Extrusive and Intrusive Forms of Igneous Rocks

1. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS
ROCKS
M.RAJASEKHAR
ASST.PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
KUPPAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KUPPAM

2. FORMS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Commonly observed forms of Plutonic (intrusive) rocks
observed in the field are: dykes, sills, laccoliths, bysmaliths,
phacoliths, lopolith, volcanic necks, batholiths and
chonoliths.
• Based on the attitudes of the associated country rocks the forms
are called either as Concordant or Discordant.

3. DYKES: Dykes and sills are the most common forms of the
intrusive igneous bodies.
• They are discordant
• Cut across the bedding of the rocks in which
they intrude
• Vertical to steeply inclined and sheetlike
body (extensive in lateral dimension)
• Thickness vary widely from an inch upto
hundred of feet
• Injected through fractures, joints, and weak
planes

4. • Quartz-Dolerite dykes of Midland valley of Scotland are
about 50-60 km long and upto 30m thick. Few places some
dykes are very short upto few meters and as thin as few
cm.
Mafic
dyke

5. eg. Lamprophyric rocks broadly represented by kimberlites.
Lamprophyre dykes are located close to the western and
eastern margins of the Cuddapah basin in the eastern
Dharwar craton of India.

6. SILLS: Sills are relatively thin tabular sheetlike body that
penetrates parallel to the bedding planes.
• Laterally it may extends for 100s of km and upto 10 km in
width.
• Lateral extend mainly depends on the hydrostatic force,
temperature, degree of fluidity or viscosity, weight of
overlying sediment column.
• Since basic magma are more fluid then acidic magma-
mostly sills are made up of gabbros, dolerites and basalts

7. mudstone
sandstone
limestone
Spreads parallel to the bedding
planes of the rocks, hence
concordant in nature.

8. Example Large Sill

9. LACCOLITHS: It is a concordant body, with flat bottom
and convex upward. It is dome shaped.
When viscous magma is
injected rapidly along
the bedding, as it cannot
spreads it pushes up the
overlying layers and
keep on piling up.
It causes folding of the
overlying rock layers.

10. Figure 4-26. Shapes of two concordant plutons.
a. Laccoliths with flat floor and arched roof.
b. Lopolith intruded into a structural basin. The scale is not
the same for these two plutons, a lopolith is generally much
larger.
Structures and Field Relationships

11. BYSMALITH: It is cylindrically shaped body.
• It is developed when highly viscous magma is injected,
because the lateral spreading along the bedding is less it
acquires to move upwards and form cylindrical shape.
• Causes breaking of overlying rock layers.

12. • Their side sloping away from each other which makes them larger
and large downwards extending to greater depth
• It may be occur discordant and concordant forms of igneous rocks
• The irregular masses appears on the batholiths are called stocks
and circulars masses are bosses
• Their occurrence is commonly associated with the mountain-
building process
• These are either granites or granodiorites in composition
BATHOLITHS: are the largest kind of plutons, irregular in
shape and occupies large area.

13. Stocks: Are smaller irregular
bodies with 10 km in maximum
dimension, and are associated
with batholiths.

14. PHACOLITHS: These are concordant bodies that occurs
along the crests and troughs of the folded
sedimentary strata.
LOPOLITHS: These are basin or saucer-shaped concordant
bodies with top nearly flat and convex bottom
• They are very huge body with diameter upto 150 miles
(app. 240 km)
Lopolith

15. CHONOLITHS: This term is applied to all other intrusive
igneous bodies with irregular shape, i.e. the
body with no specific shape.

16. VOLCANIC NECK or VOLCANIC PLUGS: It is
cylindrical conduit that fed magma upward to a volcanic
vent or it is a conduit of the ancient volcano. Vary in
diameter from a few 100s of m to a kilometer or more.
These are filled up with crystalline rocks.
Shape-circular, elliptical or irregular.

17. TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Texture is defined as the overall appearance of a rock
based on size, shape and arrangement of interlocking
minerals
• Texture depends on their
• (a) Granularity (b) Crystalanity ( C) Shape of crystals
• Based on granularity or grain size:
Grain size depends on physical conditions that prevailed during
the time of Crystallization of magma
i.e. presence of volatiles, rate of cooling, pressure, temperature etc.
Slow cooling = larger mineral grains
Fast cooling = smaller mineral grains

18. PHANERIC TEXTURE
Is characterized by LARGE SIZE MINERALS which can be
easily seen by Naked eye (size at least 2mm or greater)
Coarse-grained
Phaneric
- > 5mm
Medium-grained
Phaneric
- 1 mm - 5mm
Fine-grained
Aphanitic
<1 mm

19. Commonly associated with the INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)
IGNEOUS ROCKS, because magma in the crust cools at
slower rate and have enough time to result into large mineral
grains.
Eg. Granite; Pegmatite

20. DIORITE

21. GABBRO

22. APHANITIC TEXTURE
Is characterized by FINE GRAINED MINERALS, which can
be seen under microscope (size < 1mm)
Commonly associated with the VOLCANIC (EXTRUSIVE)
IGNEOUS ROCKS, because magma on the surface flows
cools faster.
Eg. Basalts; Rhyolite

23. Basalt
Rhyolite

24. Obsidian

25. Based on crystalanity or definite shape:
• Crystals are bodies bounded by surfaces, having definite shape
by the internal arrangement of atoms
i.e. Solidification of minerals from the gaseous or liquid states or from solutions
Crystalanity grouped into three types based upon the shape of
crystals formation they are
Holo Crystalline
: A rock composed of
mostly crystals
Hemi crystalline
: A rock composed of partly
crystals and glassy
Holo hyaline
: A rock composed of
completely glassy matter

26. Based on Shape of the crystals
• The pattern or fabric of a rock depends on the shape as well as
relative size and arrangement of the minerals.
The shape of the mineral grains in igneous rocks may be broadly
grouped into three types
Euhedral
: Minerals are developed
equally in size and shape
and are completely
bound with faces
Sub hedral
: Minerals are developed
partially or to an intermediate
state
Anhedral
Minerals are developed
irregular shapes because their
growth is controlled by
neighboring materials

27. This happens when slow cooling is followed by rapid cooling.
Phenocrysts = larger crystals, matrix or groundmass = smaller
crystals
]PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE
Is a distinctive mixture of large and fine grained mineral grains

28. ANDESITE PROPHYERY
Phenocrysts of Amphibole Ground mass mainly of
Plagioclase feldspar (Na/Ca)