All Natural ,Purified Stevia Extract Based Zero Calorie Sweetener ,Use of stevioside lowers the calorie content of foods and makes it suitable for the diabetics and dieting people .
4. In 1931, two French scientists, M. Bridel and R Lavielle
isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste
These glycosides were named
stevioside and rebaudioside.
R2
O
H 3C CH2
H
H 3C H
CO
O
R1
These compounds are 250–300 times sweeter than ordinary table sugar.
5. In terms of weight fraction, the four major steviol glycosides
found in the Stevia plant tissue are:
Glc-(2-1)-Glc Glc-(3-1)-Glc-(2-1)-Glc Glc-(3-1)-Glc-(2-1)-Rha Glc-(2-1)-Rha
O O O O
H3C CH2 H3C CH2 H3C CH2 H3C CH2
H H H H
H3C H H3C H H3C H
H3C H
CO CO CO CO
O O O
O
Glc Glc Glc
Glc
5–10% 2–4% 1–2% 0.5–1%
Stevioside Rebaudioside A Rebaudioside C Dulcoside A
6. R2
O
H3C CH2
Steviosides are white to pale
H
yellow coloured crystals with a
H3C
CO
H
faint herbal smell.
O
It has no calories and does not
R1
induce glycemic response.
It is completely soluble in
water and water solution is
clear.
Pure stevioside is hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture from air)
7. Stevioside shows very good thermal stability.
Incubation of solid stevioside at elevated
temperatures for one hour showed good stability up
to 120oC.
R2
O
H3C CH2
In aqueous solution stevioside was remarkably
stable in a pH range of 2-10 under thermal treatment
H
up to 80oC.
H 3C H
CO
O
R1
10. Today, stevia is cultivated and used in China, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia
and part of South America (Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
11. By 1977 the Maruzen Kasei Co., Ltd. started extracting
Stevioside on a commercial basis in Japan.
Japan currently consumes more stevioside than any other
country; there, stevioside products accounts for 40% of the
sweetener market.
13. Stevioside is now available in different dilutions
(97% to 1%) both in bulk and in retail quantities.
15. Pure Stevioside is too intensely sweet to
be used directly for sweetening anything.
A diluted preparation (1-2%) can be safely used
for sweetening hot beverages like tea or coffee
16. Since Stevioside is fairly thermostable, it can
be used all types of bakery and
confectionary products.
Use of stevioside lowers the calorie content
of these foods and makes it suitable for the
diabetics and dieting people
17. Stevioside is very much
compatible with frozen dairy
products.
Low calorie natural Ice-cream,
mousses and shakes can be
prepared with stevioside
18. Indian sweets base on dairy, cereal and legume products can be sweetened
by Steviosides to make those suitable for diabetics and health conscious
persons.
Stevioside does not impart any unacceptable taste or smell to such food
items. It is also compatible with all types of added flavours and colours
19. Stevioside is most suitable for
Indian cooking as it is
thermostable, compatible with all
spices, does not caramelize and
does not impart any colour or
flavour of its own.
20. Stevioside may also be an excellent
sweetener for the protein health drinks
for sports persons.
Apart from sweetening, Steviosides
also exerts cardio-tonic and anti-
oxidant effects which is an absolute
necessity in endurance sports.
21. Stevioside Can be used a sweetening agent for many
pharmaceutical preparations, to make them suitable for
diabetic and dieting patients. It is compatible with most of
the ingredients used in OTC medicines. It can be used in
oral liquids as well in chewable tablets.
22. Research clearly shows that Streptococcus mutans,
Pseudomonas aeruginos, Proteus vulgaris and other
microbes do not thrive in the presence of the
nonnutritive stevia constituents. This fact, combined
with the naturally sweet flavor of stevioside, makes
it a suitable ingredient for mouthwashes and
toothpastes.
24. Obesity in the developing world can be
viewed as a result of a series of changes
in diet, physical activity, health and
nutrition.
The health, economic and psychosocial
consequences of the increasing
incidence of obesity are substantial.
Obesity is associated with numerous
health complications, which range from
non-fatal debilitating conditions such as
osteoarthritis, to life threatening chronic
diseases such as Coronary Heart
Disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
25. Use of stevioside may be a very important tool for nutritional
management by lowering carbohydrate intake, specially
intake of ―Empty Calories‖ through refined sugar.
Thus, stevioside offers a ―Natural‖ solution for food intake
related obesity.
Is equivalent to
1g Stevioside
250g sugar No Calories
1040 Calories
26. Extracts of leaves from the plant Stevia
rebaudiana have been used in the
traditional treatment of diabetes in
Paraguay and Brazil.
In recent studies, anti-diabetic effect of
stevioside is proved beyond doubt.
