Sciences of Europe No 107 (2022)

No 107 (2022)
Sciences of Europe
(Praha, Czech Republic)
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CONTENT
EARTH SCIENCES
Novruzov Z., Garayeva T.,
Bagirova A., Aliyev Z.
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HYDROCARBON
POLLUTION BY MEASURING MAGNETIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY ...........................................................4
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Garayeva V.
TOP FEATURES OF CRYPTOCURRENCİES AND TYPES ..7
Hasanova M., Rzayeva U., Ismayilova G.
PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
..................................................................................10
Shengelia T.
INFLUENCE OF MULTICULTURAL FACTORS ON
INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNRY.........15
Mihova M., Radev R.
THE QUALITY OF LIQUID FUELS OFFERED IN THE
TRADE NETWORK OF POPOVO CITY, BULGARIA .......19
Kuzminov M.
MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN
UKRAINE....................................................................29
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Amangeldi D., Baidildina Fellan S.H.
SEMEY TRAGEDY: DOCUMENTS AND NARRATIVE ....32
JURIDICAL SCIENCES
Korniakova T., Artomov K.
THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUALIZATION OF THE
APPLICATION OF CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO
INFLUENCE THE PERSON AND PERSONALITY OF THE
LAW OFFENDER.........................................................35
Mammadova A.
CORRELATION OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEMS OF PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS.....................................................39
Yershova Yu., Mayakovskaya Yu.
GAMBLING CORPORATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION: THE CURRENT STATE OF LEGAL
REGULATION .............................................................43
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Arabidze K., Gogokhia I., Lebanidze N.
MULTIMODAL ANESTHESIA IN BARIATRIC SURGERY
AND COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS ..........................47
Boitsaniuk S., Patskan L., Pohoretska Kh.,
Levkiv M.
POST-OPERATIVE ENDODONTIC FLARE-UPS.............51
Maslarska R.
THE BULGARIAN EXPERIENCE IN TREATING
HEMANGIOMA WITH PROPRANOLOL IN CHILDREN.54
Yerimbetov K., Bektursinov B.,
Ibrayev Zh., Aubakirov E., Turgumbaev B.
"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF
MOLECULAR GENETIC AND BACTERIOLOGICAL
STUDIES OF RESECTION MATERIAL OF PATIENTS WITH
MDR AND XDR TB TREATED BY CHEMOTHERAPY
WITH NEW AND REPURPOSED DRUGS, SECOND-LINE
AND THIRD-LINE DRUGS"..........................................58
Khabibyanov R., Maleev M.
TREATMENT OF VERTICAL PELVIC FRACTURES .........64
TREATMENT OF UNSTABLE FRACTURES OF THE
PELVIC BONES (TYPE B ACCORDING TO THE
ACCEPTED INTERNATIONAL AO/ASIF SYSTEM) .........69
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE
PELVIC RING ..............................................................76

PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Ibashova A., Belessova D.
INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
FOR SCRATCH AND ROBOTICS COURSES IN
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: FEATURES AND RELEVANCE 82
Mammadov M.
SHUSHA DESCRIPTION IN ART...................................90
Akramova A., Yegizbayeva K.
THE IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN
THE WORK OF THE MANAGER OF AN EDUCATIONAL
ORGANIZATION AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT.............95
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Akhvlediani M.
GEORGIAN VOCABULARI IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE...............................................100
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
Musaibekov R., Suleimenov K.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF SOME SECTIONS OF THE
SCHOOL MATHEMATICS COURSE, IMPLEMENTATION
OF CRITICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSES......104
POLITICAL SCIENCES
Tomashevska A., Oliinyk S.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF
DECENTRALIZATION: REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES
................................................................................109
Popov O.
ANALYSIS OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS "ELECTRONIC
GOVERNMENT", "DIGITAL INTERACTION OF PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES", "INFORMATION SYSTEMS".............112
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Asagade Shola O.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNMENT
ACCONTABILITY.......................................................116
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Seyidova I., Efendiyeva N.
RESEARCH OF THE SMART HOME CONTROL SYSTEM
WITH THE HELP OF SPEECH.....................................119
Gabashvili N., Gabashvili T., Kiknadze M.
FROM PAPER CONTRACTS TO SMART CONTRACTS 124
Seyidova I., Hashimov O.
CLOUD COMPUTİNG: A REVİEW OF THE AVAİLABLE
PLATFORMS.............................................................127
Jumaev K., Djunaidov Kh.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHLY SAVING TECHNOLOGY
FOR PURIFYING NATURAL GAS FROM SULFUR-
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ....................................132
Seyidova I., Karatova D.
FIREWALLS: SECURITY AND THREAT RESEARCH .....137
Alieva E. Maharramov Z.
ARCHITECTURE FEATURES OF NEXT GENERATION
NETWORKS AND QoS..............................................140
Mahlovana T., Dolin V., Kopytin D.
APPLYING THE EARTH REMOTE SENSING DATA TO
ASSESS THE RELEASE OF RADIONUCLIDES IN CASE OF
FIRES IN THE RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED
TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE .......................................152
Musazada O.
AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES ....159
Tagiyev N.
STUDY OF METHODS FOR OBTAINING ILLEGAL
ACCESS TO AN ATM.................................................163
Apshai F.
MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AS A STIMULUS OF THE
EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS..........................................................168
Seyidova I., Mustafayeva N.
E-COMMERCE, IT’S GROWTH AND VALUE IN MODERN
ICT............................................................................172

4 Sciences of Europe # 107, (2022)
EARTH SCIENCES
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HYDROCARBON POLLUTION BY MEASURING
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Novruzov Z.,
Garayeva T.,
Bagirova A.,
Aliyev Z.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Ministry of Science and Education,
Republic of Azerbaijan
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7479698
ABSTRACT
In this work, the magnetic susceptibility () of soils in situ was measured on the Pirallahi Island Oil Area.
Pirallahi Island Oil Area is located near the Absheron Peninsula of Azerbaijan (Fig.1). In order to compare the
results of measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of hydrocarbon (HC) -contaminated soils in situ, the ones
of the HC of the hydrocarbon-free Dubendi site located on the mainland were also carried out. As a result of
comparison of χ measurements, a difference in readings was revealed in both areas. Thus, the influence of hydro-
carbons on the change in magnetic susceptibility measured on two similar areas is obvious. This clearly indicates
a change in the association of magnetic minerals in soils exposed to hydrocarbons. It follows from the above that,
using measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of soils in situ, we can detect areas contaminated with hydro-
carbons. In the future, when using magnetic susceptibility and other magnetic parameters measured in bottom
sedimentary rocks, they can be used as a new search feature for oil and gas deposits.
Keywords: magnetism, magnetic susceptibility, hydrocarbons, anthropogenic pollution.
The work was carried out with the financial sup-
port of SOCAR, Republic of Azerbaijan.
Introduction. Environmental pollution by or-
ganic pollutants (soil, reservoirs, sediments) is an im-
portant global environmental problem. To assess and
restore the environment contaminated with HC, a
method is needed that takes much less time and is af-
fordable. The eco-magnetic method of environmental
monitoring has a high potential due to its high sensitiv-
ity [1]. Recently, studies of soil contamination with
heavy metals have switched to ecomagnetic methods.
In this matter, the eco-magnetic method has proven it-
self perfectly [2].
However, there has not yet been enough scientific
research to study the relationship between magnetic
properties and organic pollutants. Hanesh and Holger
[3] in Leoben (Austria), studying the soils of a metal-
lurgical plant, noticed a correlation between polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and magnetic susceptibility.
Morris et al. [4] after analyzing the core samples came
to the conclusion that magnetic sensitivity can be a re-
liable and inexpensive method for determining the de-
gree of contamination of sediments. Liu et al. [5] stud-
ying the Mavanmiao oil field (Jianghan Basin, China),
we observed an increase in some magnetic parameters
(magnetic susceptibility –χ and full saturation magnet-
ization - Ms) in oil reservoirs.
Thus, we conclude that magnetic properties, espe-
cially magnetic susceptibility, can be measured in a
very short time and can be used as a convenient method
for determining areas not contaminated with HC. The
main purpose of this study is to detect areas of soil con-
taminated with hydrocarbons on Pirallahi Island by
measuring their magnetic susceptibility.
The rich oil and gas deposits discovered in Azer-
baijan belong to the productive strata (net pay), wide-
spread and well-studied. On the territory of the island
there are both exploited wells and wells that have
ceased their operational activity. Our goal is to identify
soil contamination with hydrocarbons by the magnetic
method as much as possible.
Field measurements of magnetic susceptibility Pi-
rallahi Island is located to the east of the Absheron Pen-
insula, 50 km from Baku (Fig. 1). For more than a hun-
dred years, oil extracted from wells has been polluting
the environment. In the study area, the magnetic sus-
ceptibility of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons was
measured at three levels from the soil surface. The
study area of Pirallahi Island covers both the sites of
active oil wells and the sites of old abandoned (inactive)
wells in the past. The locations of magnetic susceptibil-
ity measurements were accurately fixed by CPS meas-
urements (Table 1). The magnetic susceptibility (χ) was
measured with a field magnetic susceptibility meter
(Kappameter model KT-5).

