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UTS-PPT.pptx
1. UNDERSTANDING
SELF
The Self from Various Perspectives
(Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology,
Psychology, and Western and Eastern
Perspectives)
2. HOW DO YOU ANSWER THE
QUESTION: WHO AM I
• I may be seen in various ways in fact
they are saying that I has an identity
more than me.
• Me = social self = the self in me is seen
as an object.
• I is our response to Me therefore, we
see the self in I as the subject.
5. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY (1000BC TO 500AD)
IS DIVIDED INTO TO THREE PERIODS:
I.PRE-SOCRATIC (MILESIANS)
II.ANCIENT TRIUMVATE (SOCRATES,
PLATO,ARISTOTLE)
III.POST-ARISTOTLELIANS.
6. PRE-SOCRATICS
(THE MILESIANS)
• Cosmocentric
• There is a fundamental principle/thing
that underlies everything else, including
the human self.
• We have to live in harmony with the
universal rhythms of life
7. • THALES (FOUNDER OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; WATER)
- “THE ESSENCE OF NATURE IS WATER”
• ANAXIMANDER (APEIRON LIMITLESS; BOUNDLESS)
- “THE BASIC ELEMENT CAME FROM THE LIMITLESS”
• APEIRON - SOMETHING THAT IS UNBORN SOMETHING
THAT IS WITHIN OURSELVES
- “SOMETHING THAT WILL NOT ACTUALLY DIE”
• ANAXIMENES (AIR)
- “AIR IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BREATH OF LIVES
REFERRING TO OUR SOUL. “
8. • DEMOCRITUS (ATOM) (THE LAUGHING PHILOSOPHER) -
“EVERYTHING IS MADE UP OF LITTLE INDESTRUCTIBLE THINGS
NOTHING EXISTS BUT ATOMS AND EMPTY SPACE.”
• HERACLITUS (THE WEEPING PHILOSOPHER; FIRE) - “HE REFERS TO
THE WORLD AS AN EVER LIVING FIRE.” - FIRE IS A SYMBOL OF
CHANGE
• ANAXAGORAS (NOUS: MIND) - THE MIND CAUSED AN INITIAL
ROTATION WHICH RESULTED TO THINGS BEING SEPARATED OUT.
• PHYTHAGORAS (NUMBERS) - EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE CAN BE
DEFINED BY MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS. - CONFORMS TO WORDS
AND IDEAS .
9. THE ANCIENT TRIUMVATE
(SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE)
INWHATWAYSDOIGETTOKNOWMYSELF?
SOCRATES
-Thereisonlyonegoodandevil.Hereferstoknowledge
asthegoodandignoranceastheevil.
-“Knowthyself”(NotbyAristotlebutjustassociated
withhim)
-Manmustliveandstandaccordingtohisnature
-Manmustlookathimself
-“Anunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving”
10. TWO FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
1. TO FIND WHAT?
INVITATION TO INTROSPECTION: PLATONIC THEORY OF REMINISCENCE
• KNOWLEDGE IS WITHIN, INHERENT IN MAN NOT OUTSIDE.
• WISDOM IS LEARNING TO REFLECT.
• IT IS NOT HIS PURPOSE FOR HIM TO TEACH THEM BUT TO HELP THEM THINK.
• LEARNING THROUGH QUESTION AND ANSWER
2. By what means?
The Socratic method: Dialogue between the soul and itself
• Between a student and his teacher
TWO ASPECTS OF REALITY:
A. PHYSICAL WORLD; CHANGEABLE, TRANSIENT, IMPERFECT, WORLD OF
SENSES/MATTER.
B. SPIRITUAL WORLD; UNCHANGING, ETERNAL, PERFECT, WORLD OF IDEAS/FORM.
11. DUALISTIC REALITY: BODY AND SOUL
• THE SOUL THAT WILL SURPASS THE PHYSICAL REALITY
OUR SOUL (SELF)
• STRIVE FOR WISDOM AND PERFECTION
• REASON IS THE SOUL’S TOOL TO ACHIEVE SUCH STATE.
• A UNIFIED, INDISSOLUBLE, IMMORTAL ENTITY THAT REMAINS
THE SAME OVER TIME.
