Reference - APA Style

1. APA Style of Referencing
Sidra Akhtar

2. Contents
• General APA Guide lines
• When to cite
How to cite/ reference material
• In text citation
• Citing a source within a source (secondary sources)
• Books
• Conference Papers, Theses and Reports
• Periodicals (Journals, Magazines and News Papers)
• Online resources ( WebPages, Encyclopedia,
Dictionary, etc.)

3. When to cite
• Cite the work of those individuals whose
ideas, theories, or research have directly
influenced your work.
• Citation of an article implies that you have
personally read the cited work.
• Crediting the ideas of others that are used in
building thesis.
• To avoid charges of Plagiarism and Self-
Plagiarism.

4. In Text Citations
Quoting and Paraphrasing
• Direct Quotation of sources
• Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from
another’s work or from your previously published work.
• Short Quotation
• If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words
incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with
double quotation marks.
• According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).
•

5. Cont……
• If the quotation appears in mid sentence,
• end the passage with quotation marks, and continue the
sentence.
• Interpreting these results, Robbins (2003) suggested
that the “therapist…………………………………to the
adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p.541), contributing to
an overall climate of negativity.
• If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence,
closed the passage with quotation marks and cite the
source in parentheses
• Eg: confusing this issue is the overlapping nature ..,
whereby “ medical needs are met by those…………..on
the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

6. Cont….
• Long quotation
• If the quotation comprises 40 or more words
• Start such a block quotation on a newline and indent the
block about a ½ inch from the left margin.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
• If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation,
indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Give
double space cite the source at the end include page or
paragraph number.

7. Work with two, three and six authors
• According to Sothern and Gordon (2003),
Environmental factors …….. childhood obesity”
(p. 104).
• In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and
Cronquist concluded, “Sibutramine . . . . to
control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse
rate” (p. 1811).
• If there 5 authors
• As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until ….
only on an experimental basis for adolescents”
(p. 1811).

8. Cont…
• If the year is same of same surnames
• E.g., Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim, 2001, and Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet,
& Silver, 2001, shorten to Ireys et al., 2001),
• Cite the surnames of the first authors as necessary to distinguish the
two references
• Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et al.
(2001)
• If there are 6 or more authors
• When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the
first author followed by et al. (not italized)
• To distinguish the two references with six or more subsequent
authors
• Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996)
• Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolek, and Daly (1996)
• Text citation would be
• Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et
al. (1996)

9. Cont…
• Groups as Authors
• Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors
 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,2003)
 University of Pittsburgh (2005) (with no abbreviation)
With an Anonymous Author
• Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry and the
year.
• Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter,
or a web page
• italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report:
• “Study Finds,”2007)
• the book College Bound Senior (2008)
(Anonymous, 1998)
• If no date is provided, use “n.d.” in place of the date e.g. Murphy
(n.d.) shows…
• In text citations
• (The Australian Oxford dictionary, 1999)

10. Authors with the Same Surname
• If the surnames are same then include the first
author’s initials.
• Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks,
markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York,
NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic
expansion of Mexican immigration in the United
States and its implications for local law
enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum
Journal, 8, 73-82.
• Text Cites:
• Among studies, we review M. A Light and Light
(2008) and I. Light (2006).

11. Two or more works within the same
parenthesis
• Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in
same order) by year of publication. Place in-press
citations last.
• For subsequent work, give only the date,
• Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press)
Two or more same authors
• Several Studies Derryberry &
Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a,
2003b)
• Exception
• (Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 2007)

12. Direct Quotations of Online Material Without
Pagination
• In the absence of page numbers, use the
abbreviation of para.
• (para.4).
• If the document includes headings and neither
paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite
the heading and the paragraph.
• In their study author A, (2008) found that “the level of
…………condition”( Discussion section, para. 1).

13. Cont….
• If no page or paragraph numbers are visible, use a
short title enclosed in quotation marks for the
parenthetical citation:
• Empirical studies have found……………behavior”
(Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory
Labelling Has Targeted,” para.4).
• Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation
• Omitting material: use three spaced ellipsis points (.
. .) within a sentence
• Omission b/w two sentences: Use four points
• Do not use ellipsis in beginning or end of any
quotation in order to prevent misinterpretation.

14. Cont….
• Inserting material. Use brackets, not parenthesis shows
that addition is inserted by other person.
“they are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to
what extent [children’s] play……brain”(Henig, 2008,
p.40).
• Adding Emphasis
• Italicize the word or words in a quotation and insert
[emphasis added]
• Citation Within Quotations
• Do not omit citations embedded within the material.
• In the United States, the American Cancer Society
(2007) estimated…….8,110 deaths”(Miller et al., 2009,
p.209).

15. Permission to Quote, Reprint, or Adapt
• In case of lengthy quotations, permission should
be taken
• If there are more than 400 words extract from
an article or a book chapter, or more than 800
words from book.
• APA policy permits authors to use a maximum of
three figures or tables from a journal article or
book chapter
• Permission should be taken for Reprinting or
Adaptation

16. Indirect quotation / Paraphrasing
• Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing,
although authors are encouraged to include
them, especially when it assists the reader to
locate the reference in long pieces of text.
• Giving meaning to specific symbols such as
sounds and marks is considered to be the origin
of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.
188).

