brief anatomy of oral cavity structures

1. By

2. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Definition
 Tissue of the oral cavity
Hard tissues
Soft tissues
 Significances of oral cavity
 Tooth abnormalities
 References
Abukhaleed 2

3. Abukhaleed 3
ORAL CAVITY

4. INTRODUCTION
 Oral anatomy: Is a fundamental of dental sciences on
which the oral health care provider is based.
The oral cavity is the first area in which digestion of
the food we eat begins.
 All of surrounding and supporting structures in the
mouth contribute to the digestive process in one way
or another.
Abukhaleed 4

5. INTRODUCTION CONT. D…
The major structures that are found in and around the oral
cavity include the
1) Lips,
2) Cheeks,
3) Tongue,
4) Hard palate,
5) Soft palate,
6) Teeth,
7) Gums,
8) Salivary glands
9) U/L jaws
 Maintaining the teeth in a state of health is of utmost
importance for complete digestion and nutrition.
Abukhaleed 5

6. DEFINITION
 Is the sciences that deal with the anatomical study of
teeth and its related structure within the oral cavity.
Abukhaleed 6

7. TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
HARD TISSUES
 Teeth
 Alveolar bone
 Hard palate
 Mandible
 Maxilla
SOFT TISSUES
 Gums
 Periodontal ligament
 Tongues
 Tonsils
 Lips
 Cheeks
 Uvula
 Soft palate
Abukhaleed 7

8. HARD TISSUES
 Teeth/ Tooth
 Alveolar bone
 Hard palate
 Soft palate
 Mandible
 Maxilla
Abukhaleed 8

9. TEETH
It’s the hardest, most
calcified structure
found within the oral
cavity.
Crown
Root
TOOTH
Abukhaleed 9

10. CROWN
- CLINICAL CROWN
(corona clinica): the
treatable portion of the
part visible at that time.
– ANATOMICAL CROWN
(corona anatomica): the
part of the tooth covered with
enamel. Thus, the clinical
crown and root differ in length
from the anatomical crown and
root, depending on the
patient’s age or the position of
the gingival margin.
Abukhaleed 10

11. BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF DENTAL ANATOMY
Human Dentition
The teeth that are
located in the
upper and lower
jaws are
collectively
referred to as the
human dentition.
Humans have two
dentitions
throughout life
Abukhaleed 11

12. TERMINOLOGY CONT.….
 Maxillae – The upper jaw is known as the Maxillae.
 Maxillary Teeth – The teeth located in the maxillae
form an arch and are referred to as maxillary teeth.
 Mandible – The lower jaw is called the mandible.
 Mandibular Teeth – The teeth located in the
mandible are referred to as mandibular teeth.
 Distal – Away from the midline of the mouth
 Buccal – Any area on the cheek side of the teeth
 Lingual – Any area on the tongue side of the teeth
Abukhaleed 12

13. TERMINOLOGY CONT.…..
 Facial – Any area on the cheek or lip side of the
teeth.
Is often used interchangeably with buccal but mostly in
the anterior portion of the mouth.
 Palatal – Any area on the tongue side of the
maxillary teeth
 Occlusal – Any area on the chewing surfaces of
back teeth.
Incisal – Any area on the biting surfaces of the
front teeth. Abukhaleed 13

14. TERMINOLOGY CONT.…
 Posterior –
Towards the
back of the
mouth.
 Anterior –
Towards the
front of the
mouth
 Mesial –
Towards the
midline of the
mouth Abukhaleed 14

15. Abukhaleed 15

16. QUADRANT
 Each jaw has two
(2) quadrant and in
every quadrat of an
adult dentition
consist of 8 teeth,
and 5 teeth in
primary dentition.
Abukhaleed 16

17. QUADRANT CONT…
The specific brackets are designed to represent each
of the four quadrants of the dentition, as if you were
facing the patient as seen below
Is upper right quadrant
Is upper left quadrant
Is lower right quadrant
Is lower left quadrant
Abukhaleed 17

18. CLASSIFICATION OF TEETH
PRIMARY DENTITION
The first set of teeth
we get.
These are often
referred to as baby
teeth.
There are 20 teeth in
the primary
dentition.
SECONDARY DENTITION
 The second set of teeth
we get.
 These are often
referred to as adult
teeth.
 There are 32 teeth in
the permanent dentition
Abukhaleed 18

