1. OK
B O
AR
M
AM
GR a rS
hel
to
n
Cés

2. 3) NATIONALITIES
4) STEM CHANGING VERBS
5) PARA
6) INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
7) PRONOUN PLACEMENT
8) GUSTAR
9) AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
10) SUPERLATIVES
11) REFLEXIVES
12) AFFIRMATIVE TU COMMANDS AND IRREGULARS
13) NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS AND IRREGULARS
14) SEQUENCING EVENTS

4. STEM CHANGERS
• o to ue almorzar to almuerzo
• u to ue jugar to juegas
• e to ie pensar to piense
• e to i servir to sirven
• There are no stem
changing verbs for
nosotros.

5. PARA
• Para: to indicate
• The recipient of items
• El regalo tú mama.
• Purpose
• Vamos al resturante para comer.
• Implied purpose
• Tengo dinero para comprar algo.

6. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
• Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany
indirect objects.
Plural Singular
•nos •me
• us • me
•os •te
• you familiar • you familiar
•les •le
• you, them • you formal, him, her

7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• How do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence?
They work just like direct object pronouns.
• When the pronoun accompanies a • Before
conjugated verb, the pronoun • Rosa le compra una olla a su
comes before the verb. madre.
• When the pronoun accompanies a • Attached
sentence with an infinitive, it can • Rosa quiere comprarle una
either go before the conjugated olla a su madre.
verb or be attached to the end of
an infinitive.

8. GUSTAR
Singular Plural
•Me gusta béisbol. •Me gustan baloncesto.
•Te gusta béisbol. •Te gustan balencesto.
•Le gusta béisbol. •Le gustan belencesto.
•Nos gusta béisbol. •Nos gustan balencesto.
•Os gusta béisbol. •Os gustan balencesto.
•Les gusta béisbol. •Les gustan balencesto.

9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
• Rules Affirmative Words
Alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of •Algo
the noun they replace or modify. •Alguien
• Alguno(a) and ninguno(a) have different forms when •Algún/Alguno(a)
used before masculine or singular forms. •Siempre
• Alguno to algún •También
• Ninguno to ningún
• A double negative is required in Spanish when no
Negative Words
procedes the verb •Nada
• No quiero nada. •Nadie
• If a negative word such as nunca or nadie comes •Ningún/Ninguno(a)
before the verb, a second negative is not needed. •Nunca
• Nadie quiere postre. •Tampoco

10. SUPERLATIVES
• To express extremes with most adjectives, drop the final vowel and add
ísimo(a).
• The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
• When the last consonant is c, g, or z spelling changes are required.
• c to qu
• rico(a) to riquísimo(a)
• g to gu
• largo(a) to larguísimo(a)
• z to c
• feliz to felecísimo(a)

11. REFLEXIVES
• Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject
of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
Lavarse • Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive
•Me lavo pronouns.
•Te lavas • When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person
•Se lava doing the action does not receive the action.
•Nos lavamos • Reflexive
•Se levan • Papa se lava.
• Not reflexive
• Papa lava el carro.

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS, IRREGULARS, AND
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
Affirmative Tú Commands •Decir
•Give instructions or commands to someone by • Di
using the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs. •Hacer
• Haz
•Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd
•Ir
house form. • Ve
• Caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque! •Poner
• Pon
•Salir
Pronoun Placement • Sal
•When you use a pronoun with an affirmative •Ser
• Sé
command, the pronoun attaches to the command. •Tener
• ¡Pon te otra camisa! • Ten
•When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun •Venir
to the end of the command. • Ven
• Cruza el parque to ¡Crúzalo!
• Primero haz los quehaceres.

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS, IRREGULARS, AND
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Negative Tú Commands Irregulars
•When you tell someone what not to do, use a •A few verbs have irregular tú commands.
negative command. •None of the yo forms of these verbs end
•Negative tú commands are formed by taking in -o.
you form of the present tense, dropping the -o, •dar (doy)No le des mi dirección a nadie.
and adding the appropriate ending. •estar (estoy) No estés triste.
•Hablar to hablo •ir (voy)No vayas a la tienda.
• ¡No hables! •ser (soy) No seas malo.
•Volver to vuelvo
• ¡No vuelvas!
Pronoun Placement
•Object Pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other
conjugated verbs.
• ¡No lo uses!

14. SEQUENCING EVENTS
• Primero
• First
• Entonces
• Then
• Luego/Después
• Later/After
• Por fin
• Finally
• Antes de/ Después de
• Before/After
• Por la mañana/tarde/noche
• In/Durning the...
• Los lunes, etc.
• On Mondays