Sciences of Europe # 107, (2022) 5
Figure 1. The Pirallahi island and Dubendi studied area for hydrocarbon pollution.
Table 1.
CPS values of measurement points χ of Pirallahi Island.
Sequential number Sample number
Geographical bearings
latitude longitude
1 001 40°28'40.29" 50°19'52.51"
2 002 40°28'53.40" 50°19'53.80"
3 003 40°28'34.68" 50°20'13.31"
4 004 40°28'24.63" 50°19'40.93"
5 005 40°28'39.74" 50°19'38.37"
6 006 40°28'20.15" 50°20'20.63"
7 007 40°28'4.76" 50°20'19.16"
8 008 40°27'43.20" 50°20'49.45"
9 009 40°27'25.96" 50°20'37.79"
10 010 40°27'12.54" 50°20'46.65"
The values of magnetic susceptibility from 10
points of the polluted area were measured from the
study site. Preliminary data were obtained on the pres-
ence or absence of magnetic minerals in the collected
samples.
The magnetic susceptibility measurement site
(point 001) was carried out at a point with coordinates
latitude 40028ꞌ40, 29ꞌꞌ and longitude 50019ꞌ52, 51ꞌꞌ. The
magnetic susceptibility χ = 0.74×10-3
m3
/kg was meas-
ured on the surface. At the same point at a depth of 10
cm, the measured magnetic susceptibility χ= 0.26×10-3
m3
/kg. Also at this point, only at a depth of 30 cm, the
measured magnetic susceptibility χ = 0.31×10-3
m3
/kg.
Point 002 was measured from the north side of the
study area, the coordinates of which are 40028ꞌ53.40ꞌꞌ
in latitude and 50019ꞌ53.80ꞌꞌ in longitude. The magnetic
susceptibility χ = 0.17×10-3
m3
/kg was measured on the
surface. At the same point at a depth of 15 cm, the mag-
netic susceptibility χ = 0.09×10-3
m3
/kg was measured.
Also, at the same point, only at a depth of 40 cm, there
was a change in the magnetic susceptibility χ = 0.10 ×
10-3
m3
/kg. The magnetic susceptibility measurement
site (point 003) was carried out at a point with coordi-
nates latitude 40028ꞌ34, 68ꞌꞌ longitude 50020ꞌ13, 31ꞌꞌ.
Magnetic susceptibility measured on the surface χ =
7.11×10-3
m3
/kg. Magnetic susceptibility measured at
the same point only at a depth of approximately 10 cm
χ = 4.68×10-3
m3
/kg. Nearby is an area 50 m wide and
100 cm long with high magnetic susceptibility. The
magnetic susceptibility measurement point 004 was lo-
cated near well No. 249, whose coordinates in latitude
are 40028ꞌ24, 63ꞌꞌ and in longitude 50019ꞌ40, 93ꞌꞌ.
Measurements of magnetic susceptibility on the surface
χ =0.60×10-3
m3
/kg. In the northwestern part of the is-
land, the magnetic susceptibility was measured at point
005, whose coordinates are 40028ꞌ39, 74ꞌꞌ in latitude
and 50019ꞌ38, 37ꞌꞌ in longitude. Magnetic susceptibility
 =2.15×10-3
m3
/kg measured on the surface. And the
magnetic susceptibility χ = 3.4×10-3
m3
/kg was meas-
ured at a depth of 10 cm from the surface. Further, at
the same point at a depth of 30 cm, the magnetic sus-
ceptibility χ = 6.33×10-3
m 3
/kg was measured. To the
north of the place where we measured the magnetic sus-
ceptibility, it increases. As we approach well No. 1039
at 30-40 m, the magnetic susceptibility gradually de-
creases. The magnetic susceptibility measurement site
(point 006) was carried out at a point with coordinates
latitude 40028ꞌ20, 15ꞌꞌ longitude 50020ꞌ20, 63ꞌꞌ. On the
surface χ =1.88×10-3
m3
/kg. At this point (the same co-

ordinates) at a depth of 15 cm, the magnetic suscepti-
bility χ = 0.24×10-3
m3/kg. The magnetic susceptibility
measurement site (point 007) was carried out at a point
with coordinates latitude 40028ꞌ4.76ꞌꞌ longitude
50020ꞌ19.16ꞌꞌ. On the surface χ =0.26×10-3
m3
/kg. . At
this point (the same coordinates) at a depth of 15 cm,
the magnetic susceptibility χ = 0.48×10-3
m3
/kg and at
a depth of 30 cm χ = 0.08×10-3
m3
/kg. The magnetic
susceptibility measurement site (point 008) was carried
out at a point with coordinates latitude 40027ꞌ43.20ꞌꞌ
longitude 50020ꞌ49.45ꞌꞌ. On the surface χ =0.36×10-3
m3
/kg. At this point (the same coordinates) at a depth
of 15 cm, the magnetic susceptibility χ = 0.06×10-3
m3
/kg. The magnetic susceptibility measurement site
(point 009) was carried out at the point with coordi-
nates: latitude 40027ꞌ25, 96ꞌꞌ longitude 50020ꞌ37, 79ꞌꞌ.
On the surface χ =1.90×10-3
m3
/kg. At this point (same
coordinates) at a depth of 15 cm, the magnetic suscep-
tibility χ= 2.75×10-3
m3
/kg and and at a depth of 20 cm
χ = 0.58×10-3
m3
/kg. The magnetic susceptibility meas-
urement site (point 010) was carried out at a point with
coordinates: latitude 40027ꞌ12, 54ꞌꞌ and longitude
50020ꞌ46, 65ꞌꞌ. On the surface χ = 4.26×10-3
m3
/kg. To
compare the values of the magnetic susceptibility
measured at the above points of the investigated area of
Pirallahi, contaminated with hydrocarbons, we meas-
ured the values of the magnetic susceptibility of the
Dubendi area, the surface of which was not contami-
nated with hydrocarbons. The bottom table shows the
GPS values of the magnetic susceptibility measurement
points in the Dubendi area with their χ values.
Table 2.
CPS and χ values measured in the Duyendy area.
Sample
number
Magnetic
sceptibility
Geographical bearings
latitude longitude
surface 15 sm below 30 sm below
01 2.69 0.18 40°24'8" 50°18'38"
02 0.18 0.13 40°24'1" 50°17'43
03 0.10 0.25 0.15 40°25'2" 50°17'21"
Conclusion. Thus, as a result of the conducted
studies, there is an obvious relationship between soil
pollution with hydrocarbons and an increase in mag-
netic susceptibility. In our opinion, this is due to the
variable valency of iron. Iron, which is part of finely
dispersed oxides and hydroxides, can participate in var-
ious chemical reactions. In particular, when hydrocar-
bons act on sedimentary rocks, they (hydrocarbons) can
reduce iron oxides and hydroxides. Reduced iron con-
tributes to the formation of new iron-containing com-
pounds. That is, as a result of the impact of oil and gas
on sedimentary rocks, newly formed magnetic minerals
lead to an increase in magnetic susceptibility.
References
1.Petrovsky E, Ellwood BB (1999) Magnetic
monitoring of air-, land- and waterpollution. In: Maher
BA, Thompson R (eds) Quaternary climates, environ-
ments and magnetism. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp 279–322.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535635.009.
2.Evans E.and Heller F. (2003). Environmental
Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromag-
netics-book
3.Hanesch M, Scholger R (2002) Mapping of
heavy metal loadings in soils by means of magnetic sus-
ceptibility measurements. Env Geol 42, pp 857–870.
DOI: 10.1007/s00254-002-0604-1
4.Morris A & Robertson AHF (1993) 'Miocene
remagnetisation of carbonate platform and Antalya
complex units within the Isparta angle, SW Turkiye'
TECTONOPHYSICS 220, (1-4) 243-266 Author
Site , DOI
5.Liu, Q., Liu, Q., Chan, L., Yang, T., Xia, X.,
Cheng, T. 2006. ‘’Magnetic enhancement caused by
hydrocarbon migration in the Mawangmiao Oil Field,
Jianghan Basin, China’’, Journal of Petroleum Science
and Engineering, 53(1-2), 25-33.

ECONOMIC SCIENCES
TOP FEATURES OF CRYPTOCURRENCİES AND TYPES
Garayeva V.
Azerbaijan State University of Economics, MBA
ORCID: 0000-0002-3623-8948
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7479702
ABSTRACT
Cryptocurrency is a digital payment system, created by non-banks, not subject to any official license, and is
mainly mined using blockchain technology. The process of emission of cryptocurrency is called mining, and since
cryptography is used, the meaning of "crypto" is mentioned at the beginning of the word currency. Cryptocurrency
transactions do not require personal information. This means that users remain largely anonymous and transactions
are largely confidential. However, every transaction is recorded, senders and receivers are known to the public.
This way, all transactions are tracked, no transaction can be changed, manipulated or deleted afterwards. In this
respect, cryptocurrencies are a bit more transparent than digital currencies. Cryptocurrencies and digital wallets,
which are the most popular nowadays, are similar but have different functions. In this regard, the article we present
is suitable for economically interested individuals or organizations.
Keywords: Cryptocurrency, transaction, digital, payment, currency.
This work was supported by the Science Develop-
ment Foundation under the President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan: Grant № EIF-GAT-6-2021-2(39)-13/12/5-
M-12
If we look at the countries of the world, we will
see that there have been serious financial crises re-
cently. These crises dealt a crushing blow not only to
developing countries, but also to the economy of devel-
oped countries. All these events do not pass without the
influence of national currencies.
At such a time, digital currency (cryptocurrency),
which is one of the means of electronic payment, was
born. Cryptocurrency cannot be considered the cur-
rency of any country. Cryptocurrency, which is in its
development phase, has advantages in comparison with
its virtual disadvantages.
Cryptocurrency is a digital payment system, cre-
ated by non-banks, not subject to any official license,
and is mainly mined using blockchain technology. The
process of issuing cryptocurrency is called mining, and
since cryptography is used, the meaning of "crypto" is
mentioned at the beginning of the word currency.[1]
Each cryptocurrency unit is called -soin in English, and
the emission of soins can be limited based on a prede-
termined algorithm. Each of the files contains en-
crypted information and is protected from any type of
fraud.
Cryptocurrencies have many advantages over tra-
ditional currencies:
1. Cryptocurrency does not depend on the politics
of any state
2. It does not depend on laws
3. It does not depend on the currency
4. It is not regulated by any state
5. It is not affected by inflation
6. Very low cost of emission - money printing,
metal, paper, paint, etc. There is no need to use it
7. Splits and merges perfectly - no need to return
the balance.
8. High compactness - the calculation of the
amount is not related to the size and weight of the
money.
9. Security - protection against theft, falsification,
and denomination change is provided by cryptography
and electronic systems.
10. Solid emission - it is impossible to control it
from the outside.
11. Price change-currency does not depend on
economic and political factors, but is formed on the ba-
sis of supply and demand.
The fact that cryptocurrency is a virtual currency,
cannot be printed by any bank, cannot be frozen on your
accounts and cannot be controlled by a special force, it
is appreciated by economic experts.
The first and most important difference between
digital money and crypto money is the central issue.
Digital currencies are fiat, meaning they are not created
by a legal authority like traditional currencies as we
know them. Therefore, they have a centralized struc-
ture, the exchanges within the network are organized by
a center such as a bank or government. That is, they are
offered to the market and supported by central banks
[2]. If done with digital money, the transactions are car-
ried out with the consent of the mentioned institution.
Cryptocurrencies are decentralized and regulations are
implemented by the majority of the community. Also,
cryptocurrency transactions require the approval of an
entity. Therefore, the market determines its value. All
transactions related to cryptocurrency are recorded us-
ing blockchain technology, which is considered a kind
of ledger. We are not supported by a legal entity if we
reward you in case of a possible technical problem.
Digital currencies are expected to experience less
volatility in value because they are backed by central
authorities. For example, central banks can review fi-
nancial stability through monetary policy based on the
value of other currencies. Compared to cryptocurrency,
it is a more volatile currency because it operates in an
underdeveloped market, is largely supported by official
authorities, and is full of expectations.

