2. What is synthetic therapy?
• Synthetic therapy is a kind of of treatment
which uses human and artificial chemicals to
heal anything.
• But in medical biotechnology synthetic
therapy is more accurately defined as to
create or make artificial genes to cure diseases
and a human.
4. Synthetic DNAs
• New techniques have been formulated to
develope a pure form of DNA.
• Need of this:
Extraction and purification of desired DNA to
isolate is very lengthy and expensive process.
Many times pure DNA is very difficult to
isolate.
Ethical issues.
6. cDNA
cDNA is constructed from an extracted mRNA.
It represents specific clones for a specific tissue
type.
7. Construction of cDNA
It involves 6 steps:
Synthesis of 1st and 2nd cDNA strands.
Methylation of cDNA at internal sites.
Attachment of linkers, adaptors and restriction
digestion.
Fractionation of cDNA.
Ligation of blunt end ds cDNA.
Application of homopolymer tailing in cDNA
cloning.
8.
9. 1. Synthesis of 1st and 2nd cDNA
strands
The 1st cDNA strand is synthesized by reverse
transcriptase using mRNA as template. The
2nd cDNA strand is synthesized by using 1st
cDNA strand as the template.
10. 2. Methylation of cDNA at internal
sites
Methylation provides protection to internal
restricyion sites in the ds DNA against
cleavage by cognate restriction enzyme.
11. 3. Attachment of linkers, adaptors
Linkers has several restriction sites which offer
joinig of ds DNA to vector.
Adaptors have one
blunt and one cohesive end and it is double
stranded nucleotide.
12. 4. Fractionation of DNA
Adaptors and products produced by restriction
enzymes are removed.
13. 5. Ligation of blunt end ds DNA
The ds cDNA molecules containing the
synthetic cohesive termini are ligated with
each other as well as to a vector.
14. 6.Application of homopolymer
tailing in cDNA cloning
Blunt ended ds cDNA are homopolymerated
by dNTP using the enzyme NUCLEOTIDYL
TRANSFERASE at the 3’-ends.
Thereafter,
target DNA and the vector DNA having
complementary tails are ligated and invitro
packaged.
15. GENE MACHINE
It is also called as Automated Solid Phase
Synthesis.
Process in DNA synthesis is fully
automated as these machines consists of reagent
reservoirs equipped with a set of values and
pumps that are programmed to introduce specific
deoxyribonucleotides.
These value and pumps are controlled by a
microcomputer.
16.
17. Theraputic Ribozymes
Ribozymes are catalytic RNA capable of
cleaving target RNA molecules in a sequence-specific
manner.
Ribozymes were discovered as self
cleaving molecules.
20. Due to presence of ribozymes, RNA are the
only molecules with information- carrying
capacity and inherent catalytic activity.
Ribozyme can be used over and
over again.
21. Issues
One of the major issue is ensuring the succes
of a ribozyme based experiment in the proper
selection of the target gene and the optimal
design of the ribozyme.
The selection of the
ribozyme should be done on the basis of the
stability of the target.
22. Applications
• Ribozymes can be used to down-regulate the
gene expression.
• Ribozyme can be used to repair mutant RNA
molecules.
• They are also examined to treat HIV.
23. Synthetic Drugs
Synthetic drugs are those substances that are
produced entirely from chemical reaction in a
laboratory.
Their structure can mimic to
naturally occuring drugs. They comes in the
form of powder, pills and dried herbs that
have been soaked in synthetic chemicals.
24.
25. Cannabimimetic
These drugs mimics the action of
cannabinoids, or the drugs which have
chemical effects like that of marijuana.
eg:BZP(Benzylpiperazine),
Ketamine etc.
26. Effects of Synthetic Drugs
• Hallucination
• Psychosis
• Agitation
• Heart Problems
• Anxiety
• Organ Failure
• Seizures
• Death
