This chapter discusses addictions and substance abuse. The objectives are to explain how substance abuse affects health, describe gambling addictions and drug use on college campuses, identify types of substance use disorders, classify common drugs of abuse, and outline principles of drug abuse treatment. Risky behaviors that correlate with substance abuse are discussed such as alcohol use, smoking, low physical activity, and poor diet. Gambling disorder affects more men than women and is more common than alcohol dependence. Methods of drug intake, toxicity levels, and effects of various substances like caffeine, over-the-counter medications, and illicit drugs are outlined.

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An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9e
Dianne Hales
Addictions
11

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After reading this chapter, the student
should be able to:
• Explain how substance abuse and other
addictive behaviors affect every dimension
of health
• Describe the dangers of a gambling
addiction
• Review and give examples of substance
abuse on college campuses
Objectives

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• List the effects that drugs have on the
brain, body, and behavior
• Summarize the benefits and the adverse
effects of caffeine
• Describe the harmful effects of
inappropriate use of over-the-counter and
prescription drugs
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Identify the types and possible causes of
substance use disorders
• Classify common drugs of abuse
according to their characteristics and
harmful effects
• Outline the principles of drug abuse
treatment
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Increased risk-taking correlates with
certain lifestyle and health behaviors
– Frequent alcohol use and binge drinking
– Smoking
– Low physical activity
– Low vegetable and fruit intake
– Poor sleep
Risky Behaviors

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• Gambling disorder
– Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling
– Affects more men than women
– More common than alcohol dependence
– Generally develops over the course of years
Gambling

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• More than six in ten college students have
never used marijuana or illegal drugs
• Top forms of drug use
– Marijuana
– Prescription drug misuse
• Why students do not use drugs
– Spirituality and religion
– Academic engagement
– Perceived harmfulness
Drug Use on Campus

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• Methods of entering the body
– Swallowing, inhaling, and injection
• Toxicity
– Drug dose at which it becomes poisonous to
the body
• Each person responds differently to
different drugs
• Drugs tend to intensify emotional state a
person is in
Understanding Drugs and Their Effects

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• Stimulant
• Some effects of caffeine
– Relieves drowsiness, increases alertness,
sharpens concentration and may relieve
migraines
• For most people, caffeine poses few
serious health risks
– Doctors recommend limiting intake to 500 mg
per day
Caffeine and Its Effects

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• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
– Painkillers, nasal sprays, laxatives, eye drops,
sleep aids, and cough syrup
• Prescription drugs
– Popular painkillers for nonmedical use
• Oxycodone and hydrocodone
– College women use more antidepressants
than men
• Drug interactions can occur between OTC
and prescription drugs
Medications

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• Characteristics
– Taking a substance in larger amounts or
higher frequency than originally intended
– Persistent desire to cut down or stop
– Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop
– Cravings
– Failure to fulfill obligations
Substance Use Disorders

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• Types of dependence
– Physical and psychological
• Drug dependence a brain disease
– Drugs change biochemistry and anatomy of
neurons
– Rise in dopamine levels differs for different
drugs
Dependence

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• Cannabinoids
– Marijuana and hashish
– THC is major psychoactive ingredient
• Medical marijuana
– Used for a variety of reasons
• Alleviating cancer pain, neck pain and glaucoma
• Preventing and treating migraines and seizures
• Marijuana legalized in Washington and
Colorado in 2012
Common Drugs of Abuse

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• Herbal drugs
– Salvia
– Khat
• Synthetic designer drugs
– Emerging very quickly
– Examples: K2, Spice, “bath salts”, “party pills”
• Club drugs
– Rohypnol, fentanyl, and many others
– Use dropping in recent years
Drugs of Abuse (cont’d.)

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• Ecstasy (MDMA)
– More likely than other stimulants to kill young,
healthy people
• Medical emergencies have increased 75 percent in
recent years
• Amphetamine
• Methamphetamine
– Less expensive and more addictive than
cocaine or heroin
– Leading problem drug
Additional Drugs of Abuse

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• Cocaine
– Crystalline white powder that is sniffed or
snorted
– Many risks and potential health
consequences
• Depressants
– Benzodiazepine
– Rohypnol
• Can incapacitate and cause memory loss
More Drugs of Abuse

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• Powerful narcotics (painkillers)
• Morphine
• Codeine
• Heroin
– Most widely abused opioid in the U.S.
• LSD
– Popular in the 1960s and in the 1990s
• Peyote
– Less widely used in the U.S.
Opioids and Hallucinogens

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• Ketamine
– Anesthetic used by veterinarians
– Blocks chemical messengers that carry
sensory input
– Misused as a date rape drug
• PCP
– Use peaked in the 1970s
• Inhalants produce vapors with
psychoactive effects
Dissociative Drugs

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• 6.1 million Americans in need of substance
abuse treatment
– More than 5 million never seek treatment
• 12 step programs
– Alcoholics anonymous
– Narcotics anonymous
• Relapse prevention
– Learning to avoid cues that can set off
cravings
Treating Substance Dependence and
Abuse