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The Life and Times of
  Higher Education

       Birmingham
 Wednesday 17 October 2012
     Matthew Andrews
Introduction to the
 History of Higher
     Education

the first three thousand years
The Oldest University in the UK?
King Alfred
I shall now proceed to give my readers an account of that
famous UNIVERSITY, which is equalled by none
in Europe, except it be by her Sister Oxford; and, even
of her, she has the seniority by 265 years

But no one will question Cambridge’s being the seat of
the learned in the reign of King Alfred, the Solomon of the
Saxon-line. And at the Norman invasion, it was become
so famous, that the Conqueror committed the instruction
of his youngest son, afterwards king Henry I, to the
governors of this learned body, who improved so much
under his Cambridge tutors, that he ever after obtained
the additional name of Beauclerk, or the learned student.
Ancient Stamford
Was the first University in the world founded in
Stamford in the 9th century BC by a descendant of
Aeneas of Ionian Troy?

Bladud's University at Stamford, founded in 863 BC
Actual Origins
Development of Universitas and the
Studium Generale.

Issues of jurisdiction between the power
to grant the licence ubique docendi (the
right to teach across Christendom) and
local guild protections.

Colleges are a later invention to support
students in the higher faculties.
University of Stamford 1333-35

In the Michaelmas term of [1333] a
battle-weary group of northern masters
migrated to Stamford. ...

As soon as it became obvious that the
secessionist masters had created a
new university and were attracting
students, Oxford invoked the aid of the
crown to get it suppressed.


                                          Supposed Gateway of Brazen Nose Hall
Restricted Development
(1) to keep and observe the statutes, privileges, customs and liberties of the
University.

(2) You also swear that in the Faculty to which you are now admitted Graduate, you
shall not solemnly perform your readings as in a University anywhere in this
Kingdom but here in Oxford or in Cambridge; nor shall you take degrees, as in a
University, in any Faculty whatsoever, nor shall you consent that any person who
hath taken his degree elsewhere shall be admitted as a master here in the said
faculty, to which he shall be elsewhere admitted.

(3) You shall also swear that you will not read lectures, or hear them read, at
Stamford, as in a University study, or college general.
University of Dublin 1311
              John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin obtained a
              Bull from Clement V establishing:

              'An university of Schools, and more over a
              general school in every science and lawful
              faculty, to flourish there for ever, in which
              masters might freely teach and scholars be
              auditors in the said faculties'
Scotland: A different story
1413   St. Andrews - war and schism
1451   Glasgow - 'where the air is mild, victuals are plentiful'
1495   King’s College - northern focus
1583   Edinburgh - the first civic founding
1593   Marischal College - reformation
London University & Henry VIII
• Sir Nicholas Bacon was Solicitor to the Court of
 Augmentations, which had been established to
 manage Church property passed to the Crown.

• He proposed to Henry VIII that a London University
 should be funded by the proceeds of the
 dissolution of the monasteries.

• The University was intended for the study of law
 and the training of ambassadors and statesmen.
The C16 "University" of London
              Writing in 1587 William Harrison described
              three 'noble universities in England'.
The Third Vniversitie
                 Although no formal
                 institution existed in London
                 as a university there was
                 higher learning (as
                 understood in the
                 seventeenth
                 century). Some argued this
                 constituted a 'third
                 university', including Sir
                 George Buck in 1615.
University of Dublin 1591
Trinity College, Dublin

‘A College for learning, whereby
knowledge and civility might be
increased by the instruction of our
people there, wherof many have
usually heretofore used to travaile into
ffrance, Italy and Spaine to get learning
in such forreigne universities, whereby
they have been infected with poperie
and other ill qualities, and soe became
evill subjects.’
The University of Ripon
• The revenues of Ripon Minster had been in the hands of the Crown since the
 Dissolution

• On 4 July 1604, the corporation of Ripon sent a petition to Queen Anne, wife of
 James I, requesting these funds be used for a college "after the manner of a
 university" for the benefit of the "Borders of England and Scotland"