• THAT IS IN THE VERY LIKENESS OF THE DIVINE .
12. ARISTOTLE
• KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH THE SENSES.
• THE MIND IS IN A BLANK STATE “TABULA RASA”
• SELF IS COMPOSED OF MATTER AND FORM.
• MATTER IS IN A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF DEVELOPING AND
BECOMING
• KNOWLEDGE CAN BE FOUND IN THE WORLD THAT WE LIVE IN
• THE PROCESS OF COMPLETION IS THROUGH EXPERIENCES
• KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH THE SENSES
• SELF COMES FROM A FIRST CAUSE, THE SOURCE OF ALL
CHANGED ALTHOUGH UNCHANGEABLE ITSELF
• THE GOAL OF THE HUMAN SELF IS REACHED IN HAPPINESS SE
THROUGH MODERATION AND BALANCE OF THINGS.
13. PLATO
• PHILOSOPHY BEGINS IN WONDER/IN AWE
3 PARTS OF THE SOUL/SELF (PSYCHE)
Reason: the divine essence that lets us think deeply(wisdom),make
wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
Physical appetite: accounts for the basic biological needs such as
hunger, thirst, and sexual desire
Spirit/Passion: accounts for the Basic emotions such as love, anger,
ambition, aggressiveness, empathy.
- But it is the responsibility of the reason to restore harmony among
the three as Reason can control spirit and the appetite
Harmony: Justice in the individual, social, and political levels.
The three are in a dynamic relationship with each other in agreement or in conflict
14. POST ARISTOTELIANS
• MAINTAINS THE DUALISM BETWEEN THE BODY AND SOUL
• MORE ETHICAL IN THE IDEAS
• MORAL NORMS-ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS.
STOICISM
• APATHY OR INDIFFERENCE TO PLEASURE.
• OFTEN RELATED TO PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DISPLAY THEIR FEELINGS .
• OFTEN UNCOMPLAINING AND ENDURE PAIN.
• IGNORE NEGATIVE EMOTIONS.
HEDONISM
• People who live for pleasure
• “Eat drink and be happy. For tomorrow, you’re gonna die”
• The highest good is pleasure
EPICUREANISM
• maximize pleasure and minimize pain
• Is the self, related to God? and how can it be related to God?
15. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
(500AD 59 1350AD)
• THEO-CENTRIC
• FROM THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF NATURE AND
SEARCH FOR HAPPINESS TO THE QUESTION OF LIFE AND
SALVATION IN ANOTHER REALM IN A BETTER WORLD (I.E.
AFTERLIFE) -
• MORE IMPOSING THAN INFORMING, BECAUSE IT WAS
TRYING TO AIM AT PAGANISM AND BARBARISM. -
• THERE WAS AN AIM TO MERGE PHILOSOPHY AND
RELIGION (CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, MUSLIM)
16. ST. AUGUSTINE (THEOLOGIAN, PHILOSOPHER)
• INTEGRATES PLATONIC IDEAS WITH THE TENETS OF
CHRISTIANITY.
• PLATONIC REALM OF IDEA/FORMS = CHRISTIAN
PHILOSOPHY OF A TRANSCENDENT GOD.
• THE SELF-STRIVES TO ACHIEVE UNION WITH GOD
THROUGH FAITH AND REASON
17. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS “ANGELIC DOCTOR”
• MAN IS SUBSTANTIALLY BODY AND SOUL
• SELF-KNOWLEDGE IS DEPENDENT ON OUR EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
(OBJECTS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT)
• WE DON’T ENCOUNTER OURSELVES AS ISOLATED MINDS OR “SELVES”, BUT
RATHER ALWAYS AS AGENTS INTERACTING WITH OUR ENVIRONMENT.
• THE LABELS WE ATTRIBUTE TO OURSELVES ARE TAKEN FROM THE THINGS
WE ENCOUNTER IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
• GARDENER, ARTIST, KIND, LOVING.
• “THE THINGS THAT WE LIVE TELL US WHAT WE ARE”
• IF ST. THOMAS TELLS US THAT OUR KNOWLEDGE IS BASED ON OUR
ENCOUNTER OF THINGS, DOES THIS MEAN THAT WE GET ALL OUR
KNOWLEDGE JUST BY OUR KNOWLEDGE?