19. DIFF BETWEEN PRI. AND SECONDRY TEETH
PRIMARY TEETH
Consist of 8 incisors, 4canines,
8molars
They are smaller in size
They are whiter
The crowns are shorter
Pulp chambers are larger
Roots are longer and
slender
Have fewer anomalies
and variations in tooth
form
SECONDARY TEETH
Consists of 8incisors,
4canines, 8premolars and 12
molars
They are large
Yellowish
Crown is longer
Dentine is larger
Have many anomalies
Abukhaleed 19

20. Contd…
Abukhaleed 20

21. PARTS OF A TOOTH
There are two major
part of the tooth crown
and root which is
further divided into
four part, tissues or
layer.
1. Enamel
2. Dentine
3. cementum
4. pulp
Abukhaleed 21

22. ENAMEL
 Is the white, protective external surface layer of the
anatomic crown.
 It is highly calcified or mineralized, and is the hardest
substance in the body.
 Its content is 95% mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite)
 The remaining substances include 5% water and
enamel matrix. It develops from
The enamel organ (ectoderm) and is a product of
specialized epithelial cells called ameloblasts
Abukhaleed 22

23. DENTIN
Is the hard yellowish tissue underlying the enamel
and cementum, and makes up the major bulk of the
inner portion of each tooth (crown and root)
Mature dentin is composed of about 70% calcium
hydroxyapatite, 18% organic matter (collagen
fibers), and 12% water.
It harder than cementum but softer and less brittle
than enamel.
Dentin develops from the mesoderm embryologically.
Its forms by odontoblasts cells
Abukhaleed 23

24. PULP
Pulp is the soft (not calcified or mineralized) tissue in
the cavity or space in the center of the crown and root
called the pulp cavity.
The pulp cavity has a coronal portion (pulp chamber)
and a root portion (pulp canal or root canal).
It develops from the dental papilla (mesoderm)
Its soft connective tissue containing a rich supply of
blood vessels and nerves, through apical foramen.
Abukhaleed 24

25. FUNCTION OF PULP
Formative: Dentin-producing cells (odontoblasts) produce
dentin throughout the life of a tooth. (secondary dentin)
Sensory: Nerve endings relay the sense of pain caused from
heat, cold, drilling, sweet foods, decay, trauma, or infection to
the brain, so we feel it.
 Nutritive: Blood vessels transport nutrients from the
bloodstream to cells of the pulp and the odontoblasts that
produce dentin.
(Surprisingly, blood in the tooth pulp had passed through the
heart only 6 seconds previously.)
Defensive or protective: Pulp responds to injury or decay
by forming reparative dentin (by the odontoblasts).
Abukhaleed 25

26. CEMENTUM
Cementum is the dull yellow external layer of the tooth
root.
The cementum is very thin especially next to the cervical
line.
Its (50–100 mm in thick which composed of ;
65% calcium hydroxyapatite (mineralized and calcified),
35% organic matter (collagen fibers), and
12% water. (Another author, Melfi, states that the mineral
content of cementum is about 50%.)
Cementum is about as hard as bone but considerably softer
than enamel.
It develops from the dental sac (mesoderm), and is
produced by cells called cementoblasts.
Abukhaleed 26

27. CEMENTOENAMELJUNCTION (CEJ)
The CEJ separates the enamel of the crown from
the cementum of the root.
This junction is also known as the cervical line,
that it surrounds the neck or cervix of the tooth
Abukhaleed 27

28. TEETH IDENTIFICATION
In both the maxillary and mandibular arch there
are similar teeth.
These include the
1) Incisors,
2) Canines,
3) Premolars
4) Molars.
Each of these teeth are located in a different area of
the mouth and serve different functions
Abukhaleed 28

29. TYPES OF TEETH
Incisors
The four front teeth in the mouth are known as incisors.
The two center teeth are known as central incisors and
the teeth on either side of them are known as lateral
incisors.
They are located in both the maxillary and mandibular
arches.
FUNCTION
They act like scissors, for cutting or biting food.
Abukhaleed 29

30. CANINES
The teeth located distal to the lateral incisors are known
as canines.
These teeth form the corners of the mouth.
There are 2 canines in each arch (JAW)
FUNCTION
These teeth are responsible for tearing food particles
when chewing.
Abukhaleed 30

31. PREMOLARS
The teeth located distal to the canines are known as
premolars. These teeth are smaller than the molars
There are 4 premolars in each arch and two are
located behind each canine in the arch.
They are only present in the permanent dentition.
FUNCTION
These are responsible for crushing food in the chewing
process.
Abukhaleed 31

32. MOLARS
There are normally 6 molars in each arch; three on the
left and three on the right side.
They are referred to as first, second and third molars.
Some people never develop third molars and often
these are the molars that are so far back in the
mouth that they have difficulty coming in and may
have to be taken out.
FUNCTION
The role of the molars in chewing is to grind the food.
Abukhaleed 32

33. TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
In order to effectively and efficiently refer to teeth we
often use numbering or lettering systems.
There are several systems that are used throughout the
world.
These include :-
1. Universal Numbering System
2. Palmer Notation System
3. International Numbering System.
The most widely used system in U.S. dental schools is
the Universal Numbering System.
Abukhaleed 33

34. UNIVERSAL TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
HISTORY
It was first suggested by Parreid in 1882, and
officially adopted by the American Dental
Association (ADA)in 1975.
 It is accepted by third-party providers and is
endorsed by the American Society of Forensic
Odontology.
Abukhaleed 34

35. PERMANENT DENTITION
This consists of assigning numbers to the teeth in
the permanent dentition from 1 to 32 starting with
the upper right third molar and continuing over to
the upper left third molar and then down to the
lower left third molar and onto to the lower right
third molar.
For example:
The mandibular right canine tooth would be tooth
#27
Abukhaleed 35

36. PERMANENT TEETH
Universal Numbering System for Permanent Dentition
Abukhaleed 36

37. PRIMARY/ TEMPORARY DENTITION
Using the Universal Numbering System the
primary dentition is identified using letters.
 Beginning at the second molar on the upper right,
the teeth in the maxillary arch are assigned letters
A – J.
 Then continuing with the mandibular left second
molar and around to the mandibular right second
molar, the teeth are assigned letters K – T.
Abukhaleed 37

38. PRIMARY/ TEMPORARY TEETH
Universal Numbering System for temporary Dentition
Abukhaleed 38

39. ZSIGMONDY-PALMER SYSTEM
HISTORY:
In 1861 Adolf Zsigmondy introduced a new dental
coding system
By preparing four sets of eight (8)numbers 1 - 8, (on
each quadrant) used for permanent dentition only.
Roman numerals, I,II,III, IV,V. for temporary dentition
1870 Palmer modified the system by using alphabet
A-E on each quadrant for the primary dentition.
Abukhaleed 39

40. ZSIGMONDY-PALMER CONT…
V IV III II I I II III IV V
V IV III II I I II III IV V
E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E
Zsigmondy-Palmers System.
Primary Dentition
Permanent Dentition
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zsigmondy Notational system
Abukhaleed 40

41. WOLD DENTAL FEDERATION
FDI (2 DIGIT ) NOTATION
The World Dental Federation notation (also
known as the Federation Dentaire Internationale or
FDI System)
Its Uses two digits for each tooth, permanent or
primary.
The first digit denotes the quadrant (right or left) and
arch (maxillary or mandibular) and dentition
(permanent or primary)
Abukhaleed 41

42. FDI cont….
The second digit denotes the tooth position in each
quadrant relative to the midline, from closest to the
midline to farthest away.
E g;
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
Quadrant five (5) Upper Right 51- 55
Quadrant six(6) Upper Left 61-65
Quadrant seven(7) Upper Left 71-75
Quadrant four (8) Upper Left 81-85
Quadrant one (1) Upper Right 11-18
Quadrant two (2) Upper Left 21-28
Quadrant tree (3) Upper Left 31-38
Quadrant four (4) Upper Left 41-48
Abukhaleed 42

43. FDI 2DIGIT CONT….
PERMANENT
18,16,15,14,13,12,11 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,
48.47,46,45,44,43,42,41
55,54,53,52,51 61,62,63,65,66
85,84,83,82,81 71,72,73,74,75
TEMPORARY
Abukhaleed 43

44. ALVIOLA BONE
 Alveolus : small hollow space or socket where the
tooth root fits within the jaw bones.
Abukhaleed 44

45. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
Is the bony portion of maxilla and mandible where
the teeth is embedded and tooth root are supported
Alveolar socket is the cavity within the alveolar
process in which the root of the tooth is held by the
periodontal ligament .
When the tooth is multi rooted tooth the bone is
called interredicular septum.
 Its include :
I - Cortical plate
II - Alveolar crest
lll - Trabecular bone
Abukhaleed 45

46. CORTICAL PLATE
Its compose of facial and lingual plate of compact
bone.
Its dense in nature provide straight and protection
Its act for the attachment of the skeletal muscle
The mandibular cortical plate is more dense the
maxillary due to its less perforation for the passage
of nerve and blood vessels
Abukhaleed 46

47. ALVEOLAR CREST
It’s the highest point of the alveolar ridge which
joint the facial and lingual cortical plate
ALVEOLAR BONE
Abukhaleed 47