• An order was issued and provision made...
• ...but nothing happened
The Commonwealth
The Commonwealth: 1649 to 1660   As we the inhabitants of
                                 the northern parts ... have been
                                 looked upon as a rude and barbarous
                                 people in respect of those parts
                                 which, by reason of their vicinity to
                                 the universities, have more fully
                                 partaken of the light and influence, so
                                 we cannot but be importunate in this
                                 request. (1652)
Cromwell's College in Durham
15 May 1657

Letters Patent were issued for the
establishment of ‘the Provost, Fellows, and
Scholars of the College in Durham of the
Foundation of Oliver, Lord Protector of the
Commonwealth of England’
Dissenting Academies
Philip Doddridge's curriculum at Northampton Academy 1740

First Year    Second Year    Third Year      Fourth Year


Logic         Trigonometry   Natural and     Civil Law
                             Civil History

Rhetoric      Conic sections Anatomy         Mythology &
                                             Hieroglyphics

Geography     Celestial      Jewish          English History
              Mechanics      Antiquities

Metaphysics   Natural &      Divinity        History of
              Experimental                   Nonconformity
              philosophy
Geometry      Divinity       Orations        Divinity


Algebra       Orations                       Preaching and
                                             pastoral care
The Early Nineteenth Century
Firm Proposals

 • London - 1825
 • York - 1825
 • Leeds - 1826
 • Liverpool - late 1820s?
 • Dumfries - 1829-31
 • Newcastle - 1831
 • Durham - 1831
 • Bath - 1839

                             Queen's College, Bath
St David's College, Lampeter
Educational Development
Proposed Metropolitan University

                     Thomas Campbell address an
                     open letter to Henry Brougham, in
                     The Times on 9 February 1825
Competing Interests in 1828
                 Lectures and Examinations
                 for King's College Students




                      Sense and Science

                                  vs

                      Money and Interest
Durham University
                    • Established in 1831, Act of
                     Parliament in 1832, admitted
                     students in 1833, received a
                     Charter in 1837.

                    • Subjects included science,
                     engineering, medicine, law,
                     history, theology and Arts.

                    • Introduced external examiners to
                     put space between teaching and
                     examining - early quality
                     assurance!
An Era of Federal Universities
1836: University of London
UCL and KCL and supporting Colleges in Exeter, Bristol, Southampton, Leicester,
Nottingham, Wales, et al

1845: Queen’s University of Ireland
Belfast, Cork and Galway

1880: Victoria University
Manchester (Owen's College, 1851), Liverpool 1884, Leeds 1887

1893: University of Wales
Univ College Wales (1872, now Aberystwyth University), Univ College North Wales
(1884, now Bangor University) and Univ College
South Wales and Monmouthshire (1883, now Cardiff University)
The Sense of a Sector
Break-up of federal systems in England
  •Liverpool (1903), Leeds (1904), Victoria Manchester (1904)

University Grants Committee (UGC)
  •Very little direct Government funding of HE during C19
  •Proposed in 1904 and realised in 1918
  •Became University Funding Council in 1989

Committee of Vice-Chancellors & Principals (CVCP)
  •
  More informal meetings had occurred before
  •
  Founded in 1918
  •
  Included the heads of 22 universities
Post-War Development
• UCCA 1961
• Robbins Report 1963
• CNAA 1964
• Hatfield Polytechnic 1967
• Open University 1971




                              • Colleges of Advanced Technology
                              • Green Field Universities
                              • University Grants
Anthony Crosland 1965
‘Why should we not aim at … a vocationally orientated non-university sector which is
degree-giving and with appropriate amount of postgraduate work with opportunities
for learning comparable with those of the universities, and giving a first class
professional training … under state control, directly responsible to social needs’
New Universities
                   University of Stirling opened
                   on Monday 18 September 1967 to 164
                   undergraduates and 31
                   postgraduates.
Universities and the 1980s
The government reduced expenditure
on higher education and the UGC
introduced a cap on student intakes
(1981). The block grant was divided
into core funding and a separate
element for research (RAE in 1986).

