This document discusses parallel force systems and the three classes of levers. It defines parallel force systems as existing when two or more parallel forces act on a lever at some distance from each other and the axis of rotation. It then defines the three classes of levers - first, second, and third - based on the relative positions of the effort force, resistance force, and fulcrum. Examples are provided for each class of lever, including seesaws, wheelbarrows, and human movements like nodding the head. The classes are distinguished by whether the effort arm is greater than, less than, or equal to the resistance arm.

1. Parallel force system
(Levers)
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SMITHA
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2.  PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEMS
- It exists whenever two or more parallel forces act on the same lever
but at some distance from each other and at some distance from the
axis about which the lever will rotate.
- Each of the forces in a parallel force system will create or tend to
create rotation of the lever about its axis.
- A lever is a rigid bar which is capable of movement about a fixed point
called as fulcrum(F).
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3. - In a human body, a lever is represented by a bone which is capable of
movement about a fulcrum formed at the articulating surface of a
joint .
- Effort is supplied by the force of muscle contraction applied at the
point of intersection to the bone.
- The weight may be either at the centre of gravity of the part moved
or object lifted.
- Effort force(EF) is defined as the force that is causing the rotation of
the lever.
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4. CC BY-SA-NC 4
- Resistance force (RF) is the force that is opposing the rotation of the
lever.
- Lever arm in a parallel force system is the distance from the axis to
the point at which a force is applied to the lever.
- The effort arm (EA) is the lever arm of the effort force or how far the
effort force lies from the axis.
- Resistance arm(RA/WA) is the lever arm of resistance force or how far
the resistance force lies from the axis.

5. First class levers/lever of stability/first order levers
- It exists whenever two parallel forces or parallel resultant forces are
applied on either side of an axis at some distance from that axis,
creating rotation of the lever in opposite directions.
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EA RA
EF RF
F/A

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EA RA
EA
RA
EF R
EFR
REF
EA RA

7. - In a first class lever, EA may be greater than, smaller than or equal to
RA because the axis may be located anywhere between effort force
and resistance force without changing the classification of the lever.
- Examples
1. Seesaw
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A
B

8. - Man B is effort and effort force is causing the rotation of the lever.
- Man A is the load and resistance force is force that is opposing the
rotation of lever.
- See saw is going down on the side of Man B.
- If the seesaw were balanced (equilibrium) ,neither force would cause
motion .
- When equilibrium does not exist, rotation of the lever will occur.
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9. 2. Nodding movements of head, skull is the lever, atlanto occipital joint
is the fulcrum, weight is anteriorly in the face. The effort is applied by
contraction of posterior neck muscle.
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10. 3. Scissors 4. Crowbar
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11. Second class levers/lever of power/second order lever
- It exists whenever two parallel forces are applied at some distance
from the axis, with the resistance force applied closer to the axis than
the effort force.
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EA
RA
R
EF
F/A

12. - EA is always greater than RA.
- In the human body it occurs when gravity is the effort force and
muscles are the resistance.
- Examples
1. Wheelbarrow
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13. 2. Nutcracker
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14. 3.
- Action of triceps surae lifting the
body (effort) around the axis of the
toes(MTP) .
- Body weight acting on foot through
LOG is resistance.
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15. Third class levers/lever of velocity/third order lever
- It exists whenever two parallel forces on a lever are applied so that
the effort lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance.
- EA will always be smaller than RA
- Most of the muscles creating rotation of the distal segments are part
of third class lever.
- Point of attachment of the muscle causing motion is always closer to
the joint axis than the external force that is resisting the motion.
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16. - Greater effort is needed than the amount of resistance moved.
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EF
R
EA
RA

17. - Examples.
1. Forceps
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2. baseball bat

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3. In the human body

19. Acknowledgement
Sources of images: Internet
MOOC- SWAYAM – Academic writing 2019 (August –November)
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