1. DISCOURSE STUDIES
Group I: Nur Ifadloh
Mahardhika Andiansyah
Umar

2. 1. What are discourse
studies?
2. What is the scope of
discourse studies?
3. What is the importance of
discourse studies in
language teaching?

3. What are discourse
studies?

4. 1. Zellig Harris (1952)
Discourse analysis is a way of analyzing connected speech and writing.
What are discourse studies defined by some scholars?
Two main interests analyzed by Zellig Haris (1952):
1. Examination of language beyond the level of the sentence.
2. The relationship between linguistic and non-behavioral linguistic.
Aims:
1. Describing how language features are distributed within texts.
2. Describing how language features are combined in particular kinds and styles of texts.

5. 2. Gumperz (1977:
17)
Discourse is certain communication routines which are viewed as distinct whole, separated from
other types of discourse, characterized by special rules of speech and non-verbal behavior, and
often distinguished by clearly recognized openings and closings.
Three specific hints proposed by Gumperz (1977):
1. Routines
2. Distinct whole
3. Clearly recognized openings and closings
What are discourse studies defined by some scholars?

6. 3. Stubbs (1983)
Discourse analysis is a field of research, which is concerned with 1) the use of language over the
level of a sentence/utterance, 2) the interrelationships between language and society and 3) the
interactive properties of daily communication.
Three characteristics:
1. The use of language over the level of a sentence/utterance
2. Language and society
3. Interactive properties
What are discourse studies defined by some scholars?

7. 4. Widdowson (1984:
100)
Discourse is a communicative process by means of interaction.
Means of interaction  process of communication
There should be “something” to be communicated; there should also be the giver or sender and
the receiver of that particular “thing”, and there should be an interaction between the sender and
the receiver.
Communication  spoken and written
What are discourse studies defined by some scholars?

8. 5. Schiffrin et al. (2015: 1)
Discourse and discourse analysis are defined, briefly, in three ways: 1) as language beyond the
sentence, 2) as language in use, and 3) as a broader range of social practice that includes non-linguistic and
non-specific instances of language
1) anything beyond the sentence  language features, lexico grammatical, generic structure
2) language in use  to know how we use language in appropriate situation and culture
3) a broader range of social practice  discourses of power, discourses of racism, discourses of politics
What are discourse studies defined by some scholars?

9. Discourse studies are the study of language in its contexts of use that focus on any sort of text, written or
spoken.
What are discourse studies?
Discourse studies are the study of a process of communication through interaction (Widdowson,
1984), distinct routines and characterized by clear openings and closings (Gumperz, 1977), and
can be used to communicate political as well as daily topics (Schiffrin et al., 2015).

10. What is the scope
of discourse
studies?

11. Discourse Studies
study of language in its contexts
of use and above the level of the
sentence
According to Flowerdew (2013) in Wuli (2020), the more
recent term discourse studies is perhaps more appropriate
than the older term, discourse analysis, because it gets
away from the misconception that the field is only
concerned with analysis (that it is just a method), while it is
also concerned with theory and application (and it
comprises a host of methods). So that both terms are
interchangeable in this context.

12. Widdowson
(1973) in Drid
(2015)
Context – the environment in
which language is used
linguistic
Extra-
linguistic

13. CONTEXT
linguistic angle
a larger angle
complies with the formal definition of discourse first raised by Harris (1952).
Discourse analysis yields considerable information about the structure of a text or a
type of text, and about the role that each element plays in such a structure.
Discourse analysis tells, in addition, how a discourse can be constructed to meet
various specifications (Harris 1952).
interpret their meaning based on the intra-textual
relationships that connect them.This is referred to as
‘the linguistic context’.
where discourse construction and interpretation extend beyond linguistic
boundaries to take into account the outside world. It is thought that studying
the larger social context in which language is employed can yield a great deal of
value.
J. R. Firth (Léon, 2005) refers to the latter as the
"context of circumstance" or the "referential context"
(Nunan, 1993).

14. Multiple parallel processes are involved in the creation of discourse. According to the nature of these
processes, analysing this construction involves analytical methods that come from linguistics,
sociology, psychology, anthropology, and even philosophy. Discourse analysis has an interdisciplinary
nature and is a broad and heterogeneous branch of linguistics with a medley of theoretical
viewpoints and analytical procedures depending on the element of language being stressed because
it is informed by approaches in these fields.

15. The following points summarize complex cross-affiliation of discourse analysis, as expatiated on by McCarthy:
1. Harris's (1952) work on text structure and the links between text and social situation,
2. Semiotics and the French structuralist approach to the study of narrative
3. Dell Hymes's studies in the 1960's of speech in its social setting,
4. The linguistic philosophers Austin, Searle and Grice’s interest in the social nature of speech (speech act theory &
conversational maxims),
5. Pragmatics and its focus on meaning in context,
6. M.A.K. Halliday's functional approach to language in the 1970's,
7. Ethnomethodology and its concern with cross-cultural features of naturally occurring communication within
specified speech events,
8. The study of classroom talk as developed by Sinclair and Coulthard in the 1970's,
9. Conversation analysis _the study of recurring patterns in natural spoken interaction,
10. The analysis of oral storytelling as part of narrative discourse analysis by William Labov,
11. Text-grammarians' work on written discourse exemplified by Halliday & Hasan's and Van Dijk's interest in internal
textual connectedness,
12. The Prague School of linguistics and its focus on the relationship between grammar and discourse.