Commissioned by the CVCP, the
Jarratt Report (1985) adopted the
view that higher education was a
business and downplayed its social
and cultural role. The controversial
report reflected and accelerated an
adoption of business models within
higher education.
Overseas Students
• Robbins considered the subsidy for overseas students as a form of 'aid'.
• 1950/1 - 12,500
• 1958/9 - 42,100
• 1968/9 - 69,819
• 1978/9 - 119,559
• From 1980/1 international student fees were to cover the full cost of tuition.
• University grants were reduced accordingly
1990
The student maintenance grant was      The CVCP establish the Academic
frozen and future increases were       Audit Unit (AAU), which only existed for
instead to be delivered via a top-up   two years before being replaced by the
loan; the Student Loans Company        Higher Education Quality Council
(SLC) was established to administer    (HEQC).
the scheme.
Mission Groups
• Russell Group – 24 members - formed in 1994
• 1994 Group – 15 members - formed in 1994
• Million Plus – 27 members - formed in 1997
• University Alliance – 23 members - formed in 2009
Further and Higher Education Act
  • 1992 and all that
  • Converted all polytechnics and Scottish Central Institutions into Universities
  • Created the funding councils in the devolved administrations
Since 1992 some colleges of HE have become universities, e.g. Edge Hill University
(formerly Edge Hill College) and University of Wales, Newport (formerly Gwent
College of HE)
The Dearing Report: 1997
UK-wide enquiry of the 'purposes, shape, structure, size and funding of higher
education' led by Sir (later Lord) Ron Dearing. The Enquiry found that in the twenty
years to 1996:

  • the number of students has much more than doubled;
  • public funding for higher education has increased in real terms by 45 per cent;
  • the unit of funding per student has fallen by 40 per cent;
  • public spending on higher education, as a percentage of gross domestic product,
   has stayed the same.
Dearing on Student Finance
Recommendation 78
We recommend ... income contingent terms for the payment of any contribution
towards living costs or tuition costs sought from graduates in work.

Recommendation 79
We recommend ... a flat rate contribution of around 25 per cent of the average cost
of higher education tuition

Mortgage-style repayments were replaced by income-contingent payments but
fees remained means-tested and payable upfront.
Who won the war of Dearing’s ear?
"The treatment of the complexities of the funding question were generally well-
handled, the options fairly described, and broadly the correct conclusions were
reached. The Government’s subsequent reaction is hard to understand and difficult
to justify."

Was response to Browne any different?
Devolution in the United Kingdom
Tony Blair was elected in 1997 and carried through a manifesto promise to hold
devolution referenda.
Scotland take a different road
• The Cubie report (after Sir Andrew Cubie) recommended that tuition fees should
 be abolished and replaced with a 'graduate endowment'.

• Students were only required to pay back £3,000 worth of 'fees' when their
 earnings reached £25,000, through taking out a student loan.

• Scrapped altogether in 2007.
The Era of Acronyms and Quangos

          1988 - CUC
           1990 - SLC
          1993 - HESA
          1993 - JISC
           2004 - HEA
           2004 - OIA
          2004 - OFFA
           2005 - NSS
Students in the History of
    Higher Education

the students have always been revolting
The Student University 1088
The first Universitas – guild – was of students in Bologna
Few rules for students themselves, but…

  • The doctors were compelled, under pain of a ban which would have deprived
   them of pupils and income, to swear obedience to the students’ rector, and to
   obey any other regulations which the universities might think fit to impose on
   them –

  • A professor requiring leave of absence even for a single day was compelled to
   obtain it first from his own pupils…