• EXPERIENCING THAT SOMETHING EXISTS DOESN’T TELL US WHAT IT IS.
• KNOWING AND LEARNING ABOUT A THING REQUIRES A LONG PROCESS OF
UNDERSTANDING; SAME WITH THE MIND AND THE SELF
• WITH EXPERIENCES AND REASON.
• HOW CAN I BE SURE THAT THE SELF EXISTS? WHAT ATE THE PROOFS THAT
THE SELF EXISTS?
18. MODERN PHILOSOPHY
(14TH CENTURY TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY)
• GENUINE KNOWLEDGE HAS TO BE BASED ON INDEPENDENT
RATIONAL INQUIRY AND REAL WORLD EXPERIMENTATION, RATHER
THAN DEPENDENT ON KNOWLEDGE HANDED DOWN BY
AUTHORITIES.
• Anthropocentric -
• Centered on the human person
• Thinkers began to reject the scholastics (medieval thinkers)
excessive reliance on authority.
• period of radical social, political and intellectual developments -
• a mix of approaches
19. RENE DESCARTES (RATIONALISTS, MATHEMATICIAN, PHILOSOPHER, SCIENTIST)
• THINKING CANNOT BE ARTIFICIALIZED
• “COGITO ERGO SUM” I THINK THEREFORE I AM
• HUMAN IDENTITY: SELF-AWARENESS
• THE SELF IF A THINKING THING WHICH CAN EXIST INDEPENDENTLY OF THE BODY
• EMPHASIZES ON THE IDEA OF DUALISM WHICH IS THE MIND BODY INTERACTION
• THINKING (SPIRITUAL SELF) IS GOVERNED BY LAWS OF REASON AND GOD’S WILL
• PHYSICAL BODY IS GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF NATURE PINEAL GLAND ALLOWS
WHAT AFFECTS THE MIND AFFECT THE BODY: TO ALLOW INTERACTION BETWEEN
THE BODY AND THE MIND
Pineal Gland allows what affects the mind affect the body: to allow interaction between the body and
the mind
20. John Locke (empiricist)
• knowledge originated in our direct sense experience
• Reason plays a subsequent role in figuring out the significance of
our sense experience and in reaching intelligent conclusions.
• the self is not necessarily embedded in a single substance or soul,
but exists in space and time
• Every aspect of the physical body is integrated with personal
identity. the body changes the physical self-change.
• The self-endures because of memory
• conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the
keys to understanding the self.
• We carry memories of our past which affects our present selves
22. David Hume
• There is no self!
• Empiricism
• Impressions-basic sensations of experiences
• Ideas- copies of our impressions
• impressions from a fleeting stream of sensations (It flows it
doesn’t stay with us)
• no constant and invariable self that exists as a unified identity
over the course if life.
• fleeting stream of sensations = basis of his claim that there is no
self
• The self is a “Bundle or collection of different perceptions, which
succeed each other in an inconceivable rapidity and are in
perpetual flux and movement”
23. Immanuel Kant
• Contests Hume’s idea by alluding to the primary experience of the world that
is not a disconnected stream of sensations.
• Introduced the A priori concepts: fundamental organizing rules or principles
built into the architecture of the mind, which categorize, organize, and
synthesize sense data into the familiar fabric of our lives bounded by space
and time
• They are innate.
• Unity of consciousness that make the world intelligible.
• The self actively organized all the sensations and thoughts into a picture that
makes sense to each one of us. WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF!
• The self is not an object located in the consciousness, but rather a subject, an
organizing principle that makes a unified and intelligible experience possible.
• The self exists independently of and transcends experiences
• The self is a transcendental unifying principle of consciousness
24. Sigmund Freud
• (Father of Psychoanalysis) •
• The self is multi-tiered self:
1. Conscious level ( we are aware and refers to our thoughts and
perceptions)
2. Preconscious level (we are not aware of it but can be brought to
awareness like memories and stored knowledge)
3. Unconscious level (mental processed that we are not aware of. It
normally has something to do with our fears, immoral values, and such.
In our society, we call it “taboo”)
25. Gilbert Ryle
• The self is defined in terms of behavior that is presented to
the world.