Blockchain technology and digital wallets are
closely related. The blockchain technology that owns
crypto-currency systems includes storage, encryption,
account operations, and more. is used for This allows
you to perform all the actions from start to finish. Dig-
ital wallets include the technology that cryptocurren-
cies are also actively used for.
There are also many benefits that digital wallets
provide to individuals:
1. A digital wallet stores all of a consumer's pay-
ment information securely and compactly, largely elim-
inating the need to carry a physical wallet.
2. An e-wallet is also very profitable for compa-
nies that collect consumer data. This allows companies
to analyze the buying habits of their customers and de-
velop effective marketing strategies.
3. Digital wallets enable global online shopping
and contribute to the global economy.
4. Digital wallets do not require a bank account
with a physical firm or branch.
5. It allows you to perform cryptocurrency trans-
actions safely and quickly.
6. In terms of security, digital wallets are at the
fore today. With strong encryption, instead of physi-
cally carrying separate cards for multiple transactions,
it is possible to store them all together in a virtual envi-
ronment with a digital wallet.
7. When you lose your physical wallet, your entire
account is at risk. Even if you lose the phone, it's not
easy to access your data and account with built-in lay-
ers of encryption.
8. Using a digital wallet makes more sense when
you consider the tedious process of canceling all your
cards one by one when you lose it. Even if you lose your
phone, the encryption systems that need to be broken to
get to the digital wallet make this method much more
secure.
9. Another convenience of an e-wallet is the con-
venience it offers. Instead of carrying your cards one by
one and entering a password for each one, having all
transactions done quickly from a single hub provides
significant benefits to users.[3]
Apple Pay, Google Pay, Paypal, etc. are three of
the most popular digital wallets.
The most important feature that distinguishes
cryptocurrencies from other digital currencies is that
their IT infrastructures are not centralized. Account rec-
ords are stored on hundreds, thousands, millions of dif-
ferent small servers in a registry software built on cryp-
tology technology. Each of these servers is operated by
different anonymous organizations or individuals. Ac-
count records in the system cannot be changed, deleted
or transferred to other accounts without permission.
With these features, they provide the security require-
ments that a currency needs without an intermediary in-
stitution or person.
Bitcoin- Bitcoin was experimentally created in
2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto and any central bank, gov-
ernment agency, etc. is a kind of digital currency that
has nothing to do with The symbol of Bitcoin, which is
sold as an alternative to Dollars and Euros in global
markets, is ฿ and its abbreviation is BTC.
Technologies such as public key encryption
(asymmetric encryption), peer-to-peer networking, and
proof of work are used to verify payments made in the
Bitcoin system. Bitcoins are sent from the payment ad-
dress to the recipient's address, signed in an encrypted
form. Each transaction is announced to the network and
takes place in the blockchain. Thus, added bitcoins can-
not be used more than once. By using these technolo-
gies, Bitcoin provides a fast and highly reliable pay-
ment network that anyone can use.
Bitcoin is subject to certain protocols. Every trans-
action you make within these protocols is encrypted. At
the same time, Bitcoin by nature has a solid transaction
record memory. There are no security issues with the
system, unless your wallet password is stolen or your
computer is hacked due to user error or carelessness.
It's no different than losing or having your wallet or
credit card stolen. Due to Bitcoin, it is not possible to
borrow the same money twice. Before the transaction,
the system confirms that the money belongs to you and
has not been sent to anyone before. For this reason, it is
impossible to create and sell Bitcoins without supervi-
sion and fraudulently. [4]
One of the effects that causes inflation is the in-
crease in the real money supply in circulation. The in-
crease in the money supply in circulation increases in-
flation in direct proportion. But this system does not be-
long to Bitcoin. Because Bitcoin is a finite system. For
this reason, the inflation risk of Bitcoin is very low.
The collapse of real currencies is caused by hyper-
inflation caused by governments. Since the Bitcoin sys-
tem is not connected to any government, the risk of a
crash is low.
According to the sale, in classic online transac-
tions using payment systems such as credit card or Pay-
Pal; If the buyer demands a refund, it is necessary to
use the services of 3rd parties. At this stage, security
may be compromised and the event may become com-
plex. On the other hand, Bitcoin does not have such a
security problem because there is no such system as a
claim back. You can even carry billions of dollars
worth of bitcoins on a small memory card. It is impos-
sible to do this with cash or any other system. [5]
Due to the high interest in and competition from
Bitcoin, many cryptocurrencies have been created, and
the origin and rates of the top 10 cryptocurrencies are
shown in the chart below.

Chart 1. Rates of top 10 cryptocurrencies against the US dollar
Source: https://coinmarketcap. com/ (25. 11. 2022)
If we look at the price of Bitcoin after its creation, we will see that the value of one dollar invested in 2010
has increased to 65 million dollars in 2021. Recent fluctuations in the price of bitcoin are shown in the graph below
(graph2).
Chart 2. The exchange rate of Bitcoin against the US dollar
Source: https://coinmarketcap. com/currencies/bitcoin/?period=7d (25. 11. 2022)
Banks provide international trade and convert cur-
rencies. In Bitcoin, the money and the transaction itself
are digital. Each transaction is cryptographically en-
crypted and transmitted. That is, when users transfer
bitcoins to each other, both sender and receiver see a
code consisting of long encrypted numbers and letters.
The system sees and accepts that code as money. Each
password in the system is unique and cannot be dupli-
cated. That is, it is impossible to cut counterfeit money,
or it is impossible to cut money twice. The main issue

is that there is no financial institution behind bitcoin.
That is, there is no central bank that prints it. The block-
chain knows the amount of bitcoins in circulation. The
number of bitcoins is limited. This prevents inflation, it
can only deflate, meaning that money can only gain
value over time. [6]
Apparently, since the first money was issued in
these lands, the evolution of endless forms of payment
has been accelerating. Business models updated by the
digital economy require rewriting all the rules of the
game related to the payment process. Moreover, these
developments, together with other innovations ex-
pected in the future, will subject all parties to a stronger
change. It is possible to predict that these innovations
will have faster and more serious effects, especially
with Open Banking, Central Bank Digital Currencies
(CBDCs) and decentralized stable digital currencies.
However, it is useful to recognize that our time as a
country is running out as countries around the world
move forward at a breathtaking pace, especially in dig-
ital currencies.[7]
References
1. Mammadov Z.F., (2012): "International cur-
rency-credit relations and the monetary-credit system
of foreign countries", Baku, "Nasir" publishing house,
423 pages.
2. Saleh Mammadov, "Digital transition and the
need to accelerate scientific and technological develop-
ment" Baku (2021), 379 pages
3. Saleh Mammadov, "Digital manat (CBDC) and
cashless money circulation". ADAU, lecture text, 2021
Ganja
4. Ecem Turgut, Okyay Ucan "Econometric time
series analysis of cryptocurrency and blockchain tech-
nology". Istanbul: Hyperyayin, 2021 pages. 229
5. Michael J. Sasey Paul Vigne Age of Cryptocur-
rency: "Bitcoin and Digital Currency Challenge the
Global Economic System". Ice summers - 2020 page
480
6. Khanboubi and Boulmakoul, "Digital Transfor-
mation Metamodel in Banking" – article. Researchgate
2019, p.1-7
7. Shaw, L. (2016) "The Meanings of New
Money: Social Constructions of Value in the Rise of
Digital Currencies", Doctoral dissertation, University
of Washington, vol 16, No. 4, p. 45
8. https://www.coinbase.com/tr/learn/crypto-ba-
sics/what-is-cryptocurrency
PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS
DEVELOPMENT
Hasanova M.,
Rzayeva U.,
Ismayilova G.
Azerbaijan State Agrarian University
The department of business administration
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7479708
ABSTRACT
In connection with the development of business relations in modern times, taking an objective approach to
the events occurring in the work environment and observing the principles of human rights protection is considered
one of the most important factors in the direction of business development. So, business subjects should have a
pragmatic, modern economic thinking in their activities, but also develop the ethics of business relations and pro-
tect the ethical values of business management. It would be a naive approach to imagine effective business man-
agement in a globalized world without personnel with high ethical standards. Currently, there are many problems
in the field of business management in Azerbaijan. One of them is that the application of elements of business
ethics and corporate social responsibility in the work environment are not at a desired level. It is for this reason
that in recent years, expanding reforms in the direction of increasing corporate social responsibility and further
strengthening the fight against corruption for the development of business and the formation of a healthy compet-
itive environment in Azerbaijan has been considered as one of the priority issues. The main goal here is to improve
the competitive environment in business, to create conditions for the application of business ethics and social
responsibility principles in the work process based on a working mechanism. All these mentioned issues charac-
terize how important it is to follow the principles of ethical behavior and corporate social responsibility in the
business environment in terms of business development.
Keywords: business ethics, social responsibility, competition, human resources, education, management.
Business relations are an integral part of modern
society today. Business relations are currently develop-
ing in the economic and political spheres of society, and
at the same time are regulated according to legal norms.
All these mentioned are carried out in accordance with
the Corporate governance code. In order to ensure long-
term success in the market, expectations of honesty,
fairness, respect for competitors, and expectations of
high ethical standards are important conditions. It is
also considered as the concept of "Business ethics".
Some experts consider the phrase "business eth-
ics" to be one of the most famous oxymoron phrases in
the world. It should be noted that oxymorons are ex-
pressions formed by opposite words. That is, although

