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The Endocrine System: Hormones
Dr. Radhakrishna G Pillai
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
• Act together to coordinate functions of all body systems
• Nervous system
– Nerve impulses/ Neurotransmitters
– Faster responses, For a short duration, acts on specific target
• Endocrine system
– Hormone – mediator molecule released in one part of the body
but regulates activity of cells in remote areas of body
– Slower responses, effects last longer, broader influence
Endocrine glands
Hormone specificity
• Hormones affect only specific target tissues with
specific receptors
• Hormone specificity is due to the receptors: present
on cell membrane or in cytoplasmic organelles
• Receptors constantly synthesized and broken down
– Down-regulation
– Up-regulation
Hormone types
Circulating – circulate in blood throughout body
Local hormones – act locally
Paracrine – act on neighboring cells
Autocrine – act on the same cell that secreted them
Chemical nature of Hormones
–Lipid-soluble – use transport proteins
» Steroid
» Nitric oxide (NO)
–Water-soluble – circulate in “free” form
» Amine
» Peptide/ protein
» Eicosanoids
• Insulin
• glucagon
• somatotropin
FSH
LH
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Thyrotropin
ACTH
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Corticosterone
Progesterone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Melatonin
Serotonin
Dopamine
Thyroxine, T3 and T4
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
• Response depends on both hormone and target cell
• Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside target cells
Hormone action
• Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma
membrane
– Activates second messenger system
– Amplification of original small signal
• Responsiveness of target cell depends on
– Concentration of Hormone
– Abundance of target cell receptors
– Influence exerted by other hormones
• Permissive, synergistic and antagonistic effects
Action of
water soluble
hormones
• Most hormonal regulation by negative feedback
– Few examples of positive feedback also exist
Control of
hormone
secretions
Nervous
system
Other
Hormones
Thank You
Radhakrishna G Pillai
Pillai_radhakrishna@hotmail.com
0091 9495554891

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The endocrine system introduction

  • 1. The Endocrine System: Hormones Dr. Radhakrishna G Pillai
  • 2. Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Act together to coordinate functions of all body systems • Nervous system – Nerve impulses/ Neurotransmitters – Faster responses, For a short duration, acts on specific target • Endocrine system – Hormone – mediator molecule released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in remote areas of body – Slower responses, effects last longer, broader influence
  • 4. Hormone specificity • Hormones affect only specific target tissues with specific receptors • Hormone specificity is due to the receptors: present on cell membrane or in cytoplasmic organelles • Receptors constantly synthesized and broken down – Down-regulation – Up-regulation
  • 5. Hormone types Circulating – circulate in blood throughout body Local hormones – act locally Paracrine – act on neighboring cells Autocrine – act on the same cell that secreted them
  • 6. Chemical nature of Hormones –Lipid-soluble – use transport proteins » Steroid » Nitric oxide (NO) –Water-soluble – circulate in “free” form » Amine » Peptide/ protein » Eicosanoids
  • 7. • Insulin • glucagon • somatotropin FSH LH Vasopressin Oxytocin Thyrotropin ACTH Estrogen Testosterone Cortisol Aldosterone Corticosterone Progesterone Epinephrine Norepinephrine Melatonin Serotonin Dopamine Thyroxine, T3 and T4
  • 8. Mechanisms of Hormone Action • Response depends on both hormone and target cell • Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside target cells
  • 9. Hormone action • Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane – Activates second messenger system – Amplification of original small signal • Responsiveness of target cell depends on – Concentration of Hormone – Abundance of target cell receptors – Influence exerted by other hormones • Permissive, synergistic and antagonistic effects
  • 11. • Most hormonal regulation by negative feedback – Few examples of positive feedback also exist Control of hormone secretions Nervous system Other Hormones
  • 12. Thank You Radhakrishna G Pillai Pillai_radhakrishna@hotmail.com 0091 9495554891