• The self is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition
for a person to behave in certain way in certain
circumstances.
• Simply looking at the person will already give you what
yourself is.
26. Paul Churchland
• The mind or the self is already considered as the brain
• Eliminative Materialism: grounded in neuroscience
• The mind/self is the brain
• Describe what happens to you when you fall in love
(Physically, emotionally, mentally, and cognitively)
• Guys are more likely to say I love you first
• The hearts of people in love are in sync
• Love lowers our serotonin levels which make us crazy
• Love can be addictive literally
• Holding hands with a loved one can reduce pain
• We tend to fall in love with someone similar looking.
27. Contemporary Philosophy
(Late 19th century to early 20th century)
• Political revolution
• Industrial revolution
• Scientific advancements and growth of materialism
• Theory of revolution.
• More humanist as a response to the so-called alienation
of the human person
• The philosophers claim that they are more of a humanist.
28. Edmund Husserl (Father of Phenomenology)
• We experience our self as a unity which the mental and
physical are seamlessly woven together
• Experience by itself is not science
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
• “Lived body”
• an entity that can never be objectified or known in an
completely objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as
object” of the dualists
• “There is no duality of substance but a dialectic of living being
in its biological milieu”
• We should not treat humans like we do not have feelings at all.
29. SOCIOLOGY
THE SELF IN THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through
interaction with other people
• As with socialization in general, the individual is not a passive
participant in this process and have a powerful influence over how
this process and its consequences develop.
• The Looking Glass Self
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
• A person’s self grows out of a person’s social interactions with others
• The concept of ourselves comes from the contemplation of our
person
• Actually how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are,
but rather from how we believe others see us.
31. JOHARI’S WINDOW
IDEAL: MAKE THE BOX OF OPEN
SELF-BIGGER AND IT’S NOT GOOD
WHEN THE HIDDEN SELF GETS
BIGGER BECAUSE IT MEANS YOU
CANNOT OPEN UP. HAVING THE
BLIND SELF OPEN UP, MEANS THAT
YOU ARE OPEN MINDED TO ACCEPT
WHAT PEOPLE TELL YOU.
32. ANTHROPOLOGY
The Self in the Anthropological Perspective
• THE SELF IS EMBEDDED IN THE CULTURE -
• THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SELF IS GREATLY UNDERESTIMATED IN
ANTHROPOLOGY
• IDENTITY(SHARED WITH OTHERS) VS SELF
• WESTERN SELF VS NON-WESTERN SELF: INDIVIDUALISTIC VS
COLLECTIVISTIC EASTERN-??
Western
• RESPECT FOR HIERARCHY IS INHERENT
• RESPECT IS EARNED
• OPEN DEBATE AND CONFRONTATION ARE AVOIDED
• DEBATE IS ENCOURAGED
33. Collectivistic
• DUTY TOWARDS OTHERS IS HIGHLY REGARDED. SUCCESS IS
MEASURE COLLECTIVELY
Individualistic
• FOLLOWING PERSONAL DESIRES IS VALUED. SUCCESS IS
MEASURED INDIVIDUALLY.
• SUCCESS IS CONQUERING YOURSELF
• SUCCESS IS CONQUERING YOUR OWN GOALS
• SUCCESS IS SPIRITUAL. SILENT LEADERSHIP. WALK BEHIND
PEOPLE
• SUCCESS IS MATERIAL.
• VOCAL LEADERSHIP.
34. PSYCHOLOGICAL
START OF SELF
• When she gives birth to a child that is the start of the development
of self.
• The Self Based on Psychoanalytic Approach
• Unconscious Forces
• Libido
• The energy of the sexual drive as a component of the life instinct.
• Sex is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors
38. ID
• THE ID REPRESENTS THE BASIC NEED OF MAN. IF THE ID PROPERLY
CONTROLLED IT COULD BRING WARMTH AND COMFORT. HOWEVER, IF IT IS
NOT CONTROLLED IT CAN DESTROY HIMSELF BUT ALSO HIS
SURROUNDINGS.
• THE ID CAN BE CONTROLLED WHEN THERE IS AWARENESS FROM THE
PERSON. TO STOP AND ASK YOURSELF QUESTIONS.