ethics is a word related to morals and upbringing, busi-
ness is understood more as a chaotic, self-interested ac-
tivity.
However, today the phrase "Business ethics" is
quite popular. In particular, the ethical aspects of busi-
ness are studied and promoted in the developed coun-
tries of the world.
Business ethics is the consideration of others (em-
ployees, shareholders, customers, investors, govern-
ment, society, etc.) in business activities and business
decisions.
Public relations and Strategic Planning are based
on two concepts. The first is a step-by-step planning
system for learning how to develop an effective com-
munications program. Second, effective creativity re-
lies on careful and deep planning rather than inspira-
tion. The map doesn't show you where to go; instead, it
helps you explore possibilities. You consider options,
choose one of them, identify alternatives and prepare
for unexpected situations. In short, you plan. Then you
get behind the rudder, hit the road, and start putting this
plan into action.
The subject of ethics is not all human activities,
but primarily moral actions that emphasize morality. In
Greek, the Latin equivalent of the term "ethos" comes
from the word "mos", which means both custom and
character. The word morality is also derived from the
word mos. It has the same meaning as custom. Thus,
morality and ethics form the subject of ethics. In the
context of professional ethics, morality refers to the
rules of conduct that must be followed in a certain pro-
fession, a profession that is directly related to a person.
These general value judgments are used to assess the
value of what people do in their relationships with other
people.
There are certain rules of ethics. Ethical under-
standing and the formation of conscious social institu-
tions require a healthy sharing and communication in
this institution. Otherwise, the society is considered un-
healthy. Man decides to behave ethically or not with his
individual consciousness. The individual must make
moral decisions alone. A person who acts in accordance
with ethical behavior makes it a habit to achieve the de-
sired good by understanding the consequences of his
behavior. This person is also a person who can establish
an ethical relationship with the other party.
On the other hand, the rule-governed people are
willing to do whatever they are told due to the leader-
ship's ignorance and lack of control. Loyalty causes the
people to show excessive interest and respect for their
leaders. Because government officials have such kind
of expectations. Domestic politics is a big obstacle for
citizens who lack political support, do not know people
at the management level, and have poor purchasing
power.
According to Pieper, ethics is based on connec-
tions between theory, knowledge, and evidence from
practice. Its principle includes freedom and responsibil-
ity to be moral. According to Kant, the freedom of the
will is the incomparable principle of all moral laws and
corresponding duties. For this reason, there is individ-
uality in the manager's actions and decisions to fulfill
his responsibilities to the environment and his superi-
ors. The ethical nature of individual decisions is com-
plicated by some law violations and arbitrariness of the
bureaucratic structure. If the decisions and actions of an
official are not compatible with the interests of the peo-
ple, it creates distrust in the governed. Deliberately cre-
ating difficulties for people, delaying work, hiding
complete information, etc. is not considered ethical be-
havior.
According to Wolfgang Looss, a manager must
convince people as a driving force to realize his vision.
Persuasion is an important element here. The main goal
in the development of vision is to create a harmony be-
tween expressions and behavior. We try to practice
what we say. This ensures harmony. A leader who will
form the necessary vision for the implementation of
ethical values within the company must establish an
ethical relationship with employees, customers and
other people with whom he communicates. For this, the
leader must be sensitive to ethical values.
Violations of ethical principles have been found in
many famous companies in the world. The most fa-
mous of such cases is the event that resulted in the
bankruptcy of the Enron (USA) company in 2001.
Thus, Enron's management deceived the public for the
sake of short-term interests by hiding the company's ex-
penses and creditors. Similar cases happened in compa-
nies like Xerox and Worldcom.
Competitive conditions also play a big role for
business to function normally. Competitive conditions
are ensured when neither buyers nor sellers dominate
the market. Perfect competition is also a key driver of
growth. Note that in normal competitive markets, com-
panies do not directly participate in price formation.
The market price is formed as a result of demand (in-
terests of buyers) and supply (interests of sellers). In
this case, any company that can pay its expenses at the
market price can stay in the market.
One of the distinguishing aspects of the evolution
of entrepreneurship has been the promotion of attrib-
utes such as ethics and social responsibility. Moreover,
at the current historical stage, these attributes have be-
come the factors on which the commercial success of
the entrepreneur largely depends. These characteristics
are usually called business attributes. However, consid-
ering that there are no significant differences between
business and entrepreneurship, we associate these char-
acteristics with both terms.
The impact of social responsibility on the compa-
ny's decisions is not small. For example, if the financial
situation of the company necessitates a reduction in the
number of employees, the management may give up,
even temporarily, realizing that this decision will create
an unemployment problem. On the other hand, from an
ethical point of view, they think that the company has
been doing well until now thanks to these employees.
In this sense, companies understand their moral respon-
sibility towards employees.
Many advanced companies that understand the
role of social responsibility have even created a social
responsibility department. In addition, some companies
conduct social audits to check the current state of social
responsibility.

One of the characteristics of modern business is
that as productivity increases, fewer human resources
are required to produce goods and services. As a result,
a number of workers lose their jobs.
Figure 1. Pyramid of corporate responsibility level
First, the term "Corporate Social Responsibility"
(Corporate Social Responsibility) appeared directly,
moral corporate social responsibility principles based
on internal and external sources are also expressed as
business principles. Both the social contract theory and
the theory of influence of all interested agents of the
environment are reflected in foreign sources authored
by leading scientists of the modern era. The concept of
internal resources is based on the meaning of the organ-
ization as a "moral agent". The existence of a business
solely for the sole purpose of making a profit is ques-
tionable. An institute of business ethics and voluntary
business obligations is being formed, which carries out
its activities by making contributions to improve the
quality of life of the society as a whole. As a result, the
term "Corporate Social Responsiveness" (Corporate
Social Responsiveness), which is understood as the
company's ability to understand social impact and em-
body it in management processes and decisions, ap-
pears [2.p. 41]. A little later, "Corporate Social Perfor-
mance" (Corporate Social Performance ) term is being
formed. Currently, the social responsibility of business
is included in the strategic goal of the company. With-
out this direction, it is impossible to imagine a success-
ful company that aspires to play the role of a leader in
the market. Thus, we can say that the concept of CSR
is increasingly included in the category of strategic
management of the company. is integrated.
Corporate social responsibility is a very broad
concept. However, this concept combines several key
elements. These are the following:
- regulation of crisis situations;
- safety of production process;
- safety of the produced product;
- environmental ethics;
- the impact of business on the life of the local pop-
ulation;
- ethical attitude to the culture and history of the
people;
ft- education and business.
Today, two fundamental periods can be distin-
guished in the formation of corporate social responsi-
bility. The first period is based on the "principles-pro-
cesses-results" chain, which reflects the logic of con-
cept formation.

Figure 2. CSR model based on the "principles-processes-results" chain
As you can see, corporate social responsibility is a
very broad concept. However, this concept combines
several key elements. These are the following:
Regulation of crisis situations. The upheavals in
Western industry in the 1970s and 1980s: high inflation
resulting from increased prices and costs of energy car-
riers, additional costs related to compliance with legis-
lation aimed at reducing environmental pollution and
social protection of society, and a number of other costs
from business people demanded a revision of the prin-
ciples of corporate social responsibility. Milton Fried-
man, the harbinger of these tendencies, wrote: busi-
nessmen should be allowed to return to their main busi-
ness, making money, and the government should take
care of the needs of society using the money received
from business in the form of taxes[ ]. In order to max-
imize profits, businessmen cut costs on worker safety
equipment, new equipment, and staff training, which
inevitably leads to tragedy. This incident led to the fact
that many companies created their own crisis recovery
programs, which became an integral part of the work of
managers, and security techniques were re-examined in
business. In order to regulate the crisis situation, it is
necessary to have a plan to get rid of the crisis situation,
the crisis should be identified quickly and urgent
measures should be taken.
2. Safety of production process. Of course, it is im-
possible to take into account all the unfortunate events
in advance, but each company can assess the probabil-
ity factor of the problems that may occur, take the usual
precautions, and accurately distribute the tasks among
the employees to eliminate the crisis. It must be admit-
ted that in our mentality there is no special respect for
safety rules. A welder with glasses on his forehead, a
surgeon operating without gloves, a driver smoking a
cigarette at a gas station are quite typical scenes. How
many offices and restaurants with a high probability of
fire have fire extinguishers? Or how many drivers have
bandages, iodine and sutures in their medicine boxes?
There are many simple ways to follow safety tech-
niques to protect individuals or companies from acci-
dents.
3. Safety of the manufactured product. Business
companies must be responsible for the safety of the
manufactured product, the quality of the product re-
leased is suitable for its advertisement.
4. Environmental ethics. In the 1970s, a series of
disasters in the West, particularly in the oil industry, re-
sulted in the transformation of environmental protec-
tion from a local movement into an everyday issue of
national politics. This resulted in the creation of a $1
billion Oil Spill Relief Fund in the oil sector and the
passage of the Oil Spill Environmental Pollution Act in
1991 by the US Congress.
5. The impact of business on the lives of the local
population The provisions of the Code of Ethics forbid
disturbing the peace of the local population or causing
certain disturbances to the local population where the
business is located. Unfortunately, we have accepted
printing houses and restaurants on the first floor of res-
idential buildings, which makes life unbearable for res-
idents.
6. Ethical attitude to the culture and history of the
people.
7. Education and business. Most companies spon-
sor training programs or hire interns to teach job skills.
This practice is widespread mainly in the summer, that
is, during vacations and student vacations. Such expe-
rience is mutually beneficial, as interns acquire neces-
sary job skills and companies gain employees who
work for free. Some companies use training elements
successfully. There are a number of specific problems
in Western corporate ethics that are not of interest to
our companies at the current stage of building a market
economy. This is primarily the excessive use of re-
sources by a small group of developed countries on the
one hand, and hunger in developing countries on the
principles of
corporate
social
responsibility
corporate
social
compliance
process
results of
corporate
social action

