The presentation introduces the concept of eGovernance, the challenges,the levels and stages, where India stands, the way forward in terms of Open Data and Open Governance

1. Shalini Urs
Executive Director and Professor
International School of Information
Management
University of Mysore, Mysore

2. Agenda
• What is eGovernance ?
• Why eGovernance?
• Challenges of eGovernance
• Where do we stand today ?
• What is Open Governance ?
• Open Data and Open Governance ?

3. eGovernance
• So what is new ? It is not about the “e”, it is
about Governance
• It is not about computers, it is about citizens
• It is about change of paradigm. It is about new
ways of looking at the scenario
• It is about Changing Mindset
• It is about efficiency, convenience, and
transparency of access to information
• It is about changing the process and design and
institutionalizing the processes and systems

4. eGovernance
• "e-governance, however, is not really the
use of IT in governance but as a tool to
ensure good governance. e-governance
does not mean proliferation of
computers and accessories; it is basically
a political decision which calls for
discipline, attitudinal change in officers
and employees, and massive government
process re-engineering,

5. eGovernance
• Everyone agrees that the biggest challenge of
deploying e-governance is not technology but
managing change.
• Change management is in terms of cultural
change and also about changing operations
and processes workflow that the automated
environment will introduce
• It is about bringing about a change in the
organizational set up and the shift from power
to empowering

6. eGovernance Challenges
• Redefining rules and procedures
• Reducing information asymmetry
• Developing the Legal frameworks
• Infrastructure, Skill and awareness
• Access to right information to the right person
at the right time
• Interdepartmental collaboration
• Resistance and Reluctance to change

7. eGovernance Challenges for India
• Assessment of local needs and customizing e-
Governance solutions to meet those needs
• Connectivity
• Content (local content based on local
language)
• Building Human Capacities
• e-Commerce
• Sustainability

8. Governance ?

9. The pillars of the Government
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10. Information Asymmetry
• In economics, information asymmetry deals
with the study of decisions in transactions where
one party has more or better information than
the other creating an imbalance of power in
transactions, which can sometimes cause the
transactions to go awry, a kind of market failure
in the worst case.
• In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Economics was
awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and
Joseph E. Stiglitz for their "analyses of markets
with asymmetric information."

11. Four Cornerstones of
eGovernment

12. What is eGoverance ?
• Technology driven Governance
• The application of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) for
delivering :
– government services
– exchange of information communication
transactions
– integration of various stand-one systems and
services

13. Five basic levels
• G2C (Government to Citizens)
• G2B (Government to Businesses)
• G2E (Government to Employees)
• G2G (Government to Governments)
• C2G (Citizens to Governments)
E-governance is by the governed, for the
governed and of the governed

14. Stages of eGovernance ( UN)

15. Stages of eGovernance ( UN)
• Emerging Presence ( Stage 1)
• Having at least a static official website where in
limited but basic information is made available .
Links to ministries and departments of Central
Government, regional/local Government may or
may not be available.
• The Government website at this stage may also have
some archived information such as the head of
states’ messages or the constitution.
•

16. Enhanced presence (The Stage II)
• Enhanced online presence of the Government
providing more public information resources such
as policies of the Government, laws, regulations,
reports, newsletters. More and more documents
available online
• Enhanced search and navigation features
( facilitating easy access to information )
• However, there are no interactivity from the
citizens' end as the information is only flowing
towards the citizens rather than also from citizens
to Government

17. Interactive presence (The Stage III)
• Governments initiates interactivity in their
websites including availability of online services of
the government to enhance convenience of the
consumer.
• Downloadable forms and applications for payment
of bills, taxes and renewal of licenses. Audio and
video capability to increase the interactivity with
the citizens.
• The government officials would be able contacted
via email, fax, telephone and post.
• Regularly updated website keeping the
information current and up to date for the public.

18. Transactional presence – The
•
Stage IV
Offering two-way interaction between the citizens and
Government.
• Including facilities such as paying taxes, applying for ID
cards, birth certificates, passports, license renewals and
other similar C2G interactions by allowing the citizen to
submit forms and applications online 24/7.
• The citizens at this stage will be able to pay for relevant
public services, such as motor vehicle violation, taxes,
fees for postal services through their credit, bank or
debit card.
• Providers of goods and services are able to bid online
for public contacts via secure links