17. Secondary Sources
• When the original work is not available use
secondary source
• Allport’s dairy (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
• To cite a personal

18. Abbreviations
Abbreviation Book or publication part
ed. edition
Rev. ed. Revised edition
2nd ed. Second edition
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)
Trans. Translator
n.d. No date
p. (pp.) page (pages)
Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)
Vols Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)
No. Number
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep Technical Report
Suppl. Supplement

19. Type of reference Example of references
Book
Each reference should
include four elements: (1)
Author/Editor/Producer
(2) Date (3) Title of the
work and (4) Publication
Information.
Author, A. (2005). Title of work. Location: Publisher
Glanz, J. (2009). Teaching 101: Classroom
strategies for the beginning teacher (2nd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Book chapter in edited
book
Article Author. (Year). Title of article. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title
of book (pp. page numbers). Location: Publisher.

20. Book chapter in edited
book
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new
markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island
tourism: Management principles and practice (pp.
105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley.
Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title.
Book: Different editions
Volume of a Book
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods
in psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.
Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed.,
Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Electronic book Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. Retrieved
from http://...
Penney, D. (2002). Gender and physical education.
Retrieved from http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
DOI refers to Digital Object
Identifier
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work. doi: xx-
xxxxxxx
DOI is a unique set of characters assigned to identify an intellectual

21. reference
Translated Book Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. (A.A. Translator, Trans.). Location:
Publisher. (Original work published xxxx).
Freud, S. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. (J.
Strachey, Trans.). London, England: Routledge
& K. Paul. (Original work published 1905).
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. F. Ramos, Trans.). New
York, NY: Continuum. (Original work published 1972)
Book: Different
editions
Volume of a Book
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in
psychology (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.
Eisenberg, N. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol.
3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Book with no
author The Australian Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne: Oxford
University Press.

22. Type of reference Example of references
Electronic version of
book chapter in a
volume in a series
Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job
analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series:
Vol. 1. Job analysis and the curriculum (pp. 140-146).
Doi:10.1037/100.762-000
Electronic version of
print book
Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer
dependency.[DX Reader version]. Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
Book chapter, English
translation, reprinted
from another source
Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier & J.
Langer, Trans.). In K Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive
development to adolescence: A reader(pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-
732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY:Wiley).
Reference book VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

23. Type of Reference Examples
Conference
Paper online Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be
addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the
Australian Association for Research in Education Conference,
Singapore. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
Symposium
contribution
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D.
(year, month). Title of controbution. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of
symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting Organization Name,
Location
Muellbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer
expenditure. In S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer
behavior. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve
Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY.
Proceedings
published online
Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008).
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 105, 12593-12598.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105

24. Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses
• For online doctoral dissertation or master’s theses
Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or
master’s theses. Retrieved from Name of database.
(Accession or Order No)
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance
teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished
master’s thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.
• Reports
• Author, A. A. (1998). Title of work (Report No.xxx).
Location:Publisher.

25. Type of Reference Examples
Journal article -
academic/
scholarly
(print version)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number(issue number), pages.
Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1983). Re-validation of the Memorial
University of Newfoundland scale of happiness.
Canadian Journal on Aging, 2(1), 27-29.
Gibbs, M. (2005). The right to development and indigenous
peoples: Lessons from New Zealand. World Development, 33(8),
1365-1378.
Journal Article (8
or more authors
Use ellipses after the name of the sixth author, and then list the
last author named.
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L.
C., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on
EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are
more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and

26. Type of Reference Examples
Journals (online) Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. c. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, vol (issue number), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Journal article –
academic/scholarly
(electronic version)
with DOI
Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. (2006). Physical activity: What do
high school students think? Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 328-
336. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.024
A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title
and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in
brackets (not italicized ).
Journal Article
(online, no doi):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue
number), pages. Retrieved from
http://journal homepage address
Martin, R. (2001). Educational psychology in Newfoundland and Labrador:
A thirty-year history. Canadian Journal of
School Psychology, 16(2), 5-17. Retrieved from: http://cjs.sagepub.com/

27. Type of Reference Examples
In press article Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action
and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf
Magazine article
popular/trade/
general interest
Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time,
159(5), 69.
Newspaper article
– (Print version)
Killick, D. (2012, June 25). Housing is a problem beyond politics.
The Press, p. 17.
Newspaper article
(Database like
Newztext Plus)
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald. Retrieved from Newztext Plus database.

28. Type of Reference Examples
Webpage
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from
http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from
...website: http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage
[Description of form]. Retrieved Year, Month Day from http://...
World Health Organization. (2010). Diabetes: Fact sheet No. 312.
Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html
PAMPHLET /
BROCHURE
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines
for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.)
[Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

29. Type of Reference Examples
One author Brown, W. P.
Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.
Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.
Six or seven authors
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., &
Walton, C.
Eight or more
authors
Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori,
F., ... de Martino, M.
Corporate / group
author
Ministry of Education.
No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.