other. In Western countries, such a debate cannot sub-
side, to what extent should the Western society help the
third world? []. Corporate social responsibility involves
regular accountability of business to the public. For ex-
ample, covering the activity of a company that affects
the environment or has high social importance in the
mass media, or publishing it in the form of a book-
let[63]. Public disclosure of the company's annual
profit and loss report (which may include a social re-
port) is also very important. Transparency means that
businesses must publicly discuss important planned
projects.
Ethical obligations that apply to professional busi-
ness also belong to the self-employed. Their unity in
professional associations should be considered the
main factor of the society in which they are now. In
other cases, there will be no effective mechanisms for
ethical compliance by freelancers. At this time, it can
be objected that there are methods of influencing free-
lancers in market relations. However, it is not even con-
sidered correct to assume a high professional level of
services offered by them. In many situations, differen-
tiating a product or service that meets personal needs in
the market, such as groceries or laundry service, creates
many difficulties for the customer. When choosing
goods made on the basis of high technology, that is,
when choosing household appliances produced by
companies, the customer should pay attention to the ad-
vertising brochures of the manufacturing enterprise or
its sphere of influence.
At present, many entrepreneurs in our republic,
when establishing any close business relations with
businessmen and businessmen from foreign countries,
sometimes they encounter many difficult and equally
complicated moments in the process of making and
making decisions because they do not know exactly the
principles of the western management system. Because
foreign investors, when establishing relations with lo-
cal companies and organizations, first of all pay atten-
tion to factors such as trust in the company, its compli-
ance with international standards and local rules and
laws, as well as gaining reputation among the popula-
tion. From this point of view, the concept of business
ethics is more relevant. In many developed countries of
the world, they approach this issue more carefully and
more responsibly. Because, without taking into account
the competence of the company in the field of business
ethics, it is impossible to establish commercial and eco-
nomic relations between the states in a normal form.
The concept of "Business Ethics" in business manage-
ment brings regularity to the relations of employees
with each other and with managers, directly helps to in-
crease productivity and the quality of the work done.
When we say business ethics, we understand the ethical
norms and rules of conduct designed and developed for
the activity of a company. However, this issue has other
important aspects. This "Business Ethics" consists of
laws and indicators that show that this organization is a
big family and that every employee working within the
enterprise is a part of this organization (family). There-
fore, by using only these rules and laws of business eth-
ics, it is possible to increase the company's competitive-
ness and labor productivity to the maximum extent, in-
crease and improve the quality of the work done by
employees.
Adhering to the norms of human value and ethical
behavior in business activity will contribute to the so-
lution of many problems encountered in business life.
Thus, the business ethics weakness that we often com-
plain about with the implementation of the principles of
business ethics and social responsibility in the business
environment; it will be possible to minimize many neg-
ative situations such as bribery, corruption, rigging of
tenders, production of low-quality and counterfeit
goods, tax evasion, luxury consumption, excessive
profit seeking, imaginary exports.
References
1. Aliyev M.A., Hamidov H.I., Huseynli A.T. Cor-
porate governance. Textbook. Baku: "Economics Uni-
versity" Publishing House, 2011. - p.484
2. "Business ethics". Resources for Azerbaijani
businessmen. / R. Safaraliyeva, S. Mammadov, V.
Gaziyev. Baku. 2004. – p.171
3. Simatov A.A. Problems of implementation of
anti-corruption policy in the activity of executive bod-
ies of state power // Vlast. 2014. No. 11. С. p.97-100
4. PRIMAUX Patrick, STIEBER John; "Profit
Maximization: The Ethical Mandate of Business",
Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 13 No. 4, 1994, p. 287-
294.
5. ERSÖZ, Halis Yunus "Corporate Social Re-
sponsibility", Business Ethics with Theoretical and Ap-
plied Dimensions, (Compiled by: Sabri Orman, Zeki
Parlak), Istanbul, ITO Publishing, 2009
6. ÖZDEMİR, Süleyman "Overview of Academic
Work Ethics Studies in Today's Turkey", Work Ethics
with Theoretical and Applied Dimensions, (Editor: Sa-
bri Orman), Istanbul, ITO Publishing, 2009, p. 301–
336.

INFLUENCE OF MULTICULTURAL FACTORS ON INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
COUNRY
Shengelia T.
Doctor of Economics, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili's Tbilisi State University,
Georgia
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7479715
ABSTRACT
Innovations are the phenomenon of globalizing, dynamic and highly competitive markets of goods, services
and ideas. Open innovations cross the borders of companies, of countries and of continents and because of it are
regarded as cross-cultural process. Georgia’s wide-sсale integrationinto global innovation networks supposes the
development of cross-cultural competencies for Georgia society. The knowledge and understanding at least, and
possibly, the adoption of cultural values of the nations – global innovation leaders - are important.
Keywords: Georgia, innovations, borders of companies, cultural factors, technological progress.
Introduction
In the era of globalization, innovative develop-
ment is considered the main source of economic pro-
gress for any country.Georgia's entry into the world
economic system, increasing the country's competitive-
ness is impossible without the development of technol-
ogies and the production of innovative products.If we
consider the experience of the "Asian tigers", we can
conclude that the forerunner of their "economic leap" is
not only an open, liberal economy, but also a deeply
thought-out and progressive innovation policy.Orienta-
tion towards the development of industries character-
ized by rapid economic returns (for example, tourism)
does not provide an opportunity to obtain long-term
economic effects and correct, targeted distribution of
investments.In a number of countries of the world,
which are characterized by high rates of economic
growth and the growing dynamics of GDP per capita,
scientific areas take a priority place.
The level of innovation development in Georgia
As evidenced by the country's low level of global
competitiveness, Georgia does not have a high level of
innovative development.The reasons for this should be
sought in the unsystematic reforms carried out in recent
years, which resulted in the systematic destruction of
the country's innovative potential.As a result of a com-
pletely immature privatization policy, dozens of re-
search institutes were alienated, which led to a paucity
of applied and fundamental research and to the techno-
logical degradation of the country.Under these condi-
tions, the country actually remained dependent on in-
come from the service sector.The export potential is
dominated by agricultural products, and tourism is con-
sidered a progressive industry that is not sufficient to
maintain the country's monetary stability, which is why
the local currency, the GEL experiences significant
fluctuations.The immature state policy in the field of
innovation does not make it possible to predict the eco-
nomic development of the country in the long term.
Georgia's position in the global innovation index
is unfavorable (see figure 1). According to the 2021 in-
dicators, the country's ranking has dropped 15 positions
to 63rd.
Figure 1. Georgia's position in the global innovation index from 2015 to 2021.
Source: www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021.pdf

Researchers cite the economic crisis caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic as one of the additional reasons
for the deterioration of the global innovation in-
dex.Georgia's rating has deteriorated in 5 out of 7 cate-
gories of this index. These are: market development,
where the country ranked from 15th to 39th place; busi-
ness development took 70th place out of 79th; creativ-
ity-from 58th to 68th; and infrastructure development-
from 72nd to 81st.Knowledge and technology indica-
tors also deteriorated. In Russia, Ukraine and Georgia
are ranked 46th, 37th, and 63rd respectively, while in
2020 this figure was 46th, 47th, and 48th respectively.
The analysis shows that Georgia's score has dete-
riorated by 15 points [www.wipo.int_2021.pdf]. In the
category of institutions, the country occupies a leading
position in terms of the ease of starting a business.
However, depending on the level of business develop-
ment, there is a lack of scientific cooperation between
higher education institutions and the private sector and
a low level of cluster development.
The following factors have a negative impact on
the development of the innovation economy in Geor-
gia:
❖ low level of demand for innovative prod-
ucts;
❖ low qualification of scientific personnel;
❖ underdevelopment of the technological
market;
❖ low level of financing of science from the
state budget;
❖ underdeveloped network of informal in-
vestors;
❖ low prevalence of crowdfunding as a fund-
raising tool;
❖ lack of inventions, etc.
The results of the analysis of the global innovation
index allow us to see stagnation in the country. Innova-
tive opportunities play an important role in the devel-
opment of the economy, so an integrated and integrated
approach to solving problems in this area is needed.
Innovation is usually understood as technological
innovation. However, they are only part of the overall
innovation process, and, as practice shows, this process
cannot be successful without considering cultural fac-
tors. The innovation process in a globalized business
environment, unlike the traditional one, requires a
broader and more comprehensive consideration of in-
novation. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and in-
terdisciplinary approach to this process allows us to an-
swer many questions that are relevant given the realities
of Georgia. The problem of technical innovation today
goes beyond the development of new products; the fo-
cus is shifting to issues such as business model, corpo-
rate structure, value chain creation, service, brand, and
customer experience [Andrew, 2009, p. 8].
The well-known researcher M. McKeown [McKe-
own, 2008, p. 341] presents the following sequence of
the innovation process:
1. generation of ideas;
2. dissemination;
3. practical implementation;
4. creation of news
In the context of globalization, several organiza-
tions can participate in the innovation process. Accord-
ingly, innovation carried out by one organization is lo-
cal, and innovation carried out by several organizations
is global.In modern conditions, international compa-
nies are characterized by a high level of cooperation
and coordination in the field of innovation and are fo-
cused on global innovation, which is an important
source of technological progress and the strength of the
country's economy.
Thus, global innovation can be seen as a phenom-
enon characteristic of developed countries with modern
market conditions, characterized by a high degree of in-
tegration and globalization. For Georgia's part, it is not
among such countries, so it does not participate in the
global innovation process. For this reason, the possibil-
ity of obtaining income from this most important factor
is limited. It is also clear that this reason determines the
peripheral place of Georgia in the technological devel-
opment of the world.
Chesbrough [Chesbrough, 2006, p. 403] rightly
believes that global innovation largely "depends on the
development of intermediate markets for ideas and
technologies." In Georgia, such an intermediary market
is not only not developed but not even formed. Business
models of open innovations are determined by such ob-
jective factors as globalization of markets and global
competition; shortening of the product life cycle; com-
plexity of the creation of new technologies (accord-
ingly, an increase in costs and risks); development of
markets for technologies; personnel and financial solu-
tions.
In modern conditions, innovations are born and
developed in a different cultural environment. Conse-
quently, the impact of culture on the innovation process
is becoming increasingly important.
Cultural aspeqt of innovation
In innovation, along with the technical compo-
nent, it is necessary to take into account its cultural
origin since it is culture that determines the specifics
and features of the innovation process. The success of
the global innovation process requires taking into ac-
count the multicultural characteristics of nations, a cor-
rect understanding of the dominant function of the
state, and the study of religious approaches to innova-
tion. Harrison studied the cultural characteristics of
Central America and the Caribbean. Scientists came to
the conclusion that poverty and injustice prevailing in
these countries have deep cultural roots, and religion
played an important role in this process as the most im-
portant determinant of culture.Some religions focus
more on personal responsibility, entrepreneurship, ed-
ucation, and trust than others. In terms of democracy,
welfare, and the rule of law, Protestant societies are far
ahead of Catholic ones. Japan, Singapore, South Korea,
Taiwan, and China have achieved transformative eco-
nomic growth [Harrison 2006, p.134]. The high level of
economic development of the Nordic countries can be
explained by the religious factor, which is substantiated
in the work of Max Weber: "The Protestant Ethic and
the Spirit of Capitalism" (Weber, 2002). The Church
Reformation, inspired by the ideas of Calvinism and
Lutheranism, led to a strong and progressive impetus