19. Networked presence – The Stage V
• The most sophisticated level characterized by an
integration of G2G, G2C and C2G interactions.
• Encourages citizen participation, online participatory
decision-making and involves the society in a two-way
open dialogue through interactive features such as the
web comment form, and innovative online consultation
mechanisms, soliciting citizens’ views on public policy,
law making, and democratic participatory decision
making
• Integration of the public sector agencies with offering
collective decision-making, where in participatory
democracy and citizen empowerment as a democratic
right, is initiated

20. National
Portal
( India)

21. US
Govt.
Nationa
l Portal

22. The National e-Governance Plan
(NeGP)
• The National e-Governance Plan (2003-2007) of Indian
laid the foundation and the impetus for long-term
growth of e-Governance within the country.
• The plan sought to create the right governance and
institutional mechanisms, set up the core
infrastructure and policies and implement a number
of Mission Mode Projects at the center, state and
integrated service levels to create a citizen-centric and
business-centric environment for governance.
• e-Governance in India has graduated from pilots to
Mission Mode projects

23. NeGP Vision
• "All Government services accessible to
the common man in his locality
through a One-stop-shop (integrated
service delivery) ensuring
convenience, efficiency, transparency
& reliability"

24. NeGP Approach
• Focus on Public Service Delivery & Outcomes
• Process Re-engineering & Change Management are
critical
• Radically change the way government delivers services
• Centralized Initiative, Decentralized Implementation
• Implementation framework accordingly
• Project Implementation in Mission Mode
• Empowered Mission Teams - professionals & domain
people
• "Think Big, Start Small and Scale Fast"

25. Some exemplars of eGovernance
• Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM”)
• Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are
being used in Indian General and State
Elections to implement electronic voting in
part from 1999 elections and in total since
2004 elections.
• The EVMs reduce the time in both casting
a vote and declaring the results compared
to the old paper ballot system.

26. UIDAI (Universal Identification
Authority of India)
• Aadhaar is a 12 digit individual identification
number issued by the UIDAI, Government of
India which will serve as a proof of identity
and address, anywhere in India.
• Each Aadhaar number will be unique to an
individual and will remain valid for life.
Aadhaar number will help you provide access
to services like banking, mobile phone
connections and other Govt and Non-Govt
services in due course.

27. Karnataka : e-Governance Initiatives
 Bhoomi
 Kaveri Major e-Governance
 Khajane initiatives by the State
 Bangalore One Government
 Nemmadi
 E-Procurement
 Human Resource Management System
 Karnataka State Wide Area Network

28. Bhoomi
20 lakh land records in the State computerised
Online delivery of computerised land records
through 203 taluk locations
Fully automated online mutation process
FIFO principle adopted
Centralised database available at Bangalore
Issue of land records decentralised to hobli
level through Nemmadi telecentres

29. Kaveri
• All 235 Sub-Registrars offices and 33 District
Registrar offices in the sate computerized
• Activities computerised include:
o Registration of documents, Marriages and Firms.
o Scanning and archival of Registered Documents.
o Issue of Encumbrance Certificate.
o Scanning and Microfilming of legacy records.
o Establishment of Data Centre for storage and
archival of data.
o Scanning and archival of Registered Documents.

30. KHAJANE
• 216 treasury offices in Karnataka computerised under
KHAJANE project.
• Connected to a central server at the State Secretariat
through VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal).
• Provides regular updates regarding the State
expenditure and receipts to the central server.
• KHAJANE aims to bring about a more transparent and
accountable system of financial transactions and also
discipline in operations and management, resulting in

31. A project at ISiM
that is building a
platform to share
Open Data in
spreadsheets and
build a data
warehouse to
gain intelligence
and insights
www.wikigyan.org

32. Aspects of E-Governance
1. Information Management
2. Identity and Access Management
3. Content Management
4. Standards Management
5. ICT Legal Framework

33. Information Management
• Gathering and storing at one place, the
information relating to the Government and
Governing process.
• It is about the systematic
arrangement/classification of information.
• Information management addresses the issues like
– How to provide? What to provide? Whom to
Provide? When to provide? Where to provide?
Why to provide?
• Primarily entails Database Management,
Metadata Management, and Knowledge
Management

34. Information Management
• Gathering
• Creating
• Storing
• Accessing
• Distributing
• Updating
• Securing

35. Identity and Access Management
• A set of processes and infrastructure for the
creation, maintenance and use of digital identities
• The object is to create scalable, extensible and
secure standards based framework for identity
data acquisition and storage.
• Access to the Government and public information
available online through a process of identity
authentication of the user
• Objective is to give a secure access to information
to the public. Security of information is very
necessary and is to be done through Access
management.