  • The professor was obliged to begin his lecture when the bells of S.Peter’s began
   to ring for mass, under a penalty of 20 solidi for each offence … while he is
   forbidden to continue his lecture one minute after the bell has begun to ring for
   tierce.
Nineteenth Century Student Life

                     At the wine
                     parties also
                     that he
                     attended he
                     became rather
                     greater adept
                     at cards than he
                     had formerly
                     been.
Nineteenth Century Student Life

                    ...finding the
                    streamers of his
                    gown had been
                    put to a use
                    never intended
                    for them.
Social Life at Lancaster University
The Daily Mail: 1 January 2011
                Pass the sick bag: The antics of these
                Imperial College medical students
                should worry us all

                Here, we would like to assume, the next
                generation of brilliant British scientists
                and technologists is being groomed for
                great things... the buckets were made
                available on the orders of the student
                union. 'We recognise that there is a
                good chance of people vomiting on a
                Wednesday night and so provide orange
                buckets for this purpose.’
The Daily Mail: 2 May 2011
              Stripping, vomiting and fighting: Shame of
              Cambridge students after drunken Bank
              Holiday party in park ruins family picnics.

              Visitors to Jesus Green, including many with
              children, were subjected to views of students
              fighting, stripping off, vomiting and urinating
              in bushes and flower beds.
Cambridge Morals
'One great cause of the acknowledged laxity prevailing in that University is the
system permitting the undergraduates to lodge in the town during their whole course,
whereby, of course, very little true supervision can be kept up. ... I myself can supply
instances of gross violation of the Seventh Commandment, which were committee
by out-college men during my own term of residence'.


The Guardian, 23 February 1859
The Times: 24 December 1828
Students are generally ‘inconsiderate, rude and mischievous’. If the building goes
ahead, the correspondent opined, its presence would be ‘far more turbulent, and
vastly more mischievous, than the bears, the kangaroos, the wolves, and the tiger-
cat in the adjacent menagerie’.
Serious Student Misbehaviour

           'We collected stories of physical
           attacks, stalking, verbal abuse and
           sexual harassment by students.'
Living Together, Working Together
              In response to increasing concerns amongst
              residents in some areas that the growing
              number of students living in the private rented
              sector has resulted in more rubbish and litter,
              noise, antisocial behaviour, poor housing
              quality and feelings of a ‘loss of community and
              neighbourhood’. UUK, GuildHE and the
              NUS are committed to developing partnerships
              to tackle problems and the perception of
              problems.

              June 2010
Contemporary Higher
       Education

the relevance of historic precedences to
   policy making and administration
Linking HE and Schools

University of London   Oxford Brookes University
Capacity in Higher Education
If one of the highest and most           The government is also seeking to
imperative of our national needs is to   expand student numbers without extra
be adequately met, a carefully           cost to the taxpayer, and has
considered and prudently carried-out     considered a controversial proposal to
increase in the number of English        let students pay for extra "off-quota"
universities is expedient and indeed     places that would not be funded by the
necessary.                               state.

A.W.Ward                                 The Guardian
November 1878                            June 2011
Accelerated Degrees
It brought more men up, it is true; but   Two-year degrees have been shown to
Durham got the discredit of being an      appeal particularly to mature students,
institution which gave degrees on         people from ethnic minorities and
easier terms than any other university.   employers with skills shortages.

Whiting on 1862 Royal Commission          BIS Technical Consultation, 2011
Institutional Size
Year: Oxford - Cambridge   Do you agree with our proposal to
                           reduce the numbers criterion for
1580: 445 - 465            university title to 1,000 FTE HE
1680: 321 - 294            students of which at least 750 are
1780: 254 - 171            studying for a degree alongside a
1880: 766 - 927            requirement that more than 50% FTE
                           of an organisation’s overall student
                           body is studying HE?

