The document summarizes a case study of tourism revenue sharing between local communities and the government from Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Zanzibar, Tanzania. 32% of revenues from park entrance fees are shared with community groups and institutions, who invest the funds in projects that contribute to sustainable development goals like education, health, water and sanitation, conservation, and livelihoods. The case shows how small budgets from tourism can fund diverse projects that address many SDGs, and how participatory governance and benefit sharing can empower communities and encourage cooperation between government and local people for conservation.

1. Tourism-induced contributions to the Sustainable
Development Goals: insights from Jozani – Chwaka Bay
National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Zanzibar/Tanzania
Florian Carius
Scientific Officer at BfN

2. “Harnessing tourism’s benefits will be critical to
achieving the sustainable development goals”
Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (2014)
UNWTO (2015) elaborated how tourism
can potentially contribute to all 17 SDGs
Aim of this presentation:
To provide evidence from only a single case in a protected
area context where a National Park attracts visitors to the
core & buffer zone of a Biosphere Reserves which serves as
geographical scope for the distribution of benefits
The burning issue

3. • Key biodiversity
area of Coastal
forests of East
Africa (one of 35
biodiversity
hotspots of
global
significance)
• 2004: National
Park (50km2)
• 2016: UNESCO
Biosphere
Reserve
(212km2)
• 16,423 residents
Jozani – Chwaka Bay National Park and
Biosphere Reserve (case study area)
TANZANIA
Zanzibar
Pemba
Unguja
KENYA

4. Case study objectives
1. What are the governance structures and processes involved with tourism
revenue sharing?
2. How do beneficiaries invest the shared funds?
3. How do their investments contribute to the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (based on the 169 targets)?
Qualitative research design
• Single case study, transdisciplinary approach
• 1 month field work in August 2016: semi-structured interviews with all
benefitting parties in all villages + observations on site
• Qualitative content analysis of collected material
Objectives & methods

5. Tourism development of
Jozani – Chwaka Bay National Park
Tourism revenues are only
generated by entrance fees:
• 10 US-$ for adult tourists
• half the price for residents
• half those prices for children,
resp.
~345,000 € p.a.

6. Tourism revenue sharing scheme
National Park
Authority
32%
Forestry Agency
18%
Petty Farmers'
Union
30%
Community
Mangrove
Boardwalk
8%
Community
Development Fund
8%
Local Conservation
Association
4%
Community institutions  50% | 50% Government institutions
Scheme was a result of
negotiations within an ICDP
Portions were a result of a
transparent baseline study
(considered as fair)
All funds are hypothecated
(dedicated to conservation
and development of the area)

7. Selected contributions to the SDGs
Local CSOs established loans and savings schemes
Forest = refuge for wildlife mitigating human-wildlife conflicts on farmlands
+ farmers are compensated for crop-damage by wild animals
CDF: hospital infrastructure and maintenance, purchase of medicine
CDF: infrastructure, maintenance and equipment of nursery, primary and
secondary schools, teachers’ salaries and uniforms
Women are noteworthy represented in Village Conservation Committees
and in NP-related jobs
CDF: catered for water supply and access, for sanitation and for irrigation
farming

8. Selected contributions to the SDGs
CDF: rural electrification through establishing power lines and poles
National Park offers direct employment and business opportunities
improving the standard of living
CDF: road maintenance and equipment of a computer/IT centre
Foreign NP visitors cater for flow of financial capital from industrialised
to a LDC and Small Island Developing (Sub-)State
CDF: road and bus maintenance, securing passenger transport
Visitor information centre illustrates the ecological footprint of tourism
encourages sustainable consumption

9. Selected contributions to the SDGs
CDF: climate change mitigation (reforestation of forest and mangroves as carbon sink)
and adaptation (planting of tree alleys along roads reducing heating)
Fishing is prohibited in the National Park part of Chwaka Bay
restoring fish stock
CDF: reforestation and patrols in community forests detecting
incidents of illegal activities in protected areas
Establishment and empowerment of community and government
institutions promoting friendly relations and good governance
Biosphere Reserve Advisory Committee is an important forum to
harmonise efforts between government and communities
Money can fund any development but it is remarkable
that in this single case local stakeholders manage to
contribute to all 17 SDGs without even knowing them!

10. 1. Local communities’ capacities to deliver SDG contributions
should not be underestimated
2. SDGs as international standard are relevant at local level
3. Small budgets can generate multifaceted impacts through clever
investments
4. Participation consumes time but pays off and is more important
for civil society than the budget of the tourism revenue system
5. Combination of individual compensation (for those bearing
disproportionate costs of conservation) and collective benefits
(at community level) proved equitable
6. Good governance and institutional sustainability of beneficiaries
constitutes the basis for joint efforts of government and
communities
Contribution

11. 1. National Park management needs to diversify the tourism products (attractions)
2. Staff continuity (trust in relations), recruited from Biosphere Reserve communities
dilutes traditional government vs. community dichotomy
3. Jozani – Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve is a good practice example in linking
conservation and tourism for catalysing sustainable development
Community-based tourism is not necessary to benefit communities as it is often producing
discrepancies between winners and losers and vulnerable to leakages (communities do not
benefit from tourism beyond tourism revenue sharing)
4. Market-based approach of generating revenues without creating donor-recipient
dependencies (once set up within an ICDP)
no development cooperation required anymore
5. Tourism revenue sharing empowers local communities to invest according to their priorities
community investments maintain government investments and vice versa
6. Could be an interesting case study for TAPAS publications (e.g. review of IUCN BPG)
Implications

12. Acknowledgement
Biosphere Reserve and National Park Managers
Ali A. Mwinyi Tahir Abass Haji Mgeni Sheha Ali
Field Assistant