for the European economy.Harrison, who connects cap-
italism with democracy and freedom, also highlights
the role of the Orthodox Church, which promoted anti-
capitalist tendencies in Orthodox countries, which, in
turn, had a negative impact on the innovative develop-
ment of these regions [Harrison, 2006. p. 108]. The sci-
entist believes that as a result of cultural transmission
over time, it is possible to develop the culture of a sep-
arate nation, which in turn will lead to political plural-
ism and economic progress. Figure 1 depicts the most
important tools for these changes:
Figure 1: Cultural Change Tools according to Harrison
Source: Harrison L., (2006) The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from
Itself. Oxford University Press, 2006. -288 pp.
1. Education contributes to the development of
democratic and entrepreneurial values.
2. Religious reform promotes the transformation
of cultural values.
3. By improving the upbringing of children, it con-
tributes to the formation of cultural values.
Among the cultural factors of technological pro-
gress, the British researcher Gelade singles out an open
intellectual environment, intellectual autonomy, and
social equality [Gelade, 2008, p. 712]. American re-
searcher Shane [Shane, 1993, p. 51] notes that attitudes
towards uncertainty (as a willingness to take risks and
changes), individualism (as autonomy, independence,
and freedom) and the lack of power distance (as the op-
posite of hierarchy and authoritarianism) are associated
with the high innovativeness of nations. "The nation's
pace of innovation is determined more by fundamental
forces than by economic conditions. Social change may
be needed to make a less innovative society more inno-
vative" [Shane, 1993, p. 38]. According to S. Sheman,
the development of a country is determined by such cul-
tural factors as openness to foreign ideas and the desire
of the nation to cooperate with foreigners [Sheman,
2009, p.178]. According to L. Harrison, "some cultures
are more prone to progress, while others are not." and
antiprogress. Factors of culture are combined into 4
groups: "Perception of the world", "Values", "Eco-
nomic behavior", and "Social behavior".
We can say that Georgian culture is resistant to in-
novations; it opposes progress. The basic legal, eco-
nomic, and democratic conditions of the country do not
meet the requirements of the cultural transformation of
the country and the formation of an innovative econ-
omy.
Culture includes abstract and material elements.
Abstract elements include values, norms, and ideas. All
components of culture are interconnected. For example,
S. Sheman believes that democracy is impossible in a
country where GDP per capita does not exceed $10,000
[Sheman, 2009, p.71].
J. Mowen [Mowen, 1995, p. 702] points to the re-
lationship between culture, the level of social welfare
and public institutions. The scientist created a three-di-
mensional culture matrix (see Figure 2):
Education
Religious reform
Improving parenting

Figure 2. Three-dimensional matrix of event culture.
Source: Mowen J., Consumer Behavior. 4-th ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1995. - 862 pp.
1) Individualism, achievements, informativeness,
equality, progress, and materialism are cultural values
associated with scientists.
2) in the material environment: economic devel-
opment, geographical features, natural resources, tech-
nical/scientific level;
3) in the institutional/social environment: politi-
cal, religious, business subculture.
In order to intensify the participation of Georgian
businesses in global innovations and to overcome mul-
ticultural barriers, it is necessary to:
1. Establishment of an innovative market and the
establishment of institutional conditions for its growth
in Georgia.
2. Establishment of the Institute of Innovation In-
termediaries in the country, with this function delegated
to the Innovation and Technology Agency.
3. Implementation of the principles of cultural rel-
ativism in the field of global innovation.
4. Introduction and active promotion of the con-
cept of cultural tolerance and respect for other cultures
among the population.
5. Internationalization of education and business;
science; and protection of openness principles.
6. Promotion of innovative values; provision of
material and moral support for scientific innovators.
7. Establishment of institutional, legal, and finan-
cial frameworks to encourage innovative business in
the country.
The implementation of these and other measures
will allow Georgia to move into the category of inno-
vative countries from among non-innovative countries,
which in turn can become the starting point for the
country's economic development.
Conclusion
Innovation is the result of the globalization of
goods, services, and ideas, coupled with the develop-
ment of dynamic and highly competitive markets.
Global innovations cross the borders of countries and
continents and are therefore strongly influenced by the
cultural context. The large-scale integration of Georgia
into global innovation networks implies an increase in
the intercultural competencies of Georgian society. In
this context, it is important to study and analyze the cul-
tural values that have led Western countries to innova-
tive progress.
References
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4.Harrison L., (2006). The Central Liberal Truth:
How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from
Itself. Oxford University Press. -288 pp.
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vation_index
THE QUALITY OF LIQUID FUELS OFFERED IN THE TRADE NETWORK OF POPOVO CITY,
BULGARIA
Mihova M.,
Bachelor of Economics
Specialty "Commodity Science and Customs Activity"
University of Economics,
Varna, Bulgaria
Radev R.
Doctor of Commodity Science, Chief Assistant Professor
University of Economics
Varna, Bulgaria
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7479717
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to study the quality of liquid fuels offered in the trade network of Popovo city,
Bulgaria. Тhe color of liquid fuels is inherent and characteristic, but different hues are observed in motor gasolines,
probably due to the presence of artificial additives, dissolved resins or ethyl liquids. The diesel fuels sold from
„B“, „C“ and „E“ are cloudy and they are found to have comparatively lower mobility than the others. The presence
of opalescence or the content of mechanical impurities in gasoline and diesel fuels is not observed. Gasoline sam-
ples taken from „E“ and „D“ are substandard due to their increased density. The diesel fuels offered by „A“, „D“
and „E“ are non-standard, due to their density not being consistent with the standardized norms. The obtained
flame temperature of the diesel fuels is in accordance with the regulatory requirements. Gasoline and diesel fuels
do not contain water-soluble acids and bases, with the exception of „E“ brand diesel fuel.
Keywords: quality, liquid fuels, quality of liquid fuels.
Introduction
In the context of the growing requirements for
fuels, including those related to their impact on the en-
vironment, the question of the quality of liquid fuels is
becoming more and more relevant. The quality of liq-
uid fuels is the subject of compliance between their
quality indicators in relation to standard requirements.
The fuels that are produced and offered on the market
in Bulgaria must meet the standards adopted in the Eu-
ropean Union, which set stricter requirements than the
previously existing national standards until the coun-
try's accession to the EU [1].
The quality of liquid fuels is one of the key factors
that have an impact on engine performance. Particular
attention when updating quality standards is paid to the
environmental characteristics of fuels, including prop-
erties such as sulfur content, polycyclic aromatic hy-
drocarbons and other pollutants found in diesel and gas-
oline. The entire set of properties of liquid fuels that
determine their quality can be divided into three groups
- physico-chemical, operational and technical. Physical
and chemical properties characterize the state of liquid
fuels and their composition (density, viscosity, heat ca-
pacity, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,
fractional composition, etc.). The second group con-
tains all operational properties of liquid fuels that en-
sure the reliability and efficiency of the operation of en-
gines, machines and mechanisms, such as the oc-
tane/cetane number of liquid fuels. The technical
properties of liquid fuels are combined in a third group.
They are not related to their use, but are manifested in
the processes of storage and transportation, such as
flame and ignition temperature. These fuel quality re-
quirements are subject to analysis and testing in petro-
chemical laboratories and are determined to be the most
important in terms of vehicle engine performance and
durability, as well as emissions [1,2,3,4].
The evaluation of the quality is done by comparing
the values of the quality indicators of the liquid fuels
with base values from the regulated normative require-
ments. In the Ordinance on the requirements for the
quality of liquid fuels, the conditions, order and manner
of their control are reflected in tables that note the indi-
cators necessary to assess the level of quality of the
tested products, the reference values that they must

