand
• increased solar operating
hours, reduced fuel input
• additional process steam for
heat, cooling, drying, seawater
desalination, etc.
Electricity
37. Annual Sale of Diesel Generators for Continous
Operation (16 GW/ 14 000 Units)
© Fraunhofer ISE
39. Cost function for heat engines
4 000 €
5 000 €
6 000 €
7 000 €
8 000 €
9 000 €
10 000 €
specificcost[€/kW] Steam
ORC
Screw
Steam
ORC
Screw
© Fraunhofer ISE
0 €
1 000 €
2 000 €
3 000 €
4 000 €
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
nominal power [MW]
specificcost[€/kW]
MEDIFRES, 2011, Fraunhofer ISE
41. Polygeneration – Waste heat concept
Gturbine
steam
field
Thermal oil
70 - 110 °C (55)
320 °C
260 °C / 25 bar
storage
evaporator
preheater
superheater
© Fraunhofer ISE
collectorfield
cooler
70 - 110 °C (55)185°C
70-110°C
Process
heat
demand
preheater
Process level
42. In operation since October 2010
Waste - and solar heat
Target capacity 5m3/day
MD pilot plants in operation
Waste- and solar heat powered pilot plant in Pantelleria
© Fraunhofer ISE
Target capacity 5m3/day
No thermal storage
24h-operation
12 MD modules in operation
Total membrane area 120m²
43. Polygeneration – process steam production
Gturbine
steam
field
Thermal oil
75 - 115 °C (55)
320 °C
260 °C / 25 bar
storage
evaporator
preheater
superheater
© Fraunhofer ISE
collectorfield
cooler
75 - 115 °C (55)185°C
Process
heat
demand
preheater
165 °C
Supply level
47. Integration into the mashing process
© Fraunhofer ISE
GEA brewery systems
Overheating protection !
-> night-time cooling
-> active water-cooler
Source: AEE Intec
48. Co-generation of Electricity and Heat
Solar dish-based CPV system using MIM cells developed at Fraunhofer ISE,
Zenith Solar launched the first system at Kibbuz Yavne, Israel. April 2009
© Fraunhofer ISE
49. Scheffler Reflector
Main technical data:
770 Scheffler dishes with fix
focus (60 m2 each)
Reflector area: 45.000 m2
1 MWel (Siemens turbine,
255 °C, 41 bar)
3.5 MWth (hot water grid)
© Fraunhofer ISE
Metal core storage for
continuous operation
Supported by MNRE and
BMU (Germany)
Consultant: Fraunhofer ISE
www.india-one.net
50. EU-Project MATS
Multiple Application Thermodynamic Solar
• Demonstration in Egypt
• Molten salt as HTF and storage
medium
• 1 MWe, 100 m3/d water desalination,
100 kW cooling
© Fraunhofer ISE
51. MATS - Site 51
© Fraunhofer ISE
NREL, Global Environment Facility, UNEP, Nov. 2005, Africa Direct Normal Solar Radiation Annual
AlexandriaAlexandria
Google Maps
Borg Al Arab
City of Scientific
Research
MATS site
Borg Al Arab
Airport HBE
Borg Al Arab
Airport HBE
53. Conclusion
SSCSP may be interesting when reliable and highly efficient heat engines in
range 0.5 – 5 MWel are available and proven
A combination with low temperature process heat (use of reject heat < 80°C)
is most interesting (e.g. desalination or industrial waste water cleaning with
membrane destillation)
Parallel use of high-temperature heat may be interesting in cases where
electricity and heat demand are not parallel
Dispatchable and reliable heat and electricity production is key:
© Fraunhofer ISE
Dispatchable and reliable heat and electricity production is key:
Cost effecive storage technology (partly in development)
Hybridization with biomass
Off-grid situations or weak-grid situations are benefical as diesel gensets
produce expensive electricity
Regional or national requirements (jobs, local value creation, grid stability)
may support solar thermal power
54. Conclusion
Solar Thermal Energy has a lot of opportunities
– commercially and for research
© Fraunhofer ISE
– commercially and for research
Use it for a bright future!
55. Thank you for listening!
Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
© Fraunhofer ISE
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
Dr. Werner Platzer
werner.platzer@ise.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE