1. MINERALS AND ROCKS

2. Rocks Minerals
Economic
value
Earth Materials
Sedimenta
ry
types
Metamorphic
Can be categorized into
Igneous
exhibit
Characteristic
Features
Use for
Identification
Formation
Follow its
cycle
Be transformed
to
By atom of heat

3. MINERALS

4. MINERALS
• MINERALS ARE MATERIALS
THAT MEET FIVE
REQUIREMENTS.
• THEY ARE:
1) NATURALLY OCCURRING
2) INORGANIC
3) SOLIDS
4) WITH A DEFINITE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
5) AN ORDERED INTERNAL
STRUCTURE.

5. CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES
• MINERALS MAY BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
• CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DESCRIBES THE ORDERLY GEOMETRIC SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
OF ATOMS IN THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MINERAL.
THE 6 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE:
1. CUBIC
2. HEXAGONAL
3. ORTHOMBRIC
4. TETRAGONAL
5. MONOCLINIC
6. TRICLINIC

7. USE FOR
IDENTIFICATIO
N
OF MINERALS

8. PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

9. COLOR
• IS USUALLY THE PROPERTY USED TO IDENTIFY MINERALS EASILY.
• IT IS A RESULT OF THE WAY MINERALS ABSORB LIGHT.
• THIS PROPERTY MAY NOT BE USED IN IDENTIFYING
TRANSLUCENT TO TRANSPARENT MINERALS DUE TO THE
PRESENCE OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF OTHER MINERALS IN THEM.
• ADDITIONALLY, MINERALS COME IN DIFFERENT COLORS
ESPECIALLY MINERAL GEMS.

10. Minerals Mineral color
Augite Brown, green, black, or purple
Biotite Black, brown, or green
Calcite Pearlescent and pale colors
Dolomite Colorless, pale pink, brown or gray
Feldspar Yellow, white, pink, green, or gray
Hematite Metallic gray or black
Hornblende Green, yellow, brown, or black
Limonite Black, brown, or yellow
Sulfur Pale gold

12. STREAK
• IS THE COLOR OF THE MINERAL IN POWDER FORM.
• WHEN THE COLOR OF MINERALS APPEAR DIFFERENT BECAUSE OF
TRACE PARTICLES INSIDE THEM, SCIENTISTS WOULD PULVERIZE
THEM TO GET THEIR TRUE COLOR IT BECOME MORE VISIBLE AND
CLEAR.
• MINERALS MAY BE IDENTIFIED THROUGH A STREAK TEST.
• THE STREAK MAY OR MAY NOT BE THE SAME AS THE BODY COLOR
OF THE MINERAL.

13. HARDNESS
• REFERS TO THE MEASURE OF THE MINERAL’S RESISTANCE TO
SCRATCHING.
• TO MEASURE THE RELATIVE HARDNESS OF MINERALS, THE MOHS
SCALE IS USED.
• THE HARDER THE MINERAL, THE GREATER ITS RESISTANCE TO
SCRATCHING.
• THIS PROPERTY IS DEPENDENT ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AND THE CRYSTALIZE STRUCTURE OF A MINERAL.

14. Mohs Relative Hardness Mineral Common Objects
1 Talc Powder
2 Gypsum Fingernail
3 Calcite Tooth
4 Fluorite Iron nail
5 Apatite Window glass
6 Orthoclase feldspar Steel file
7 Quartz Porcelain
8 Topaz Hardened steel
9 Corundum Sapphire, ruby
10 Diamond none

16. CLEAVAGE AND
FRACTURE
• ARE USED TO DESCRIBE HOW MINERALS BREAK INTO PIECES.
• MINERALS ARE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES AND BREAKAGE MAY
TAKE PLACE IN WEAK PARTS OF THE STRUCTURES.
• THE BREAKAGE ALONG THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE WHERE A
MINERAL IS LIKELY TO BREAK SMOOTHLY IS KNOWN AS CLEAVAGE.
• A MINERAL FRACTURES WHEN IT BREAKS IN A DIRECTION WHERE
THERE IS NO CLEAVAGE.