meet and the methods for testing them accordingly gen-
erally accepted international standards [5].
Gasoline is a mixture of liquid, paraffinic, naph-
thenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a clear to
slightly yellowish, transparent, easily mobile liquid, in-
soluble in water and lighter than it. It has a specific
smell, and depending on the octane number, it can have
a different color. The density of gasoline at 15°C is 720-
775 kg/m3
. The content of water-soluble acids and ba-
ses in gasoline is not allowed. Motor gasoline is used
as a fuel for car and motorcycle engines. It is obtained
during atmospheric distillation of oil, during thermal or
catalytic cracking or, most often, when mixing gasoline
obtained in all three ways. The fuel obtained by direct
distillation consists mainly of saturated hydrocarbons
(hexane, cyclohexane and cyclopentane) and contains
more hydrogen. It is characterized by a high octane
number and detonation resistance. Gasoline obtained
through the cracking process contains a larger amount
of indefinite and aromatic hydrocarbons, and its chem-
ical composition depends on the properties of the crude
oil in the conditions under which cracking is produced
[6,7].
Table 1 reflects the quality indicators for motor
gasoline according to the Ordinance on the require-
ments for the quality of liquid fuels, the conditions, or-
der and method of their control, which will be used for
the purposes of this scientific article.
Table 1
Quality indicators of automobile gasoline
Indicators
Requirements
Minimum Maximum
1. Appearance Clear and bright liquid
2. Density at 15°С, in kg/𝒎𝟑 720,0 775,0
3. Water soluble acids and bases Absence
Sources: Ordinance on the requirements for the quality of liquid fuels, the conditions, order and method of
their control, amended. and add. DV. No. 63 of July 31, 2018 [5]
Diesel is a slightly mobile liquid with an orange-
brown color, and its density varies in the range of 820 -
845 kg/m3
. Good quality fuel must have a flash point of
at least 55°C and not contain water-soluble acids and
bases. Diesel fuels are liquid fuels for diesel engines
(automotive, tractor, marine) in which ignition takes
place without a side source of ignition. Fresh air is
drawn into the engine cylinders, which is highly com-
pressed and, as a result, heated to a high temperature.
The fuel is atomized in the heated air, the vapor-air
mixture formed self-ignites and burns completely [8].
Diesel fuel is obtained by atmospheric distillation
of oil in a temperature range from 270°C to 360°C.
Most often, motor diesel fuel is produced by mixing
distillate fractions from secondary and primary oil pro-
cessing, with the addition of various additives [8].
Table 2 reflects the quality indicators of fuel for
diesel engines according to the Ordinance on the re-
quirements for the quality of liquid fuels, the condi-
tions, order and method of their control, which are stud-
ied in this article.
Table 2
Quality indicators of fuels for diesel engines
Indicators
Requirements
Minimum Maximum
1. Density at 15°С, in kg/𝒎𝟑
820,0 845,0
2. Ignition temperature of fuel Above 55°С —
3.Water-soluble acids and bases Absence
Sources: Ordinance on the requirements for the quality of liquid fuels, the conditions, order and method of their
control, amended. and add. DV. No. 63 of July 31, 2018 [5]
The purpose of this article is to study the quality
of liquid fuels offered in the trade network of Popovo
city, Bulgaria.
Methodology and data
To achieve the scientific goal in this article are
used: descriptive-analytical method, study of various
scientific literature, Bulgarian regulations, systematic
approach, comparative analysis, statistics, method of
observation, induction, deduction, etc..
For the purposes of the scientific research, 5 sam-
ples of automobile gasoline (А – 95Н) and 5 samples
of diesel fuel were procured. The experimental samples
have a capacity of 1 l and were taken according to the
number of functioning commercial brands of gas sta-
tions in the territory of Popovo, Bulgaria. For the pur-
pose of the study, the samples have conventional names
„A“, „B“, „C“, „D“ and „E“.
The testing of the liquid fuels was carried out three
times in the Research Laboratory at the Department of
"Commodity Science" at the University of economics -
Varna, in the month of May 2022.
Methods used
Organoleptic and instrumental methods were used
to study the quality of liquid fuels. The organoleptic
method is based on information obtained by using the
natural perceptions of the human sense organs: sight,
hearing, smell, etc. The reliability of the assessment by
this method is highly dependent on the training and sen-
sory perceptions of the assessor. The instrumental
method is based on the use of technical means to deter-
mine the values of the quality indicators. It provides the
highest accuracy and objectivity [9, 10].

Sensory methods for determining the quality in-
dicators of liquid fuels
✓Determining the appearance and color of liq-
uid fuels
Appearance and color are determined by pouring
a small amount of the liquid fuels into a test tube and
visually assessing scattered light. Evaluated: fuel mo-
bility, color, transparency, presence of opalescence and
content of mechanical impurities in the fuel [11].
Instrumental methods for determining the qual-
ity indicators of liquid fuels
✓Determination of density of liquid fuels
Density is the mass of a liquid divided by its vol-
ume at 15°C or 20°C, expressed in units of mass and
volume, taking into account the reference temperature
(g/cm3
at 15°C). If the measurement was performed at
a different temperature, it is necessary to make a tem-
perature correction [12].
An analytical balance and a beaker with a capacity
of at least 250 ml are required for the test. A beaker is
placed on the analytical balance into which, after reset-
ting the scale, 200 ml of the tested sample is poured. To
obtain the final result, the value that is written on the
display of the scale is multiplied by 5. This mathemati-
cal equation is necessary, because according to a regu-
latory document, the unit of measurement is kg/m3
, and
at the same time, the available fuel sample is the same
amount.
✓Determination of ignition temperature of liq-
uid fuels
The ignition temperature is the temperature at
which fuel vapors, heated under standard conditions,
form with the surrounding air a combustible mixture
capable of igniting when exposed to fire. It can be used
to judge the temperature conditions of storage of liquid
fuels, which should be observed in order to avoid the
formation of an ignitable mixture [12].
For determine the ignition temperature, a Mar-
cuson apparatus (Figure 1) with an open crucible, a
mercury thermometer up to 400°C and a device for in-
troducing a flame was used [12].
Figure 1. Marcuson apparatus
The tested fuel is poured into the well-dried cruci-
ble of the apparatus. On the inside of the crucible are
drawn 2 lines - red and black. At an expected ignition
temperature of up to 250°C, the crucible is filled to the
black line, and at an expected ignition temperature
above 250°C – to the red line. The full crucible is
placed in the socket of the apparatus. A mercury ther-
mometer is placed in the sample in a vertical position
using a special device holder. The heating of the sample
is carried out using a built-in electric heater and an ad-
ditional device for regulating the rate of temperature
rise. The reading of the thermometer at the moment of
the first ignition of the vapors of the product, at which
a faint crackling is also heard, is taken as the ignition
temperature [12].
✓Determining the content of water-soluble ac-
ids and bases in liquid fuels
Water-soluble acids and bases are an undesirable
ingredient in liquid fuels because they can cause corro-
sion of metal storage vessels, mechanisms, and engines
[12].
50 cm3 of the liquid fuel and 50 cm3
of distilled
water, preheated to 50-60°C, are placed in a separatory
funnel. The contents of the separatory funnel were ho-
mogenized by shaking for 5 minutes, taking care not to
form an emulsion. After separation, the lower aqueous
layer was discharged into a conical flask through a filter
paper funnel and cooled to room temperature [12].
From 1 to 10 cm3
of the extract is placed in three
test tubes, and the same volume of distilled water is

poured into two other test tubes. They are used as con-
trols to compare the color of the metal orange and me-
thyl rot indicators [12].
In one of the test tubes, add 2 drops of methyl or-
ange solution. The pink coloring of the extract indicates
the presence of water-soluble acids in the liquid fuel
being tested. In the second test tube with a scoop, add
2 drops of methyl rot. The pink coloring of the extract
indicates the presence of water-soluble acids in the test
fuel. The tubes can be compared to control samples in
which the same indicators have been added. In the third
test tube, add 3 packets of phenolphthalein solution.
The pink coloring of the solution indicates the presence
of water-soluble bases [12].
It is assumed that the liquid fuel does not contain
water-soluble acids and bases, in the absence of pink or
red coloring of the extract from the indicators methyl
orange, methyl rot and phenolphthalein [12].
Results and discussion
Study of the assortment of liquid fuels offered in
the commercial network of the city of Popovo, Bul-
garia in the period аpril - june 2022.
The production of liquid fuels and their sale in
Bulgaria covers several stages along the chain of pro-
duction/import - end user. Fuels reach from the pro-
ducer or importer to the end users through distribution
channels segmented into several separate levels.
Through them, the faster, reliable and economically
profitable reaching of the produced products to the
sphere of consumption is realized [13].
Basically, the liquid fuels market can be analyzed
by dividing it into four vertically related main compo-
nents as follows:
● Oil exploration and production – refers to the
exploration, extraction of crude oil and its transporta-
tion to where it is refined or processed.
● Refining or importing motor fuel - refers to
the refining of crude oil to produce gasoline or diesel
fuel, the blending of semi-refined feedstock and fuel
components, or the import/intra-Community receipt of
fuels from abroad.
● Wholesale sales and transportation of large
volumes of refined products - as a result, refined prod-
ucts are transported to tax warehouses that perform the
function of a distribution terminal. Transportation from
refineries to secondary storage facilities can be accom-
plished by ship tankers, pipelines, road tankers, and rail
tankers. Large traders may resell part of their purchases
to distributors, to retailers (gas stations) or industrial
customers (factories, farmers, transport companies) or
government departments. This is the second level of
distribution and usually involves smaller quantities
compared to refinery sales. Refined products are trans-
ported to customers (wholesalers or retailers) most of-
ten by road tankers.
● Retail - refers to sales at gas stations to end cus-
tomers. Gas stations can be categorized into three main
types:
- gas stations that sell under the brand name of
companies traditionally involved in oil extraction
and/or processing;
- independent gas stations;
- those that sell under the trademark of large gas
station chains [13].
At the level of retail sales, in the town of Popovo,
Bulgaria, the fuel trade is mainly carried out by compa-
nies that own small chains of gas stations, whose activ-
ity extends to neighboring regional towns, but there are
also independent gas stations whose activity is concen-
trated in a single commercial establishment on the ter-
ritory of the city. These are 5 companies with conven-
tional names: „A“, „B“, „C“, D and E. An exception
should be made for the sites trading in liquid fuels un-
der the „E“ logo due to the fact that this is a company
with one of the most developed networks from gas sta-
tions in the country and at the same time it is an estab-
lished trademark with an established image.
Study of the commodity assortment of liquid fuels
offered in the commercial network of the city of
Popovo, Bulgaria
The market of liquid fuels in the territory of the
town of Popovo is limited and uniform, being charac-
terized by the sale of A-95H motor gasoline, ordinary
diesel motor fuel and propane-butane gas. Only the gas
station of "E" offers variety in the product assortment,
providing end users with the opportunity to purchase
fuel produced from biological resources, other than oil
- biodiesel. A study was made of the stock assortment
of liquid fuels during the period April – June 2022, and
the data are presented in table 3, table 4 and table 5.
Table 3 shows the assortment of liquid fuels from
different companies, offered to consumers in the com-
mercial network of Popovo, Bulgaria for the month of
april.
Table 3
Assortment of liquid fuels for the month of april
N০ Companies
Assortment of liquid fuels
Gasoline A-95 H Diesel Propane-butane gas Biodiesel
1 A ✓ ✓ ✓ -
2 B ✓ ✓ ✓ -
3 C ✓ ✓ ✓ -
4 D ✓ ✓ ✓ -
5 E ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Source: Own research
According to the survey carried out in April, there
are four types of liquid fuels that are available in the
commercial network of the city of Popovo, Bulgaria -
motor gasoline A - 95H, diesel fuel, liquefied gas pro-
pane - butane and biodiesel, the last fuel being available
only in the network on „E“.
Table 4 presents the assortment of liquid fuels
from different companies, offered to consumers in the