                           BIS Technical
                           Consultation, 2011
The lasting appeal of "prestige"
When the point had been duly settled, that Mr. Verdant Green was to receive a
university education, the next question to be decided was, to which of the three
Universities should he go? To Oxford, Cambridge, or Durham? But this was a
matter which was soon determined upon. Mr. Green at once put aside Durham, on
account of its infancy, and its wanting the prestige that attaches to the names of the
two great Universities. Cambridge was treated quite as summarily, because Mr.
Green had conceived the notion that nothing but mathematics were ever thought or
talked of there.

NB London was not even mentioned!
The Life and Times of
  Higher Education

       Birmingham
 Wednesday 17 October 2012
     Matthew Andrews

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AUA Development Conference - Matthew Andrews

  • 1. The Life and Times of Higher Education Birmingham Wednesday 17 October 2012 Matthew Andrews
  • 2. Introduction to the History of Higher Education the first three thousand years
  • 4. King Alfred I shall now proceed to give my readers an account of that famous UNIVERSITY, which is equalled by none in Europe, except it be by her Sister Oxford; and, even of her, she has the seniority by 265 years But no one will question Cambridge’s being the seat of the learned in the reign of King Alfred, the Solomon of the Saxon-line. And at the Norman invasion, it was become so famous, that the Conqueror committed the instruction of his youngest son, afterwards king Henry I, to the governors of this learned body, who improved so much under his Cambridge tutors, that he ever after obtained the additional name of Beauclerk, or the learned student.
  • 5. Ancient Stamford Was the first University in the world founded in Stamford in the 9th century BC by a descendant of Aeneas of Ionian Troy? Bladud's University at Stamford, founded in 863 BC
  • 6. Actual Origins Development of Universitas and the Studium Generale. Issues of jurisdiction between the power to grant the licence ubique docendi (the right to teach across Christendom) and local guild protections. Colleges are a later invention to support students in the higher faculties.
  • 7. University of Stamford 1333-35 In the Michaelmas term of [1333] a battle-weary group of northern masters migrated to Stamford. ... As soon as it became obvious that the secessionist masters had created a new university and were attracting students, Oxford invoked the aid of the crown to get it suppressed. Supposed Gateway of Brazen Nose Hall
  • 8. Restricted Development (1) to keep and observe the statutes, privileges, customs and liberties of the University. (2) You also swear that in the Faculty to which you are now admitted Graduate, you shall not solemnly perform your readings as in a University anywhere in this Kingdom but here in Oxford or in Cambridge; nor shall you take degrees, as in a University, in any Faculty whatsoever, nor shall you consent that any person who hath taken his degree elsewhere shall be admitted as a master here in the said faculty, to which he shall be elsewhere admitted. (3) You shall also swear that you will not read lectures, or hear them read, at Stamford, as in a University study, or college general.
  • 9. University of Dublin 1311 John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin obtained a Bull from Clement V establishing: 'An university of Schools, and more over a general school in every science and lawful faculty, to flourish there for ever, in which masters might freely teach and scholars be auditors in the said faculties'
  • 10. Scotland: A different story 1413 St. Andrews - war and schism 1451 Glasgow - 'where the air is mild, victuals are plentiful' 1495 King’s College - northern focus 1583 Edinburgh - the first civic founding 1593 Marischal College - reformation
  • 11. London University & Henry VIII • Sir Nicholas Bacon was Solicitor to the Court of Augmentations, which had been established to manage Church property passed to the Crown. • He proposed to Henry VIII that a London University should be funded by the proceeds of the dissolution of the monasteries. • The University was intended for the study of law and the training of ambassadors and statesmen.
  • 12. The C16 "University" of London Writing in 1587 William Harrison described three 'noble universities in England'.
