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The effect of cultural activities to eutrophication or algal bloom
1.
2. • Water is playing a big role in the natural
processes that occur in the surrounding.
• This amount is important for earth's natural
processes to occur and therefore sustain life on
Earth.
• 99% of the living space on the planet is found in
the oceans due to their sheer volume.
• With one species extinct from the ecosystem,
the chains of relationships are disrupted.
• An algal bloom is one of the big concern of the world nowadays
as it’s polluted the water source.
• An algal bloom are one of natural phenomenon, but there is a
cultural factor that also contributed to this phenomenon.
• Algal bloom effect the water by increasing in a density of
microalgae species in the marine and freshwater that could
cause adverse effects on the environments.
• Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is on the rise all over the world.
Estimate around 2000 cases of human poisoning recorded
annually by HAB.
• The algal bloom become the biggest inland water quality threat
to life public health and the aquatic ecosystems.
• The accumulation of algal-origin toxins in filter-feeding shellfish
has caused human food poisoning.
3. Algal Bloom in Malaysia (1976 to 2015)
• The blooms almost occurred annually and spread to other parts of Sabah
water mainly in Sipatang, Kuala Penyu, Binsuluk and Kota Kinabalu.
• In fact, the HABs problem was also reported along the coastal water of
the west coast of water.
• The increase of the density of algal bloom have caused massive fish or
shrimp kills due to dissolved oxygen depletion in the environment.
• The accumulation of ammonia excreted into the surrounding waters may
act as the killing agent.
• Thus, what may be the factor of these concern events?
Timeline Harmful
microalgae
Location Impact References
1976 Pyrodinium
bahamense
Brunei Bay, West
coast Sabah
Shellfish
contamination, 202
poisoned, 7 death
Roy, 1977
1998 Pyrodinium
bahamense
East Coast
Sabah
No reports recorded Anton & Suibol,
1999
2001 Alexandrium
minutum
Tumpat,
Kelantan
6 poisoned, one
death
Lim et al., 2004
2002 Prorocentrum
minimum
Tebrau
Straits,Johor
Bahru, Johor
Water discoloration Usup et al., 2002
2003 -
2004
Cochlodinium
polykrikoides
Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
Fish kills The Star Online
(2014)
2005 Cochlodinium
polykrikoides
Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
Water discoloration Anton et al., 2008
2006 Cochlodinium
polykrikoides
Kuching,
Sarawak,
Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
Water discoloration,
fish kills
Fisheries Research
Institute, Bintawa,
Sarawak; Anton et
al., 2008
2007 Neoceratium
furca
Pangkor, Lumut,
Penang
Water discoloration Fisheries Research
Institute, Batu
Maung, Penang
2009 Pyrodinium
bahamense
Kota Kinabalu
and surrounding
areas
Shellfish
contamination
Department, Sabah
and Express Daily
(2009)
2013 Pyrodinium
bahamense
West Coast
Sabah
Shellfish
contamination, over
40 poisoned, 3
deaths
The Star Online
(2014)
2015 Cochlodinium
polykrioides
Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
Fish kill Sabah Fisheries
Dept.,
Sabahkini.com(201
5)
4. Cultural Eutrophication Occur due to
Human Activities
• Eutrophication is a naturally occurring, slow, and
unavoidable process which an excessive plant and
algal growth
• The cultural eutrophication take placed when
human activity and water pollution have
accelerated.
• Nutrient enrichment resulting the algal bloom
came from anthropogenic activities such as
agriculture, industry, and sewage disposal
Agricultural Activities
• According to The Report: Malaysia (2016), Malaysia is the world’s
second-largest palm oil producer after Indonesia and a leading
producer of natural rubber
• The rate of phosphorus cycling on Earth has increased by four times,
mainly due to agricultural fertilizer production and application.
• Due to run off or leaching, the fertilizer are transmitted into water
bodies.
• These fertilizers promoting the growth of algae, causing
eutrophication, and robbing the water of dissolved oxygen vital to
other aquatic life.
Domestic Sewage
• Runoff pollution from septic systems, sewers and sewage sludge
increase the flow of both inorganic nutrients and organic substances
into ecosystems.
• Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can also
increase nitrogen availability
5. Industrial Discharge
• The rapid change in industrialization generates a tremendous amount of wastes
that are affected the ecosystem.
• The existing management for industrial wastes gives priority to end-of-pipe
approach creating many environmental problems such as illegal dumping
(Mohamed, 2009).
Year Location Amount and type of waste Company
1989 Pantai Remis,
Perak
1500 tonnes of toxic waste Unknown
1993 Bukit Merah, Perak Radioactive wastes Asian Rare Earth Plant,
Mitsubishi Kasei
1995 Pangkor Island,
Perak
Forty-one drums of highly toxic
potassium cyanide
Unknown
1995 Penang Island 28 drums of trichiorofluoromethane Unknown
2001 Ulu Tiram, Johor 1,000 tonnes of metal ashes Foreign-based smelting
company
2003 Ijok, Selangor 500 drums of paint sludge and glue Unknown
2016 Semenyih,
Selangor
Anonymous hazardous substances Semenyih Hi-Tech Park
6. Definition of Eutrophication
• Origin of eutrophication is from the Greek words where eu
means “well” and trophein means ‘feeding’.
• Literally give the meaning of well feeding environment in
water bodies ecosystem.
• It’s means a ‘well nourished’ or “nutrient-rich” environment
which the nutrient can ‘feed well the organism’.