17. CRYSTALLINE
STRUCTURE
• ALSO KNOWN AS CRYSTAL LATTICE, TELLS HOW A
MINERAL’S CRYSTALS ARE ARRANGED.
• A HAND LENS IS A NECESSARY TOOL IN CHECKING FOR
CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE.
• A CRYSTAL SOLID IS SAID TO FORM A REGULAR REPEATING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTAL LATTICE, WHILE AN
AMORPHOUS SOLID FORMS AGGREGATES THAT HAVE NO
PARTICULAR ORDER OR ARRANGEMENT.

18. TRANSPARENCY OR
DIAPHANEITY• INDICATES THE EXTENT OF LIGHT THAT CAN PASS THROUGH THE
MINERAL.
• THE DEGREE OF TRANSPARENCY MAY DEPEND ON THE THICKNESS
OF THE MINERAL.

19. MAGNETISM
• INDICATES THE ABILITY OF A MINERAL TO ATTRACT OR REPEL OTHER MINERALS.

20. TENACITY
• IS THE LEVEL OF RESISTANCE OR REACTION OF MINERALS TO STRESS SUCH AS
CRUSHING, BENDING, BREAKING OR TEARING.
• IT CAN TELL IF A MINERAL IS BRITTLE, MALLEABLE, ELASTIC, ETC.

21. LUSTER
• LUSTER REFERS TO THE REACTION OF A MINERAL TO
LIGHT.
• IT DETERMINES HOW BRILLIANT OR DULL THE MINERAL
IS.
• THERE ARE QUALITATIVE TERMS TO DESCRIBE THIS
PROPERTY SUCH AS METALLIC (GALENA AND PYRITE),
VITREOUS OR GLASS (SILICATES), PEARLY (TALC), DULL
(HEMATITE), GREASY (HALITE), AND SILKY (GYPSUM).

22. TRANSPARENCY
• A MINERAL IS TRANSPARENT IF IT ALLOWS THE LIGHT TO PASS
THROUGH AND YOU CAN SEE OBJECT THROUGH IT LIKE
MUSCOVITE.
• IT IS OPAQUE IF LIGHT CANNOT PASS THROUGH AND YOU
CANNOT SEE OBJECT THROUGH IT LIKE HEMATITE.
• IN BETWEEN IS TRANSLUCENT. IT ALLOWS SOME LIGHT TO PASS
THROUGH AND OBJECT CANNOT BE CLEARLY SEEN THROUGH IT,
AN EXAMPLE IS JADEITE.

23. ODOR
• IS A DISTINCT SMELL OF A MINERAL THAT IS USUALLY
RELEASED FROM A CHEMICAL REACTION WHEN
SUBJECTED TO WATER, HEAT, AIR, OR FRICTION.
• SULFUR, FOR EXAMPLE, SMELLS LIKE A LIT MATCH.
• THE STRENGTH OF THIS SMELL INCREASES WHEN THE
MINERAL IS HEATED OR STRUCK, GIVING OFF SIMILAR TO
ROTTEN EGGS.

24. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• IS A MEASURE OF THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
• IT DETERMINES HOW HEAVY THE MINERAL IS BY ITS
WEIGHT TO WATER.
• IS USED ESPECIALLY WHEN TWO MINERALS HAVE THE
SAME SIZE OR THE SAME COLOR.
• THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF EACH MINERAL CAN
DISTINGUISH THEM APART.

25. EXTEND YOUR
KNOWLEDGE
EACH MINERAL HAS AN ECONOMIC
VALUE THAT IS NEEDED IN
CONSTRUCTION, MANUFACTURING,
AND OTHER INDUSTRIES.

26. CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

27. SILICATE CLASS
• IS THE LARGEST AND MOST ABUNDANT GROUP
CONTAINING SILICON AND OXYGEN WITH SOME
ALUMINUM, IRON, CALCIUM.
• SOME EXAMPLES OF THESE MINERALS ARE FELSPAR,
QUARTZ, PYROXENE, MICA, GARNET, OLIVINE, AND
AMPHIBOLE.

28. CARBONATE
CLASS• IS MOSTLY FOUND DEPOSITED IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS.
• MINERALS BELONGING TO THIS GROUP ARE FORMED FROM THE SHELLS OF DEAD
PLANKTON AND OTHER MARINE ORGANISMS.
• THIS GROUP OF MINERALS ARE ALSO FOUND IN AREAS WHERE HIGH RATES OF
EVAPORATION TAKE PLACE SUCH AS THE GREAT SALT LAKE IN UTAH.
• OTHER PLACES WHERE THESE MINERALS SETTLE ARE AREAS WHERE DISSOLUTION
OF SOLUBLE ROCKS TOOK PLACE (KARST REGION) SUCH AS CAVES, WHERE
STALAGMITES ARE FORMED.
• THE CARBONATE CLASS ALSO INCLUDES NITRATE AND BORATE MINERALS.

29. SULPHATE CLASS
• FORMS IN AREAS WITH HIGH EVAPORATION RATES AND WHERE
SALTY WATERS SLOWLY EVAPORATE.
• THE FORMATION OF SULPHATES AND HALIDES IN WATER-
SEDIMENT INTERFACE OCCURS.
• SULPHATE MINERALS ARE ANHYDRITE, CELESTINE, BARITE, AND
GYPSUM.
• THIS CLASS MAY ALSO INCLUDE CHROMATE, MOLYBDATE,
SELENITE, SULPHITE, TELLURATE AND TNGSTATE MINERALS.

30. HALIDE CLASS
• CONTAINS NATURAL SALTS AND INCLUDES FLUORITE, HALITE,
SYLVITE. AND SAL AMMONIAC COMPONENTS.
• THESE MINERALS USUALLY FORM IN LAKES, PONDS, AND OTHER
LANDLOCKED SEAS SUCH AS THE DEAD SEA AND THE GREAT SALT
LAKE.
• MINERALS IN THIS CLASS HAVE RELATIVELY LOW HARDNESS, MAY
BE TRANSPARENT, HAVE GOOD CLEAVAGE, HAVE LOW SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES, AND ARE POOR CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITY.

31. OXIDE CLASS
• IS A DIVERSE CLASS.
• METALLIC MINERALS SUCH AS HEMATITE, AND GEMSTONES SUCH
AS CHRYSOBERYL AND SPINEL BELONG TO THIS CLASS.
• THESE MINERALS ARE IMPORTANT AS THEY CARRY HISTORIES OF
CHANGES IN EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD.
• THEY ARE FORMED AS PRECIPITATES CLOSE TO EARTH’S SURFACES
OR AS OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF MINERALS DURING THE PROCESS
OF WEATHERING.

32. SULPHIDE CLASS
• HAS IMPORTANT METALS SUCH AS COPPER, LEAD, AND
SILVER, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED ECONOMICALLY
SIGNIFICANT.
• THESE METALS ARE FOUND IN ELECTRICAL WIRES,
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS, AND OTHER THINGS THAT ARE
NEEDED IN CONSTRUCTION.

33. PHOSPHATE CLASS
• CONTAINS MINERALS WITH PHOSPHORUS.
• THE PHOSPHATE CLASS IS CONSIDERED AN
IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MINERAL FOUND IN THE
TEETH AND BONES OF MANY ANIMALS.

34. NATIVE ELEMENT
CLASS
• CONTAINS METALS AND INTERMETALLIC
ELEMENTS (GOLD, SILVER, COPPER), SEMIMETALS,
NONMETALS (ANTIMONY, BISMUTH, GRAPHITE,
SULPHUR) OR NATURAL ALLOYS, AND
CONSTITUENTS OF A FEW RARE METEORITES.