EGO
• The Psychological Self-Represents the EGO(Rationale Principle)
• It has the power of choice and has something to do with the rationale aspect.
• Consists of ways of behaving and thinking that are socially acceptable
• Thinking ahead
SUPEREGO
• The Social Self-represents the SUPEREGO (Morale principle)
• Conscience- makes us feel guilt
• The SUPEREGO may come before the EGO decides.
39. FUNCTIONALISM
WILLIAM JAMES
• INTRODUCED BY WILLIAM JAMES
• ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALISTS, MENTAL STATES ARE IDENTIFIED
BY WHAT THEY DO RATHER THAN BY WHAT THEY ARE MADE OF.
WILLIAM JAMES THEORY
1. According to James’s (what) pragmatism focuses on the function.
2. Focused on the operation of the skills
SELF-CONCEPT
• Self-concept is an individual’s perception of self and is what helps
make each individual unique
• Positive and negative selfassessments in physical, emotional,
intellectual, and functional dimensions and change over time
• “I and Me” (Self)
40. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
• SYMBOLIC INTERACTION - ANALYZES SOCIETY BY ADDRESSING THE
SUBJECTIVE MEANING THAT PEOPLE IMPOSE ON OBJECTS, EVENTS,
AND BEHAVIORS. SUBJECTIVE MEANINGS ARE GIVEN PRIMACY
BECAUSE IT IS BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE BEHAVE BASED ON WHAT
THEY BELIEVE.
• Cognitive Changes
• Imaginary Audience
• Adolescent delusion that everyone else is always focused on them.
• Personal fable
• we look highly of ourselves
• Invulnerability
• Nothing can harm them
41. SELF-CONCEPT BY CARL ROGERS
• Self-concept matches up to reality is known as congruence and
incongruence.
• Congruence occurs when self-concept is fairly well aligned
with reality
• unconditional love halos to foster congruence.
• Incongruence happens when reality does not match up to our
self-concept.
• He believed that incongruence has its earliest roots in
childhood when parents place condition for their affection on
their children.
42. • SELF-IMAGE- HOW WE SEE OURSELVES
• SELF-ESTEEM-HOW MUCH WE VALUE OUR
SELF.
• IDEAL SELF- THE PERSON WE WISH WE
BECOME.
• REAL SELF- WHAT AM I?
• PROJECTED SELF- HOW I PROJECT MYSELF TO
OTHERS.
• IDEAL SELF- WHAT I ASPIRE TO BE.
(THERE IS AN OVERLAP OF SELF-CONCEPT)
43. SELF-DEFINED BY SOCIAL COMPARISON (FESTINGER, 1954)
• He believed that we engage in this comparison process as
a way of establishing.
Social Comparison Theory
• PEOPLE HAVE AN INNATE DRIVE TO EVALUATE T
HEMSELVES.
(OFTEN IN COMPARISON TO OTHERS)
44. I.Temporalcomparison
- comparing ourselves to our past
selves.
TWO TYPES OF COMPARISON:
II.Socialcomparison
- comparing ourselves to others
using others as basis for evaluating
attributes.
45. I.Upwardsocialcomparison
- when we compare ourselves with
those who we believe are better
than us.
KINDS OF SOCIAL COMPARISON:
II.Downwardsocial
comparison
- when we compare ourselves to
others who are worse off than us.
46. a.Passive
-we consider the previous condition
in making comparison.
TYPES OF DOWNWARD COMPARISON:
b.Active
- we compare with others by
causing harm to them.
47. Self-evaluation
when we look for positive traits in
ourselves based on the best person
we compare ourselves with.
SELF-EVALUATION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENT
Self-enhancement
when we look for aspects of
ourselves that still needs
improvement.
48. Referencegroup
a group to which we compare
ourselves or another group.
“standard for evaluation”
Thecreationofidentities
One’s identity must balance the need
to be similar to one’s reference group
with the need to be unique individual.
49. POSITIVE BODYIMAGE
• satisfied with their image.
BODYIMAGE
• How we perceive ours bodies visually.
• How we feel about our physical
appearance.
• How we think and talk to ourselves
about our bodies.
NEGATIVE BODY IMAGE
• complains about their image