• The limnologist definition; eutrophication may be defined
as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an
ecosystem.
• The Marine Scientists, (GESAMP, 1990) definition;
eutrophication means ‘enhanced nourishment’ and refers
to the stimulation of aquatic plant growth by mineral
nutrients, particularly the combined forms of phosphorus
or nitrogen.
• An excessive nutrient trigger algae to grow tremendously.
Natural Eutrophication
• Natural eutrophication is also called
as the natural aging of lakes, rivers,
and sea.
• Over the period of time the nutrients,
sediment, and plant material build up,
which slowly fill the lake basin.
• Eventually, it colonized by terrestrial
vegetation.
Cultural Eutrophication
• Cultural mean human activities that
promote the natural eutrophication.
• Shortens the rate of aging from
century to decades.
• A process of speeds up the natural
eutrophication process.
• The sources came from the
agricultural activities, human and
industrial discharge which are
mainly about the leaching of
phosphorus and nitrogen into water
bodies.
7. Definition of Algal Bloom
• An algal is a single-celled plants that live in the ocean are known as
phytoplankton.
• Phytoplankton are primary producers that form the base of the ocean’s food
web.
• The phytoplankton are buoyant and live in the upper part of the surface of the
water column which called the photic zone where sunlight is available.
• The algal bloom is a phenomenon where there is a rapid increase in the
density of algae in an aquatic system.
• Occur when environmental conditions allow or promote exponential growth of
phytoplankton due to nutrient pollution or enrichment.
• Algae could multiply quickly in water bodies with an abundance amount of
nitrogen and phosphorus when the water is warm and
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
• A small percentage of algal species, can cause harm to humans and the
environment through toxin production or excessive growth.
• Some algal blooms pose an additional threat because they produce
noxious toxins .
• Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused, degradation of water quality.
• The toxic of cyanobacteria not only harmful to fish or water ecosystem
but also lead to the death of domestic animals, wildlife and humans
through poisoning by blooms of toxic cyanobacteria.
8. Factors Contributing to Algal Bloom Due
to Cultural Eutrophication
According to the Committee on Earth and
Environmental Sciences Academic & Science
(CEES); the development of algal blooms is from a
combination of environmental factors like :
• Nutrients
• Temperature
• Sunlight
• Ecosystem disturbance
• Turbidity
9. Causes Leads to
Cultural Eutrophication
• Increasing Population
• Food Demand
• Urbanization
Effect of Cultural
Eutrophication
• Water Quality
• Acid Rain
• Hypoxia
• Blue Baby Syndrome
Effects Uncontrolled
Cultural Eutrophication
to Environment and
Ecosystem
• Water body food chain
are disturb
• Decreasing of aesthetic
value
• Indirect impact to socio-
economy
10. Malacca Straits
The study has been
conducted by Naquiddin
et. al. (2014). Several
sampling stations were
located from Langkawi to
Penang Island for the
northern zone. The
southern zone of
Malacca Straits was
done from Port Klang to
Kukup Island
Tasik Sri Serdang
The water of life @ Serdang is
undergoing an investigation by
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Student Association, UPM. This
study is undergoing from March
2017 till February 2018. The aim
of this study is to increase
awareness among university and
surrounding residents in Serdang
about the importance of clean
and healthy rivers
The study conducted to see the effect of cultural activities toward
increasing the rate of eutrophication. Even with a different area
that added the factors on this case study but the result remain
almost the same. This provided a stronger proof that despite the
different environment and area but human activities do give an
impact to the cultural eutrophication.
11. Comparison of Case Study
Similarities Differences
Have very high cultural
activities and a famous
where people come.
Undergoing experiment
High risk of cultural
eutrophication with
stagnant water body
Shoreline vs Lake
Discussion
The blooms are believed to be due to the cultural
eutrophication that operated along the marine coastal
and the lake. For example, the coastal marine in Kota
Kinabalu received nutrients from the Inanam river. In
conclusion, both of coastal marine and the stagnant
lake will continue to experience HABs problems which
lead to algal bloom phenomenon as long as nutrient
concentrations remain high in the area.
12. • The best prevention of HABs is to reduce the
amount nutrients that enter the water bodies.
• The targets are excessive nutrient from point
sources such as domestic sewage and industrial
discharge and non-point sources such as runoff
from agricultural activities.
• The external sources, nutrients exist internally
within the sediment layer and cycle through the
water column periodically.
• This could be achieved through preventive
measures and remedial measures.
14. • Cultural eutrophication developed in order to fulfil the world food demand as the population of the
world keeps increasing year by year.
• Also due to urbanization that keeps developed in each country to catch up with the needs and
demand of the people around the world.
• Some aspect has been neglected because of the eagerness of human to developed new
technologies in improvising the lifestyle and to stay in the so-called better world.
• There is some factor that can’t avoid such as the monsoon season and the rainfall which are
called natural constraints.
15. • Prevention is always better than cure thus, prevention is the best solution before
a big disaster happened and the cost of the treatment is not small.
• The big challenge is to change the attitude of people in searching for the
solution.
• We always take things around us for granted and choose the easiest and fastest
solution that can give immediate results and benefits without considering the
aftermath for an example the crop yield.
• This kind of solution is always the disastrous method that will give bad impact
our future.
• When a catastrophe happens, there nothing we can help with and at that time
our realization would be meant nothing, thus bring awareness as fast and to as
many as we can are very crucial.