  • 13. The Third Vniversitie Although no formal institution existed in London as a university there was higher learning (as understood in the seventeenth century). Some argued this constituted a 'third university', including Sir George Buck in 1615.
  • 14. University of Dublin 1591 Trinity College, Dublin ‘A College for learning, whereby knowledge and civility might be increased by the instruction of our people there, wherof many have usually heretofore used to travaile into ffrance, Italy and Spaine to get learning in such forreigne universities, whereby they have been infected with poperie and other ill qualities, and soe became evill subjects.’
  • 15. The University of Ripon • The revenues of Ripon Minster had been in the hands of the Crown since the Dissolution • On 4 July 1604, the corporation of Ripon sent a petition to Queen Anne, wife of James I, requesting these funds be used for a college "after the manner of a university" for the benefit of the "Borders of England and Scotland" • An order was issued and provision made... • ...but nothing happened
  • 16. The Commonwealth The Commonwealth: 1649 to 1660 As we the inhabitants of the northern parts ... have been looked upon as a rude and barbarous people in respect of those parts which, by reason of their vicinity to the universities, have more fully partaken of the light and influence, so we cannot but be importunate in this request. (1652)
  • 17. Cromwell's College in Durham 15 May 1657 Letters Patent were issued for the establishment of ‘the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the College in Durham of the Foundation of Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England’
  • 18. Dissenting Academies Philip Doddridge's curriculum at Northampton Academy 1740 First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Logic Trigonometry Natural and Civil Law Civil History Rhetoric Conic sections Anatomy Mythology & Hieroglyphics Geography Celestial Jewish English History Mechanics Antiquities Metaphysics Natural & Divinity History of Experimental Nonconformity philosophy Geometry Divinity Orations Divinity Algebra Orations Preaching and pastoral care
  • 19. The Early Nineteenth Century Firm Proposals • London - 1825 • York - 1825 • Leeds - 1826 • Liverpool - late 1820s? • Dumfries - 1829-31 • Newcastle - 1831 • Durham - 1831 • Bath - 1839 Queen's College, Bath
  • 22. Proposed Metropolitan University Thomas Campbell address an open letter to Henry Brougham, in The Times on 9 February 1825
  • 23. Competing Interests in 1828 Lectures and Examinations for King's College Students Sense and Science vs Money and Interest
  • 24. Durham University • Established in 1831, Act of Parliament in 1832, admitted students in 1833, received a Charter in 1837. • Subjects included science, engineering, medicine, law, history, theology and Arts. • Introduced external examiners to put space between teaching and examining - early quality assurance!
  • 25. An Era of Federal Universities 1836: University of London UCL and KCL and supporting Colleges in Exeter, Bristol, Southampton, Leicester, Nottingham, Wales, et al 1845: Queen’s University of Ireland Belfast, Cork and Galway 1880: Victoria University Manchester (Owen's College, 1851), Liverpool 1884, Leeds 1887 1893: University of Wales Univ College Wales (1872, now Aberystwyth University), Univ College North Wales (1884, now Bangor University) and Univ College South Wales and Monmouthshire (1883, now Cardiff University)
  • 26. The Sense of a Sector Break-up of federal systems in England •Liverpool (1903), Leeds (1904), Victoria Manchester (1904) University Grants Committee (UGC) •Very little direct Government funding of HE during C19 •Proposed in 1904 and realised in 1918 •Became University Funding Council in 1989 Committee of Vice-Chancellors & Principals (CVCP) • More informal meetings had occurred before • Founded in 1918 • Included the heads of 22 universities
  • 27. Post-War Development • UCCA 1961 • Robbins Report 1963 • CNAA 1964 • Hatfield Polytechnic 1967 • Open University 1971 • Colleges of Advanced Technology • Green Field Universities • University Grants
  • 28. Anthony Crosland 1965 ‘Why should we not aim at … a vocationally orientated non-university sector which is degree-giving and with appropriate amount of postgraduate work with opportunities for learning comparable with those of the universities, and giving a first class professional training … under state control, directly responsible to social needs’
  • 29. New Universities University of Stirling opened on Monday 18 September 1967 to 164 undergraduates and 31 postgraduates.
