2. Is scientific calculator is an embedded
system?
• An electronic calculator was one of the first
applications of an embedded microcontroller.
• It is considered an embedded system
because in addition to calculating answers, it
is also handling low level functions such as
input from the keypad and output to the
LCD screen.
• And it is a dedicated system for performing
mathematical operation.
3.
4. INTRODUCTION
An electronic calculator is a small, portable, often
inexpensive electronic device used to perform both basic
and complex operations of arithmetic.
The first solid state electronic calculator was created in
the 1960s.
Abacus, developed around 2000 BC, and the Mechanical
calculator, developed in the 17th century.
5.
6. HISTORY OF CALCULATOR
The first known tool used to aid arithmetic calculations was the
Abacus, devised by Sumerians and Egyptians before 2000
BC.
In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical
calculator by the famous intellectual Blaise Pascal, a device
that will eventually perform all four arithmetic operations
without relying on human intelligence.
After that many scientist such as G.poleni tried to make a
programmable calculator and at last they succeed.
11. Pocket calculator
• By 1970, a calculator could be made using just a few chips of
low power consumption, allowing portable models powered
from rechargeable batteries.
• The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in
• 1970, and were soon marketed around the world.
• In 1971 Pico Electronics and General Instrument also
introduced their first collaboration in ICs, a complete single
chip calculator IC for the Monroe Royal Digital III calculator.
• The first American-made pocket-sized calculator, the
Bowmar 901B in 1971
12. Programmable calculator
The first desktop programmable calculators were produced
in the mid-1960s by Mathatronics and Casio (AL-1000).
The first programmable pocket calculator was the HP-65, in
1974; it had a capacity of 100 instructions, and could store
and retrieve programs with a built-in magnetic card reader.
The first Soviet programmable desktop calculator ISKRA 123,
powered by the power grid, was released at the beginning of
the 1970s.
Nowadays many companies started manufacturing this type
of programmable calculator.
13. ARTHUR G. EGGERS, BSEE, MBA
INSTRUCTOR/PROGRAM DIRECTOR
COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA
USING THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
14. ARTHUR G. EGGERS, BSEE, MBA
INSTRUCTOR/PROGRAM DIRECTOR
COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA
USING THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
Programmable Scientific Calculators
15. ARTHUR G. EGGERS, BSEE, MBA
INSTRUCTOR/PROGRAM DIRECTOR
COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA
USING THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
GRAPHING CALCULATOR
16. Specs:
• Input: Keyboard: About 40 tiny plastic keys with a
rubber membrane underneath and a touch-sensitive
circuit underneath that.
• Processor: A microchip that does all the hard work.
This does the same job as all the hundreds of gears
in an early calculator.
• Output: A liquid crystal display (LCD) for showing you
the numbers you type in and the results of your
calculations.
• Power source: A long-life battery (mine has a thin
lithium "button" cell that lasts several years).Some
calculators also have a solar cell to provide free
power in the daylight.
22. Design
Modern electronic calculators contain a keyboard with
buttons for digits and arithmetical operations. Some
even contain 00 and 000 buttons to make large
numbers easier to enter.
Fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal
approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333.
Also, some fractions such as 1⁄7 which is
0.14285714285714 (to fourteen significant figures) can
be difficult to recognize in decimal form; as a result,
many scientific calculators are able to work improper
fractions and/or mixed numbers.
28. Applications of calculator:
• Used for performing calculations involving addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, roots, powers,
exponentiation, logarithms, trigonometric functions,
inverse trigonometric functions, iterative solutions for
transcendental equations, differential and integral
calculus, elementary statistics and matrix algebra. In
addition to straightforward calculation problems, the
contest shall include geometric and stated problems
similar to those found in recently adopted high school
algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, pre-calculus and
calculus
29. • Physicists and engineers use scientific calculators,
which are much more advanced than standard
calculators. These calculators have large screens
that can display graphs or multiple lines of
calculations
• Accountants and other finance professionals also
use specialized calculators, known as financial
calculators, which can calculate interest on loans
or savings and quickly perform currency
conversions.
30. Merits:
• To reduce the complexity of solving problems.
• for quick learning of subject in students, the calculator is
allowed to use in schools and colleges.
• Accurate counting of a number can be brought out by using
calculator.
• Using a calculators, students become more comfortable
with developing new technology.
• Enough number of problem’s can be solved repeatedly
without any difficulty.
• Scientific calculator offers a wide range of data conversion.
31. Demerits:
• People find it difficult to do simple calculations without the
use of a calculator.
• Teachers and Parents are against making use of calculator
for lower level class of students because which reduces the
basic skill of learning mathematics techniques among
them.
• Logical thought of mind or logical learning skills keeps on
reducing day by day.
• Even though the need of a calculator is essential and used
in wide range of application manual method of solving the
problem is carried out for verification is carried.
32. TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Through the 1970s the hand-held electronic calculator underwent
rapid development.
The red LED and blue/green vacuum fluorescent displays
consumed a lot of power and the calculators either had a short
battery life or were large so that they could take larger, higher
capacity batteries.
Busicom introduced the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY" calculator, the first
pocket-sized calculator and the first with an LED display.
A more successful series of calculators using a reflective DSM-LCD
was launched in 1972 by Sharp Inc with the Sharp EL-805, which
was a slim pocket calculator.
33. Current Major manufacturers of Calculator
Aurora Office Equipment Company (China)
Canon Electronic Business Machines (HK) Co., Ltd.
(Hong Kong)
Casio Computer Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Citizen Systems Japan Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
(U.S.A.)
Sharp Corporation (Japan)
Texas Instruments Inc. (U.S.A.)
