Pneumonia.

1. Pneumonia
Presented by Miss Sudipta Roy
Designation : Associate Professor
East Point College of Pharmacy Bangalore

2. • Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection
that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of
small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a
healthy person breathes. When an individual
pneumonia , the alveoli are filled with and fluid ,
which make breathing painful and limits oxygen
intake.

3. Clinical Manifestations.
• The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild
to severe and include.
• Fever
• Chills
• Cough , usually with phlegm (a slimy substance
from deep in your lungs )
• Shortness of Breadth
• Chest pain when you breathe or cough
• Nausea and or/vomiting
• Diarrhea

4. • The symptoms can vary for different groups.
Newborns and infants may not show any signs of
the infection. Others may vomit and have a fever
and cough . They might seem sick, with no energy ,
or be restless.
• Older adults and people who have serious illness or
weak immune systems may have fewer and milder
symptoms. They may even have a lower than
normal temperature . Older adults who have
pneumonia sometimes have sudden changes in
mental awareness.

5. Etiology.
• There are various causes of pneumonia , in most the mode of
transmission is via bacteria however it can be passed from person
to person and from the environment and practicing good hygiene
can minimize the spread of germs. The various causes are :
• Bacteria : Streptococcus pneumonia , Legionella pneumophila,
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella
catarrhalis , Streptococcus pyogenes,
• Neisseria meningitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Hemophilus
influenzae , Pneumocystis jiroveci.
• Viruses : Influenza virus, Adenoviruses , Rhinovirus
• Mycoplasmas : They are not classified as as to whether they are
bacteria or viruses, but they have traits of both.
• Other infectious agents , such as fungi : Pneumocystis carini.
• Various Chemicals

6. Etiological Classification of
pneumonia :
• The various types of pneumonia are discussed
below :
• Baterial Pneumonia : It occurs when pneumonia-
causing bacteria masses and multiplies in the lungs.
The alveoli become inflamed and pus is produced,
that spreads around the lungs e.g. Streptococcus
pneumonia, Staphyloccus aureus , Haemophilus
influenza, legionella pneumophilia and Methicillin
resistant staphyloccus aureus (MSRA), Legionella
pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and
Chlamydophila pneumoniae- these are known as
Atypical Pneumonia as they do not respond to

7. • Fungal pneumonia - This typically occurs in people who
have a weekend immune system or other underlying
health issues . This is usually inhaled from the
environment and does not spread from person to person
e.g. Pneumocystis Jirovecii.
• Pneumonia (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii
Pneumonia ) is caused by the Pneumocystis carinii
fungus. This fungus does not cause illness in healthy
individuals , but rather in in those with a weakened
immune system.
• Mycobacterium pneumonia :
• It is also known as 'walking pneumonia' and is similar to
bacterial pneumonia , whereby the mycoplasmas and
proliferate and spread - causing infection. e.g. cavitating
bactrial pneumonia .

8. • Viral Pneumonia :
• It is beleived to be the cause of half of all cases of
pneumonia . The viruses invade the lungs and then
multiply - causing inflammation , e.g . coronavirus
(COVID-19, Middle East Respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection , severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) , Varicella pneumonia ,
Influenza type A or B , rhinoviruses, adenoviruses ,
respiratory syncytical virus (more common in
infants and children )

9. Pathophysiology of pneumonia.
• Gastic content aspiration/entry bacteria into the
lung-Inflammatory response-Cavity extends to
bronchus-promotion of abscess into encapsulated-
tissue necrosis-increased production of sputum-
sputum discharge.

10. Management of Pneumonia.
• Treatment will vary depending on how bad the symptoms
are , and what the cause of the infection is .
• Bacterial Pneumonia prior to discovery of penicillin
antibiotics was a virtual death sentence . Today , antibiotics ,
especially given early in the course of the disease, are very
effective against bacterial causes of pneumonia.
• Doctors will also include the following when treating
pateints with pneumonia.
• Breathing exercises
• Analgesic administration
• Cough suppressant medication
• Fever-reducing medication (i.e. Aspirin)
• Oxygen Therapy (when indicated)