commercial network of Popovo, Bulgaria for the month
of May.
Table 4
Assortment of liquid fuels for the month of may
N০ Companies
1 A ✓ ✓ ✓ -
2 B ✓ ✓ ✓ -
3 C ✓ ✓ ✓ -
4 D ✓ ✓ ✓ -
5 E ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
According to the survey carried out in may, the as-
sortment of liquid fuels offered in the commercial net-
work of the city of Popovo, Bulgaria remains un-
changed, with four types of liquid fuel again available
- motor gasoline A - 95H, diesel fuel, liquefied propane
gas - butane and biodiesel, which is also offered this
month only by „E”.
Table 5 presents the assortment of liquid fuels
from different companies offered to consumers in the
commercial network of Popovo, Bulgaria for the month
of june.
Table 5
Assortment of liquid fuels for the month of june
N০ Companies
1 A ✓ ✓ ✓ -
2 B ✓ ✓ ✓ -
3 C ✓ ✓ ✓ -
4 D ✓ ✓ ✓ -
5 E ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
According to the survey carried out in june, liquid
fuels that are available in the commercial network of
the city of Popovo, Bulgaria remain the same as in the
previous two months - motor gasoline A - 95H, diesel
fuel, liquefied propane - butane gas and biodiesel,
which does not available nowhere else but at „E”.
Therefore, during the period of research of the
product range - april - june 2022, an unchanged supply
of the types of liquid fuels was established in the com-
mercial network of the town of Popovo, Bulgaria.
Study of the quality of liquid fuels offered in the
commercial network of the city of Popovo, Bulgaria
Study of the quality of automobile gasoline A -
95H and diesel fuels according to organoleptic indica-
tors
Automotive gasoline must be a light, transparent
liquid, with a yellowish color, without the presence of
mechanical impurities, opalescence. High-quality die-
sel, on the other hand, should have the same character-
istics as gasoline, with the difference that its color
should be orange-brown.
✓Organoleptic indicators for the quality of au-
tomobile gasoline A - 95Н
Sensory characteristics for different brands of au-
tomobile gasoline are divided into several tables, de-
pending on the type of the studied indicator.
Table 6 shows the color of individual brands of
fuel.
Table 6
Study of automobile gasolines A - 95Н according to the indicator color
N০ Company Color
1 A Slightly yellow
2 B Straw yellow
3 C Lemon yellow
4 D Yellow
5 E Deep amber
The color of the individual types of motor gasoline
is standard, and a characteristic yellow tint has been
found, but different shades are observed in the liquid
fuels studied. Gasoline sold under the „E“ brand stands
out the most from the others due to its rich amber color,
while the fuel sold under the „A“ brand has the most
inconspicuous coloring compared to the others. The
reason for the different shades in the color may be the
additives added to the fuel aimed at improving its qual-
ity.
Table 7 shows the transparency of individual types
of automotive gasoline.

Table 7
Study of automobile gasolines A - 95Н according to the indicator transparency
N০ Company Transparency
1 A Transparent
2 B Transparent
3 C Transparent
4 D Transparent
5 E Transparent
The tested samples comply with the requirement to be transparent. They are clear, crisp and not cloudy.
Table 8 shows the mobility of individual brands of automotive gasoline.
Table 8
Study of the mobility of automobile gasolines A - 95Н
N০ Company Mobility
1 A Strong mobility
2 B Strong mobility
3 C Strong mobility
4 D Strong mobility
5 E Strong mobility
When the test tubes are shaken, easy mobility of the different types of liquid fuels is observed.
Table 9 notes the presence of mechanical impurities and opalescence in automotive gasolines.
Table 9
Content of mechanical impurities and opalescence in motor gasolines
N০ Company Opalescence Mechanical impurities
1 A Absence Absence
2 B Absence Absence
3 C Absence Absence
4 D Absence Absence
5 E Absence Absence
During the study, no presence of opalescence or
mechanical impurities was found in the individual
types of motor gasoline.
After the test, it was found that the samples met
the requirements. They are transparent, mobile liquids,
without the content of opalescence or mechanical im-
purities in them, with a characteristic yellow tint, but
different shades in the color of individual brands of fuel
are observed. A probable reason for this is the amount
of gasoline additives used.
Modern engines require gasoline with a high oc-
tane number, and after distillation of the oil, pure gaso-
line has an octane number of about 60. The desired
number is reached with the help of anti-knock addi-
tives, such as ethanol, naphthalene, ferrocene, methyl
butyl ether, metacyclopentadienyl manganese tricar-
bonyl, etc. They differ not only in composition, but also
in color. For example, metacyclopentadienyl manga-
nese tricarbonyl is yellow in color, while ferrocene is
an orange powder, which accounts for the different
hues in gasoline coloring [14, 15].
✓Organoleptic indicators for quality of diesel
fuels
Sensory characteristics for different brands of die-
sel fuel are divided into several tables, depending on the
type of indicator studied.
Table 10 shows the color of the individual brands
of diesel fuel.
Table 10
Study of diesel fuels according to the indicator color
N০ Company Color
1 A Orange
2 B Orange with brown undertones
3 C Orange with brown undertones
4 D Orange
5 E Orange with brown undertones

In the study, it was found that all the samples have a characteristic color and no uncharacteristic hues were
observed in the diesel fuels.
Table 11 shows the transparency of individual brands of diesel fuel.
Table 11
Study of diesel fuels according to the indicator transparency
N০ Company Transparency
1 A Transparent
2 B Non transparent
3 C Non transparent
4 D Transparent
5 E Non transparent
Diesel fuels offered by companies „B“, „C“ and „E“ are non-standard in terms of the transparency require-
ment, being cloudy and opaque. A probable reason for this may be the additives added to the liquid fuels. Only
fuels sold by „D“ and „A“ comply with this requirement.
Table 12 shows the mobility of individual brands of diesel fuel.
Table 12
Study of the mobility of diesel fuels
N০ Company Mobility
1 A Movable
2 B Poor mobility
3 C Poor mobility
4 D Movable
5 E Poor mobility
There is a correlation between the transparency of liquid fuels and their mobility, since diesel fuels that are
found to be opaque also have comparatively lower mobility than the others. A probable reason for this could be
the amounts of additives in liquid fuels.
Table 13 shows the content of opalescence and mechanical impurities in the individual brands of diesel fuel.
Table 13
Content of mechanical impurities and opalescence in diesel fuels
N০ Company Opalescence Mechanical impurities
1 A Absence Absence
2 B Absence Absence
3 C Absence Absence
4 D Absence Absence
5 E Absence Absence
After the study, it was found that there was no
presence of opalescence or the content of mechanical
impurities in the different brands of diesel fuel.
The sensory characteristics of diesel fuels are done
analogously to that of automobile gasolines, and the
quality indicators and requirements for them are identi-
cal and do not change. The tested diesel fuel samples
have a characteristic color for their type and do not have
mechanical impurities or opalescence. However, there
is a deviation in the requirement for transparency of the
diesels offered by the companies „B“, „C“ and „E“, as
the same fuels are cloudy, opaque and with a compara-
tively lower mobility than the others. The reason for
this can be the additives added to the fuel aimed at op-
timizing the operation of diesel engines and other
mechanisms in cars.
Instrumental indicators for the quality of auto-
mobile gasoline A - 95H and diesel fuel
Instrumental indicators for the quality of automo-
bile gasoline A - 95Н
✓Density of automotive gasolines
The density of gasoline at 15°C according to the
Ordinance on the requirements for the quality of liquid
fuels, the conditions, order and method of their control
should be in the range of 720 - 775 kg/m3
. The results
of the laboratory tests on the relevant indicator are sum-
marized in Table 14.

Table 14
Density of automotive gasolines
N০ Company
Density
/720 – 775 kg/m3
/
Characteristic
1 A 756,28 Standard
2 B 749,80 Standard
3 C 755,85 Standard
4 D 778,95 Non-standard
5 E 785,52 Non-standard
During the conducted research, it was established
that the gasolines offered by „E“ and „D“ exceed the
upper standard limit for the density indicator and are
substandard. The reasons for this can be explained by
the technological methods of processing the raw mate-
rial (oil) or by adding special additives to the fuel that
affect the density of gasoline. Gasoline fuels offered by
companies „A“, „B“ and „C“ are standard in terms of
the same indicator, as their density meets the require-
ments in regulatory documents.
✓Content of water-soluble acids and bases in
motor gasolines
The content of water-soluble acids and bases in
liquid fuels is undesirable, as they can cause corrosion
of metal storage vessels, mechanisms, engines.
Table 15 shows the content of water-soluble acids
and bases in motor gasoline.
Table 15
Content of water-soluble acids and bases in motor gasolines
N০ Company Water soluble acids and bases
1 A Absence
2 B Absence
3 C Absence
4 D Absence
5 E Absence
During the laboratory analysis, no amounts of wa-
ter-soluble acids and bases were reported in the five
samples of motor gasoline, therefore they are standard.
Instrumental quality indicators of diesel fuels
✓Density of diesel fuels
The density of diesel fuels is noted in regulatory
documents identical to automobile gasoline. The differ-
ence is in the values, which vary between 820 - 845
kg/m3, therefore diesel fuels have a higher density than
gasoline.
Table 16 shows the density of different brands of
diesel fuel.
Table 16
Study of diesel fuels according to the indicator density
N০ Company
Density
/820 – 845 kg/m3
/
Characteristic
1 A 862,83 Non-standard
2 B 823,25 Standard
3 C 824,80 Standard
4 D 863,45 Non-standard
5 E 815,16 Non-standard
During the research, it was found that the diesel
fuels sold by „A“ and „E“, „D“ are non-standard, with
the density of the first fuel below reference values for
density, and the last two types of fuel - with values
above the upper limit, described in the regulatory doc-
ument. The high density of the fuel indicates the pres-
ence of heavier fractions in it.
✓Determination of ignition temperature of
diesel fuels
A flash point is determined only for diesel fuels.
According to the Ordinance on the requirements for the
quality of liquid fuels, the conditions, order and method
of their control, it must be no less than 55°С.
Table 17 shows the values obtained from the mer-
cury thermometer when determining the ignition tem-
perature.

Sciences of Europe No 107 (2022)

Sciences of Europe No 107 (2022)

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