Steviosides
Improves glucose tolerance
Enhances insulin secretion
Reduces glycogen breaking hormones
27. In pancreas, there are some
specilised cells ( -cells) which
secrete Insulin
In some type of diabetes,
Insulin secretion from these
cells is diminished
In some research work in
Aarhus University Hospital,
Stevioside
Denmark and elsewhere, it
was proved that Stevioside
stimulates these -cells to
secrate more insulin and
exerts antidiabetic effect
Jeppesen, P. B., et al. ―Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin: actions
independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+-channel
activity.‖ Metabolism. 2000; 49(2): 208–14.
28. Dental caries (tooth decay) is a common consequence of common sugar
consumption, because sugar forms a sticky coat on the teeth, which harbours many
bacteria responsible tooth decay
Stevioside does not help to form such sticky plaque on teeth. It also help to prevent
dental cavities by inhibiting the bacteria Streptococcus mutans that stimulates
plaque formation.
Matsukubo, T., et al. "Sucrose substitutes and their role in caries
prevention." Int. Dent. J. 2006 Jun; 56(3): 119-30.
29. A two year study undertaken at
Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical
University-Wan Fang Hospital
and
Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei
Foundation Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
It was reported that, oral stevioside
significantly decreased systolic and
diastolic blood pressure compared with
placebo.
In that study, quality of life of the
patients was improved, and no
significant adverse effects of stevioside
were noted.
Hsieh Ming-Hsiung, Chan Paul, Sue Yuh-Mou, Liu Ju-Chi, Toong Hua Liang, Huang Tsuei-Yuen, Tomlinson Brian,
Moses, Sing Sum Chow, Kao Pai-Feng, Chen Yi-Jen (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with
mild essential hypertension: A two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled Study; Clinical therapeutics vol. 25, no11, pp.
2797-2808
30. Steviosides was found to
have immuno-stimulant and
anti inflammatory effects.
Steviosides actually blocks
pro-inflammatory cytokines
and thus directly reduces
inflammation.
Boonkaewwan, C., et al. ―Anti-Inflammatory and
immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and its
metabolite steviol on THP-1 cells.‖ J. Agric. Food
Chem. 2006 Feb; 54(3): 785-9.
31. Stevia contains antiseptic
properties which have proven
beneficial in speeding the
healing process of skin wounds.
Tests show that stevia’s
antimicrobial properties inhibit
the growth of streptococcus and
other bacteria. This is especially
noteworthy since some forms of
streptococcus have become
antibiotic resistant.
32. Guarani Indians and other people who have
become familiar with stevia report that it is
effective when applied to acne, seborrhea,
dermatitis, eczema, etc. Placed directly in
cuts and wounds, more rapid healing,
without scarring, is observed.
In later researches, it was found that
stevioside and its metabolic products
isoteviol and steviol, block glucose entry
into said sebaceous cells thereby inhibiting
production of sebum, which, in turn,
diminishes the chance of acne formation.
33. In many in scientific studies,
And thus inhibit the stevioside and its metabolites were
carcinogenic property of TPA
found to have significant anti-
carcinogenic effect.
Yasukawa et al (2002) has reported
the inhibitory effect of stevia extract,
on inflammatory ear tumour caused
Skin Cell
by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-
acetate (TPA) and 7,12-dimethylbenz
Carcinogenesis
[a] anthracene (DMBA) in animal
models
Stevioside adds protective effect
Yasukawa, K, Kitanaka S, and Seo, S (2002) Inhibitory Effect of Stevioside on Tumour
Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in
Mouse Skin., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(11) 1488—1490
34. Stevioside or steviol, at 0-200 micromoles, was incubated with human breast (MCF-7),
colon (Caco-2), and prostatic (DU 145) cancer cells for 24 h.
Results showed that
Stevioside and steviol significantly reduced the migration of Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells
Steviol caused cancer cell death by apoptosis
Steviol reduced HIF-1 alpha protein level and DNA binding (v)
Steviol was effective against DU 145 proliferation
Stevioside was effective against all cancer cells
Colon Cancer Cell
Prostate Cancer Cell
C. N. MUNENE1, H. A. Bawadi2, R. R. Bansode1, and J. N. Losso1. (1) Dept. of Food Science,
Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, 111 Food Science Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (2)
School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, 125 Human Ecology Bldg.,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
36. Oral stevioside is not taken up by the human body or
the uptake is extremely low and none of the digestive
enzymes are able to degrade stevioside
Bracht, A.M., Kemmelmeier, F.S., Ishii, E.L., Alvarez, M., Bracht, A., 1985. Effect of
Stevia rebaudiana natural products on cellular and sub-cellular metabolism. Arq. Biol.
Tecnol. 28, 431–455.