  • 30. Universities and the 1980s The government reduced expenditure on higher education and the UGC introduced a cap on student intakes (1981). The block grant was divided into core funding and a separate element for research (RAE in 1986). Commissioned by the CVCP, the Jarratt Report (1985) adopted the view that higher education was a business and downplayed its social and cultural role. The controversial report reflected and accelerated an adoption of business models within higher education.
  • 31. Overseas Students • Robbins considered the subsidy for overseas students as a form of 'aid'. • 1950/1 - 12,500 • 1958/9 - 42,100 • 1968/9 - 69,819 • 1978/9 - 119,559 • From 1980/1 international student fees were to cover the full cost of tuition. • University grants were reduced accordingly
  • 32. 1990 The student maintenance grant was The CVCP establish the Academic frozen and future increases were Audit Unit (AAU), which only existed for instead to be delivered via a top-up two years before being replaced by the loan; the Student Loans Company Higher Education Quality Council (SLC) was established to administer (HEQC). the scheme.
  • 33. Mission Groups • Russell Group – 24 members - formed in 1994 • 1994 Group – 15 members - formed in 1994 • Million Plus – 27 members - formed in 1997 • University Alliance – 23 members - formed in 2009
  • 34. Further and Higher Education Act • 1992 and all that • Converted all polytechnics and Scottish Central Institutions into Universities • Created the funding councils in the devolved administrations Since 1992 some colleges of HE have become universities, e.g. Edge Hill University (formerly Edge Hill College) and University of Wales, Newport (formerly Gwent College of HE)
  • 35. The Dearing Report: 1997 UK-wide enquiry of the 'purposes, shape, structure, size and funding of higher education' led by Sir (later Lord) Ron Dearing. The Enquiry found that in the twenty years to 1996: • the number of students has much more than doubled; • public funding for higher education has increased in real terms by 45 per cent; • the unit of funding per student has fallen by 40 per cent; • public spending on higher education, as a percentage of gross domestic product, has stayed the same.
  • 36. Dearing on Student Finance Recommendation 78 We recommend ... income contingent terms for the payment of any contribution towards living costs or tuition costs sought from graduates in work. Recommendation 79 We recommend ... a flat rate contribution of around 25 per cent of the average cost of higher education tuition Mortgage-style repayments were replaced by income-contingent payments but fees remained means-tested and payable upfront.
  • 37. Who won the war of Dearing’s ear? "The treatment of the complexities of the funding question were generally well- handled, the options fairly described, and broadly the correct conclusions were reached. The Government’s subsequent reaction is hard to understand and difficult to justify." Was response to Browne any different?
  • 38. Devolution in the United Kingdom Tony Blair was elected in 1997 and carried through a manifesto promise to hold devolution referenda.
  • 39. Scotland take a different road • The Cubie report (after Sir Andrew Cubie) recommended that tuition fees should be abolished and replaced with a 'graduate endowment'. • Students were only required to pay back £3,000 worth of 'fees' when their earnings reached £25,000, through taking out a student loan. • Scrapped altogether in 2007.
  • 40. The Era of Acronyms and Quangos 1988 - CUC 1990 - SLC 1993 - HESA 1993 - JISC 2004 - HEA 2004 - OIA 2004 - OFFA 2005 - NSS
  • 41. Students in the History of Higher Education the students have always been revolting
  • 42. The Student University 1088 The first Universitas – guild – was of students in Bologna Few rules for students themselves, but… • The doctors were compelled, under pain of a ban which would have deprived them of pupils and income, to swear obedience to the students’ rector, and to obey any other regulations which the universities might think fit to impose on them – • A professor requiring leave of absence even for a single day was compelled to obtain it first from his own pupils… • The professor was obliged to begin his lecture when the bells of S.Peter’s began to ring for mass, under a penalty of 20 solidi for each offence … while he is forbidden to continue his lecture one minute after the bell has begun to ring for tierce.
  • 43. Nineteenth Century Student Life At the wine parties also that he attended he became rather greater adept at cards than he had formerly been.