35. ROCKS

36. ROCKS
• ARE NATURAL SUBSTANCES CONSISTING OF
AGGREGATE MINERALS CLUMPED TOGETHER
WITH OTHER EARTH MATERIALS THROUGH
NATURAL PROCESSES.
• ROCKS, ARE PRODUCTS OF A NATURAL CYCLIC
PROCESS.

37. CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS
•THERE ARE THREE BASIC
TYPES OF ROCKS: IGNEOUS,
SEDIMENTARY, AND
METAMORPHIC ROCKS.

38. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD IGNIS MEANING “FIRE”
• ARE CRYSTALLIZED FROM MAGMA OR MOLTEN OR PARTIALLY
MOLTEN VOLCANIC MATERIALS THAT CAME FROM WITHIN
EARTH.
• MAGMA RISES FROM THE ASTHENOSPHERE OR AT THE BASE
OF THE CRUST THROUGH VOLCANOES OR ANY CRACKS AND
FISSURES ON EARTH’S SURFACE.
• WHEN IT REACHES THE SURFACE OF EARTH, THE MOLTEN
VOLCANIC MATERIAL IS CALLED LAVA.

39. TEXTURE OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS
• COARSE-GRAINED – GRAINS (CRYSTALS) CAN BE
SEEN WITH BARE EYES
• MEDIUM-GRAINED – GRAINS CAN ONLY BE SEEN
THROUGH HAND LENS
• FINE-GRAINED – GRAINS CAN ONLY BE SEEN
THROUGH THE MICROSCOPE

40. MINERAL
COMPOSITION
• LIGHT-COLORED LIKE GRANITE AND RHYOLITE
COMPOSED OF FELDSPAR AND QUARTZ
• MEDIUM-COLORED INCLUDING DIORITE AND ANDESITE.
• DARK-COLORED INCLUDING GABBRO ROCK AND BASALT
COMPOSED MAINLY OF PYROXENE, CALCIUM-RICH
PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR.

41. Texture/Color Light Medium Dark
Coarse-Grained
(Intrusive)
Granite Diorite Gabbro
Fine-Grained Rhyolite Andesite Basalt

42. SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• FROM THE ROOT WORD SEDIMENTS WHICH MEANS “REMAINING
PARTICLES”
• ARE ROCKS THAT HAVE FORMED FROM THE DEPOSITION OF
DIFFERENT MATERIALS ON EARTH’S SURFACE.
• THEY COME FROM PREEXISTING ROCKS OR PIECES OF DEAD
ORGANISMS THAT HAVE BEEN “LITHIFIED” OR CEMENTED
TOGETHER BY NATURAL PROCESSES.
• THEY SHOW DISTINCT LAYERING OR BEDDING ON THE SURFACE.

43. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS BASED ON THEIR SOURCES.
THESE ARE:
• DETRIMENTAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- FROM WEATHERED ROCKS
SUCH AS IGNEOUS ROCKS.
• CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- FROM SOLUBLE MATERIAL
PRODUCED LARGELY BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING. THE BASIS FOR
GROUPING IS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

44. Partial Size Sediment Name Rock Name
Coarse Gravel (rounded particles)
Gravel (angular particles)
Conglomerate
Breccia
Medium Sand Sandstone
Fine Mud Siltstone
Very fine Mud Shale

45. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• META MEANS “CHANGE” AND MORPH MEANS “FORM”
• ARE ROCKS THAT DERIVE FROM IGNEOUS OR
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO HIGH
PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE, OR A COMBINATION OF
BOTH, DEEP BELOW THE SURFACE OF EARTH.
• BECAUSE OF THIS EXPOSURE, SOME OF THE MINERALS IN
THESE ROCKS UNDERGO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
CHANGES.

46. Rock Name Description Parent Rock
Slate Foliated and Fine Grained Shale
Gneiss (pronounced “nice”) Foliated and medium to
coarse grained
Granite, volcanic rock
Marble Non foliated medium to
coarse
limestone

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