Koyama, E., Sakai, N., Ohori, Y, Kitazawa, K, Izawa, O., Kakegawa,K., Fujino, A., Ui, M.,
2003b. Absorption and metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, Stevia related
compounds in human and rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41, 875–883
Stevioside has no adverse effect on reproductive
systems
Yamada, A., Ohgaki, S., Noda, T., Shimizu, M., 1985. Chronic toxicity of dietary Stevia
Extracts. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn 26, 169–183.
37. Stevioside is not carcinogenic.
Das, S., Das, A.K., Murphy, R.A., Punwani, I.C., Nasution, M.P.,Kinghorn, A.D., 1992.
Evaluation of the Cariogenic Potential of the Intense Natural Sweeteners Stevioside and
Rebaudioside A. Caries Res. 26, 363–366.
Stevioside is not nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic
WHO Food Additives, 1999. Series 42: Safety evaluation of certain food additives
’’Stevioside’’, Genf, pp. 119–143.
Stevia products has
thousands of years of
history of use without
any report on its’
adverse effects
38. Stevioside, is an absolutely
Natural product
with
No chemical modification after extraction.
Its safety has been established by scientific studies as well as
its continuous use for thousands of years.
Now, let us have a look at the safety records of other popular
zero calorie sweeteners – Aspertame and Sucralose – which are
synthetic chemicals.
39. Aspertame, one of the popular artificial zero calorie sweetener is
actually a potentially hazardous substance.
Reported Adverse Effects of Aspertame
Brain tumors Multiple sclerosis
Lymphoma Attention Deficit Disorder
Arthritis Chronic faigue syndrome
US Air Force acknowledge that ingestion of aspartame make pilots more
susceptible to seizures and vertigo and issued a safety alert to its pilots
US Air Force 1992. "Aspartame Alert." Flying Safety 48(5): 20-21 (May
1992).
Butchko, Harriett H., Frank N. Kotsonis 1994. "Postmarketing Surveillance in the Food Industry: The Aspartame
Case Study," in Nutritional Toxicology, edited by Frank N. Kotsonis, Maureen Macky and Jerry Hjelle, Raven
Press, Ltd., New York, c1994.
DHHS 1993. "Adverse Reactions Associated With Aspartame Consumption," Department of Health & Human
Services Memorandum, April 1, 1993, Reprinted in preface of "Bittersweet Aspartame: A Diet Delusion" by
Barbara Alexander Mullarkey, NutriVoice, P.O. Box 946, Oak Park, Illinois 60303, (708) 848-0116.
40. The other alternative, Sucralose – which is actually a chlorinated
hydrocarbon like some pesticides – is also not free from adverse effects.
The adverse effects encountered in the pre-approval research include –
Shrunken thymus glands (up to 40% shrinkage)
Atrophy of lymph follicles in the spleen and thymus
Extension of the pregnancy period and aborted pregnancy
Decreased foetal body weights and placental weights
Diarrhoea
Q&A: Is newly FDA approved sweetener sucralose good for you? Executive Health's Good Health Report, Nov
1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p6, 1p, 1c.
Goldsmith LA (2000) Aute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose: Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38 Suppl 2:S53-69.
Lord GH, Newberne PM (1990) Renal mineralization--a ubiquitous lesion in chronic rat studies: Food Chem
Toxicol. 1990 Jun;28(6):449-55
S. W. Manna, *, M. M. Yuschaka, S. J. G. Amyesb, P. Aughtonb and J. P. Finnb (2000) A combined chronic
toxicity/carcinogenicity study of sucralose in Sprague–Dawley rats: Food and Chemical Toxicology Volume 38,
Supplement 2, Pages 71-89
43. The Joint Expert Committee of The World Health
Organisation and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of
the United Nations allowed an Average Daily Intake (ADI) of
2mg/Kg body weight in 2004
They prepared the standard specification of Stevioside in 68th
JECFA meting which was published in FAO JECFA
Monographs 4 (2007) in included in the Codex Alimentarius.
In the 69th JECFA held at Rome in June, 2008, the
allowable ADI was increased to 4 mg steviol /Kg
bodyweight for human consumption
Their recommendation was based on long term exposure
study with 970mg stevioside/Kg body weight which is
equivalent to 383 mg/Kg Steviol and they have considered
a safety factor of 100
44. Two US companies Merisant and Cargill notified USFDA that
Stevioside should have GRAS status and submitted evidence
that it is safe to use in food.
The USFDA concluded in December 2008 that it has no
objection to 95% pure stevioside to have GRAS status for
food and drink
US Pharmacopeia has developed set of reference standards for
stevia based sweetners (written FCC testing standard is expected
to be released in August, 2009) for a ―rapid and unbiased decision‖
for quality checks to ensure safety of consumers.