  • 44. Nineteenth Century Student Life ...finding the streamers of his gown had been put to a use never intended for them.
  • 45. Social Life at Lancaster University
  • 46. The Daily Mail: 1 January 2011 Pass the sick bag: The antics of these Imperial College medical students should worry us all Here, we would like to assume, the next generation of brilliant British scientists and technologists is being groomed for great things... the buckets were made available on the orders of the student union. 'We recognise that there is a good chance of people vomiting on a Wednesday night and so provide orange buckets for this purpose.’
  • 47. The Daily Mail: 2 May 2011 Stripping, vomiting and fighting: Shame of Cambridge students after drunken Bank Holiday party in park ruins family picnics. Visitors to Jesus Green, including many with children, were subjected to views of students fighting, stripping off, vomiting and urinating in bushes and flower beds.
  • 48. Cambridge Morals 'One great cause of the acknowledged laxity prevailing in that University is the system permitting the undergraduates to lodge in the town during their whole course, whereby, of course, very little true supervision can be kept up. ... I myself can supply instances of gross violation of the Seventh Commandment, which were committee by out-college men during my own term of residence'. The Guardian, 23 February 1859
  • 49. The Times: 24 December 1828 Students are generally ‘inconsiderate, rude and mischievous’. If the building goes ahead, the correspondent opined, its presence would be ‘far more turbulent, and vastly more mischievous, than the bears, the kangaroos, the wolves, and the tiger- cat in the adjacent menagerie’.
  • 50. Serious Student Misbehaviour 'We collected stories of physical attacks, stalking, verbal abuse and sexual harassment by students.'
  • 51. Living Together, Working Together In response to increasing concerns amongst residents in some areas that the growing number of students living in the private rented sector has resulted in more rubbish and litter, noise, antisocial behaviour, poor housing quality and feelings of a ‘loss of community and neighbourhood’. UUK, GuildHE and the NUS are committed to developing partnerships to tackle problems and the perception of problems. June 2010
  • 52. Contemporary Higher Education the relevance of historic precedences to policy making and administration
  • 53. Linking HE and Schools University of London Oxford Brookes University
  • 54. Capacity in Higher Education If one of the highest and most The government is also seeking to imperative of our national needs is to expand student numbers without extra be adequately met, a carefully cost to the taxpayer, and has considered and prudently carried-out considered a controversial proposal to increase in the number of English let students pay for extra "off-quota" universities is expedient and indeed places that would not be funded by the necessary. state. A.W.Ward The Guardian November 1878 June 2011
  • 55. Accelerated Degrees It brought more men up, it is true; but Two-year degrees have been shown to Durham got the discredit of being an appeal particularly to mature students, institution which gave degrees on people from ethnic minorities and easier terms than any other university. employers with skills shortages. Whiting on 1862 Royal Commission BIS Technical Consultation, 2011
  • 56. Institutional Size Year: Oxford - Cambridge Do you agree with our proposal to reduce the numbers criterion for 1580: 445 - 465 university title to 1,000 FTE HE 1680: 321 - 294 students of which at least 750 are 1780: 254 - 171 studying for a degree alongside a 1880: 766 - 927 requirement that more than 50% FTE of an organisation’s overall student body is studying HE? BIS Technical Consultation, 2011
  • 57. The lasting appeal of "prestige" When the point had been duly settled, that Mr. Verdant Green was to receive a university education, the next question to be decided was, to which of the three Universities should he go? To Oxford, Cambridge, or Durham? But this was a matter which was soon determined upon. Mr. Green at once put aside Durham, on account of its infancy, and its wanting the prestige that attaches to the names of the two great Universities. Cambridge was treated quite as summarily, because Mr. Green had conceived the notion that nothing but mathematics were ever thought or talked of there. NB London was not even mentioned!
  • 58. The Life and Times of Higher Education Birmingham Wednesday 17 October 2012 Matthew Andrews