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Ch07 d.skeletal
1.
Human Anatomy &
Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 7 The Skeleton P A R T D
2.
The Upper Limb
The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus) Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Arm The
humerus is the sole bone of the arm It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Arm Major
markings Proximal humerus includes the head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, and the intertubercular groove Distal humerus includes the capitulum, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, and the coronoid and olecranon fossae Medial portion includes the radial groove and the deltoid process Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Humerus of the
Arm Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.23
6.
Forearm The
bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones They also articulate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Bones of the
Forearm Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
8.
Ulna The
ulna lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus Its major markings include the olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloid process Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Radius The
radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Radius and Ulna
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
11.
Hand Skeleton
of the hand contains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals), and bones of the fingers (phalanges) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.26a
12.
Carpus (Wrist)
Consists of eight bones Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Metacarpus (Palm)
Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally Heads articulate with the phalanges Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Phalanges (Fingers)
Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called phalanges Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges – distal, middle, and proximal The thumb has no middle phalanx Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelves Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.4.1
16.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelves Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.4.2
17.
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal) Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
The pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27a
20.
Ilium The
ilium is a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Ilium The
auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, and the pelvic brim Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Ilium: Lateral View
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27b
23.
Ilium: Medial View
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27c
24.
Ischium The
ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone The thick body articulates with the ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis Major markings include the ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, and the ischial tuberosity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Pubis The
pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone It articulates with the ischium and the ilium Major markings include superior and inferior rami, the pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pubic arch, pubic symphysis, and obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Pubis: Lateral View
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27b
27.
Pubis: Medial View
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27c
28.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelvic Structure Female pelvis Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing True pelvis defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelvic Structure Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelvic Structure Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Image from Table 7.4
31.
Comparison of Male
and Female Pelvic Structure Characteristic Female Male Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚–90˚ 50˚–60˚ Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally
32.
The Lower Limb
The three segments of the lower limb are the thigh, leg, and foot They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
Femur The
sole bone of the thigh is the femur, the largest and strongest bone in the body It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellar surface, and the intercondylar notch Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Femur Copyright ©
2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.28b
35.
Leg The
tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Tibia Receives
the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot Major markings include medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and fibular notch Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Tibia and Fibula
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.29
38.
Fibula Sticklike
bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia Major markings include the head and lateral malleolus Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Foot The
skeleton of the foot includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes) The foot supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.31a
40.
Tarsus Composed
of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and calcaneus Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly Other tarsus bones include the cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
Tarsus Copyright ©
2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.31b, c
42.
Calcaneus Forms
the heel of the foot Carries the talus on its superior surface Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
Metatarsus and Phalanges
Metatarsals Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges The enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux, which has no middle phalanx Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44.
Metatarsus and Phalanges
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.31a
45.
Arches of the
Foot The foot has three arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments Arches allow the foot to hold up weight The arches are: Lateral longitudinal – cuboid is keystone of this arch Medial longitudinal – talus is keystone of this arch Transverse – runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46.
Arches of the
Foot Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.32
47.
Developmental Aspects: Fetal
Skull Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull At birth, fetal skull bones are incomplete and connected by fontanels Fontanels Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones The four fontanels are anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48.
Developmental Aspects: Fetal
Skull Skull bones such as the mandible and maxilla are unfused Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.33
49.
Developmental Aspects: Growth
Rates At birth, the cranium is huge relative to the face Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age The arms and legs grow at a faster rate than the head and trunk, leading to adult proportions Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.34
50.
Developmental Aspects: Spinal
Curvature Only thoracic and sacral curvatures are present at birth The primary curvatures are convex posteriorly, causing the infant spine to arch like a four-legged animal Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar – are convex anteriorly and are associated with the child’s development Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
51.
Developmental Aspects: Old
Age Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic Risk of disc herniation increases Loss of stature by several centimeters is common after age 55 Costal cartilages ossify causing the thorax to become rigid All bones lose mass Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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