36. Identity and Access Management
• Citizen Request
• Verification
• Assignment of identifier. Identifiers may
also be in the form of biometrics, digital
certificates, smart cards, etc.
• Storage of Identities in ID
stores/databases
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Access Control
• Audit and Reporting

37. Content Management
• The process of organising, distributing and tracking
information/data through a website over the
internet is known as Content Management .
• It helps to make users more knowledgeable or
informed by offering easy access to correct
information online. It deals with providing right
information, to right people at right time.
• Contents of a website can be divided as Text,
Graphics, Audio, Video, Diagrams, Links, etc.
• Managing this various type of content is important.
It is necessary to decide where to provide text and
where images and graphics.

38. Content Management
aspects
• Centralised storage – information must be stored
centrally, i.e. at one place to make access easy and
avoid complications of networking and computing;
• Reviewing and Authentication of Contents – The
contents of the website are continuously reviewed
and authenticated so as to maintain the
authenticity of the data available on the website.
• Access of data by the end user – Unless the user
access the data published on the website, the
whole effort is in vain.
• Many open source CMS are available – Joomla,
Drupal …

39. Standards Management
There are multiple formats to deal with webpages,
text, graphics, audio, and video and different security
issues. Standards management involves the following :
1. Network and information Security Standards
2. Meta data and data standards
3. Localisation and language technology ( Indian
Languages issues)
4. Quality and documentation standards
5. Technical standards
6. Web accessibility standards ( for example for
differently enabled)

40. ICT Legal Framework
• We need to frame laws which will fully incorporate the
established as will as emerging technology.
• These IT laws need to be flexible to adjust with the
rapidly changing technology.
• Currently India has only the IT Act, 2000, (also known
as ITA-2000, or the IT Act. This was amended in 2008
• I T Act 2000 addressed the following issues:
• Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents
• Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
• Offenses and Contraventions
• Justice Dispensation Systems for Cyber crimes

41. Global e-Government Development Index
by UN*
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/docume
nts/un/unpan048065.pdf

42. UN eGovernment Survey 2012
• The Survey tracks progress of the 192 Member
States in implementing e-government programs and
measures and compares their state of e-government
development via the Global e-Government
Development Index as the barometer
• According to the Survey rankings, the Republic of
Korea is the world leader (0.9283) followed by the
Netherlands (0.9125), the United Kingdom (0.8960)
and Denmark (0.8889), with the United States,
Canada, France, Norway, Singapore and Sweden
close behind.

43. UN eGovernment Survey 2012
• The steady improvement in all the indicators of
the e-government development index has led
to a world average of 0.4877 as compared to
0.4406 in 2010
• On a regional level,
– Northern America (0.8559)
– Europe (0.7188)
– Eastern Asia (0.6344)
– Asia (0.3464)
– Africa (0.2762)

44. World Leaders

48. Open Data
• Open data is the idea that certain data should be
freely available to everyone to use and republish as
they wish, without restrictions from copyright,
patents or other mechanisms of control.
• The goals of the open data movement are in line with
those of other "Open" movements such as open
source, open content, and open access.
• Though historically data has always been outside of
copyrights domain and the philosophy of open data
has been long established, the term "open data"
itself is recent.
•

49. Open Data
• However the concept of open data has gained
popularity with the rise of the Internet and World
Wide Web and, especially, with the suite of tools and
technologies of Web 2.0, which enable the sharing
and “mashup” using open APIs
• launch of open-data government initiatives such as
Data.gov in the US and other countries have
advocated the philosophy of Open Data.
• Projects such as Dataone (http://www.dataone.org/)
and a host of others have demonstrated not only
feasibility but also the benefits of Open Data.

50. Data.go
v
The purpose is
to increase
public access to
high value,
machine
readable
datasets
generated by the
Executive Branch
of the Federal
Government.

51. Government Platform (OGPL)
developed through India - US collaboration
• OGPL is a joint product from India and United States
to promote transparency and greater citizen
engagement by making more government data,
documents, tools and processes publicly available.
OGPL will be available, as an open source platform.
• By making this available in useful machine-readable
formats it allows developers, analysts, media &
academia to develop new applications and insights
that will help give citizens more information for
better decisions.

52. OGPL
In using an open source method of development, the
OGPL community will provide future technology
enhancements, open government solutions, and
community-based technical support. OGPL has
become an example of a new era of diplomatic
collaborations that benefit the global community that
promote government transparency, citizen-focused
applications, and enrich humanity

53. In the end…
• Deploying ICTs for
– Accelerating participatory governance
– ensuring equity of access
– Reducing information asymmetry
– Putting in place a national/global
information infrastructures
– Empowering citizens