1. Submitted To
Prof. L.D. Malviya
As. Prof. Neeraj Malviya
Submitted by
Narendra Thakur (0801EC161040)
Nitin Chadar (0801EC161043)
Praharsh Tripathi (0801EC161048)
Somen Das (0801EC173D16)
Sachchidanand Lawwanshi
(0801EC173D11)
2.
3. • Introduction
• What is a Solar Tracker ?
• Need for a Sun Tracking System
• Dual axis sun tracking system
• Hardware requirements
• Hardware components description
• Block diagram
• Working flow diagram
• Screen shots of work done
• Future Scope
• Applications
• Conclusion
4. • EXTRACTING usable electricity from the sun was made
possible by the discovery of the photoelectric effect.
• Subsequent development of the solar cell, which is a
semi-conductive material that converts visible light into a
direct current.
• The best efficiency of the majority of commercially
available solar cells ranges between 10 and 20
percent.
• This project seeks to identify a way of improving
efficiency of solar panels.
• Solar arrays, a series of solar cells electrically connected,
generates a DC voltage which can be used on a load.
5. • Solar tracking is a system that is mechanized to
track the position of the sun to increase power
output by between 30% and 60% than systems
that are stationary.
• There are various types of trackers that can be
used for increase in the amount of energy that
can be obtained by solar panels. Dual axis
trackers are among the most efficient.
• There will be bigger increase in efficiency in cases
where the weather is sunny and thus favorable for
the tracking system.
6. • A solar tracker is a generic term used to describe devices
that orient or align various payloads toward the sun.
• Example for payloads are photovoltaic panels, reflectors,
Collectors, lenses or other optical devices.
• The system focuses on the optimization of the electric
energy produced by photovoltaic cells through the
development of a sun-tracking system.
7. • Trackers generate more electricity than their
stationary counterparts due to increased direct
exposure to solar rays. This increase can be as
much as 10 to 25% depending on the geographic
location of the tracking system.
• A tracking system helps the solar panels keep oriented
to the sun at the optimum possible angle.
• Very efficient trackers will offer more efficiency
because they are able to track the sun with more
precision.
8. • Our tracker is a dual axis tracker, meaning it tracks in both X and Y.
To put it into even more simple terms, it goes left, right, up, and
down.
• This means once you have your tracker set up you will never need to
change or adjust anything, since anywhere the sun moves your
tracker will follow.
• Our tracker is an active tracker which is controlled by computer
program (via an Arduino). This means that we use sensors to find
the brightest source of light at all times
9.
10. SOLAR PANEL
VOLTAGE REGULATOR(LM 7805)
LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)
SERVO MOTOR
MICROCONTROLLER(ATmega328p)
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
11. • Voltage Regulation
• Voltage regulators are designed to automatically
maintain voltages at a constant level. The LM7805
voltage regulator is used.
• It is a member of the 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator Ics.
• Voltage sources in circuits could be having
fluctuations and thus not be able to give fixed
voltage output.
12. • These are made of two types, cadmium sulfide (CdS)
and gallium arsenide (GaAs The simplest optical
sensor is a photon resistor or photocell which is a
light sensitive resistor).
• The resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as
high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are
illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.
• When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR
is high. This prevents current from flowing to the
base of the transistors.
• Consequently the LED does not light. However,
when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls.
13. • Servo motors are used for various applications.
They are normally small in size and have good
energy efficiency.
• Inside the servo there are three main components;
a small DC motor, a potentiometer and a control
circuit. Gears are used to attach the motor to the
control wheel.
• Servos can usually turn only 90 degrees in either
direction for a total of 180 degrees movement.
• The PWM sent to the motor determines the
position of the shaft, and based on the duration
of the pulse sent through the control wire the
rotor will turn to the position that is desired.
14. • Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer
made through VLSI fabrication.
• The ATmega328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture.
• By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega328P achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designer to optimize power
consumption versus processing speed.
• It has 28 pins. There are 14 digital I/O pins from
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6
analog input pins.
15. • Crystal oscillators are electronic oscillator
circuits that use inverse piezoelectric effect.
• With this effect, when electric field is applied
across certain materials they will produce
mechanical deformation.
• a crystal uses mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material so
that there is creation of an electric signal with
precise frequency.
• The crystal action can be represented by an
equivalent electrical resonant circuit.
16. • The photovoltaic cell is the basic building
block of a photovoltaic system.
• The individual cells can vary from 0.5 inches to
4 inches across.
• One cell can however produce only 1 or 2
watts that is not enough for most appliances.
• Performance of a photovoltaic array depends
on sunlight. Climatic conditions like clouds
and fog significantly affect the amount of solar
energy that is received by the array and
therefore its performance.
17.
18.
19. Components Quantity Price
Solar Panel 1 400
LDR 2 60
Servo Motor 2 170
Crystal Oscillator 1 50
Microcontroller 1 19
R,L,C
components and other
Hardware
1000
Net Cost 1699/-
24. • By connecting the solar panels in an array more energy can be
extracted.
• Using aluminum type of material for the assembly set up the
weight upon the motors can be reduced which will automatically
reduce the power consumption of the system.
• With the mono crystalline PV panel in use the efficiency of the
project can be increased. Mono crystalline PV panels have also
more lifetime than polycrystalline panels.
• In Zigbee transmitter- receiver pair by interfacing range
extension modules signal range can be extended up to 10 miles.
25. • Can be used for small & medium scale power
generations.
• For power generation at remote places where power lines
are not accessible.
• For domestic backup power systems.
26. Solar Tracker is a proven system: high-quality, reliable, and
durable.
Our dual-axissolar tracker shines in residential installations,
especially when the home's roof is unfit for panels due to
orientation or structural issues. Our tracking technology
captures the more of the day's solar potential with a smaller
footprint, so you'll get a significantly higher production--and
more power means bigger savings for us.
27. M. A. Panait, T. Tudorache, “A Simple Neural Network Solar Tracker
for Optimizing Conversion Efficiency in Off-Grid Solar Generators”,
International Conference on Renewable energies and Power quality
(ICREPQ), march 12-14, Santander, 2008.
http://www.solarpoweristhefuture.com