16. The scope of discourse analysis according to
Hamad (2007)
the
methods
used
• syntagmatic
• paradigmatic
the form
of
analysis
• linguistic
• social
the level
of
analysis
• analysis at the
manuscript level
• a multilevel analysis
known as critical
discourse analysis
the form
of
discourse
• writings, speech,
actions, and relics
(traces)

17. What is the importance
of discourse studies in
language teaching?

18. Overview of Discourse
Analysis
 The study of discourse is the study of language use. (Tannen, D., Hamilton, H. E., &
Schiffrin, D. (2015). The handbook of discourse analysis. John Wiley & Sons.) p.1
 Discourse analysis is an essential aspect of studying a language and its uses in day-to-day
life. It aims to gain in-depth knowledge about the language and identify its association
with society, culture, and people’s perception. It is used in various social science and
humanities disciplines, such as linguistic, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics. Aims of
Discourse Analysis. It focuses on. The clear, in-depth meaning of the language. (Paltridge
cited by Nguyen) p.37

19. Overview of Discourse
Analysis
 Not only to study grammar and vocabulary but also to participate in conversation or to
structure a written text. (Sri Wuli Fitriati & Agatha Lisa. (2019). Discourse Studies In English
Language Education. UNNES Press) p.3
 Discourse studies refers to the study of language in its contexts of use. It may focus on any
sort of text, written or spoken. (Sri Wuli Fitriati & Agatha Lisa. (2019). Discourse Studies In
English Language Education. UNNES Press) p.3
 Discourse analysis, or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to
analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic . (Sri Wuli Fitriati &
Agatha Lisa. (2019). Discourse Studies In English Language Education. UNNES Press) p.3

20. Implication of Discourse Analysis
• This implies that with exactly the same utterance we can interpret it in different ways
with different audiences in different situations. Nguyen Thi Hong Hai, M.Econ., M.Ed.
(2004). The Importance of Discourse Analysis in Teaching Oral English.
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/literatu/index/assoc/HASH01d8/bd923e3c.dir/doc.pdf.
P.38

21. The Importance of Discourse Studies
1. One of the goals of language teaching is to expose learners to different kinds of
discourse patterns in different interactions. Nguyen Thi Hong Hai, M.Econ., M.Ed. (2004).
The Importance of Discourse Analysis in Teaching Oral English.
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/literatu/index/assoc/HASH01d8/bd923e3c.dir/doc.pdf.
P.38
The utterance, "I'm tired,” can convey different meanings in particular contexts, although the
literal meaning of the words is the description of a state.
For example, it might mean:
“I don’t want to stay overtime.” (secretary to boss when asked to do extra work)
“Don’t disturb me.” (man to woman as they go to bed)
“Carry me!” (two-year-old child walking with his mother)
Lack of knowledge of discourse and social-cultural patterns may lead the learners to
communication difficulties and misunderstandings.

22. Discourse studies makes such an important connection between spoken and written language, by considering
texts and not sentences as fundamental units of analysis, discourse studies have been able to examine genres
used by different speech communities. (Vergara, 2018, p.298)
The Importance of Discourse Studies
It is fundamental to take a social perspective when analyzing language beyond the sentence and language
within context.
This enables us to realize the functional nature of language, including the aspects to focus on when dealing with
written or spoken discourse, and when dealing with specific discourse genres.

23. REFERENCES
Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. 6th ed. New York: University of Cambridge
Press.
Drid, Touria. 2015. Discourse Analysis: Key Concepts and Perspectives 1 (January 2010): 20–25.
Fitriati, Sri Wuli, and Agatha Lisa. 2017. Discourse Studies In English Language Education. 1st
ed. Semarang: UNNES Press.
Gumperz, J. (1977). Sociocultural knowledge in conversational inference. Georgetown University Roundtable on
Languages and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Hamad, Ibnu. 2007. “Lebih Dekat Dengan Analisis Wacana.” Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi 8 (2):
325–44. https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v8i2.1252.
Harris, Zellig S. 1952. “Discourse Analysis.” Linguistic Society of America 28: 1–30.
Stubbs, M. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Widdowson, H. (1979). Teaching English as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. E. (2015). Introduction to the First Edition. In Tannen, D., Hamilton, H.
E., & Schiffrin, D. (eds.) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Second Edition, pp 1-7. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell..
Vergara, Daniel Rodríguez. 2018. The Importance of Discourse Studies in Linguistics, Language Teaching and
Translation. US-China Foreign Language, June 2018, Vol. 16, No. 6, 297-310 doi:10.17265/1539-
8080/2018.06.001

24. THANK YOU