48. TRABECULAR BONE
TRABECULAR BONE
Abukhaleed 48
Trabecular bone or spongy bone lies within the central
portion of the alveolar process and is the less dense,
chancellors bone.
Its has web-like appearance on a radiographs

49. HARD PALATE
The hard palate : Is the firm anterior part of the
roof of the mouth with mucosa over the underlying
bone (namely, the horizontal plates of the palatine
bones and palatine processes of the maxillae).
The hard palate is covered by keratinized, grayish
red to coral pink tissue.
 Its include the following structure
i. Incisive papilla ii. Palatine raphe
iii. Palatine ruqae
Abukhaleed 49

50. STRUCTURE OF THE HARD PALATE
Incisive papilla
Palatine Rugae
Palatine raphe
Abukhaleed 50

51. INCISIVE PAPILLA
This papilla is located
over the incisive foramen,
where the nasopalatine
nerve passes from the
nasal cavity onto the
palate to innervate the
anterior portion of the
hard palate.
It is the location for
injecting anesthetic to
numb palatal tissue in this
area.
Abukhaleed 51

52. PALATINE RUQAE
[ROO guy] or [ROO jee ]
Are a series of palatal tissue elevations, or wrinkles.
Its located on the palate just posterior the maxillary
anterior teeth.
Rugae function in two important ways:
tactilely sensing objects or food position
in aiding the tongue’s proper placement for the
production of certain speech sounds.
Abukhaleed 52

53. PALATINE RAPHE
Is the slightly elevated ridge of firm tissue
running anteroposteriorly along the midline of
the hard palate. (over the intermaxillary suture
attachment between the palatine processes of
the right and left maxillae)
The mucosa over the raphe is firmly attached to
the underlying bone without intervening fat or
gland cells.
The rest of the tissue on both sides of the raphe
has fat or salivary gland
Abukhaleed 53

54. SOFT PALATE
The soft palate : Is the posterior movable part of
the roof of the mouth without underlying bony
support.
The vibrating line is the junction between the
hard and soft palate
It separates the mouth from the nasal passage
If you forcefully say “ah, ah, ah,” you can see the
soft palate move (or vibrate) up and down
whereas the hard plate does not.
Abukhaleed 54

55. CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
Abukhaleed 55
Cleft palate:
•Unilateral
•Bilateral
•Median

56. MAXILLAR UPPER JAW
maxilla
maxilla
Abukhaleed 56

57. MAXILLARY BONE CONT…
Consists of one large, hollow, central mass called the
body, and four projecting processes or extensions of
bone.
Maxilla Structures
The body of the maxilla is shaped like a four-sided,
hollow pyramid with the base oriented vertically next
to the nasal cavity and the apex or peak extending
laterally into part of the cheekbone (or zygomatic
bone).
The superior portion of the maxilla forms the floor of
the orbit of the eye where an infraorbital fissure is
located.
Abukhaleed 57

58. MAXILLARY SINUS OR ANTRUM
Sinuses are hollow spaces within bones and are
found within the sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid
bones, as well as within each maxilla.
Sinuses functions
(a) lighten the skull,
(b) give resonance to the voice,
(c) warm the air we breathe, and
(d) moisten the nasal cavity.
Abukhaleed 58

59. BONY PROCESS
 There are four processes extending out from
the body of the maxillae.
1) Frontal (or Nasofrontal) Process
2) Zygomatic Process
3) Alveolar Process
4) Palatine Process of the Maxilla
Abukhaleed 59

60. MANDIBLE BONE
The single horseshoe-
shaped mandible
[MAN de b’l].
Is the largest and
strongest bone of the
face.
It is attached by
ligaments and muscles
to the relatively
Abukhaleed 60

61. MANDIBLE STRUCTURE
It’s the largest and strongest bone of the skull
that forms the lawer jaw
The mandible is the only bone of the skull that
can move
The TMJs between the mandible and the
temporal bones are movable articulations, the
only visible movable articulations in the head.
The mandible has 3 mean part
i. 2 vertical rami
ii . body of the mandible
Abukhaleed 61

62. BODY OF MANDIBLE
An alveolar process surrounds the tooth roots and
alveolar eminences are visible as vertical elevations
over tooth roots on the facial surface.
 The prominent elevations overlying the roots of the
canines are called the canine eminences.
The bulky, curved, horizontal body and the flattened
vertical ramus join at the angle of the mandible on
either side.
The symphysis is the line of fusion of the right and
left sides at the midline where the two halves of the
mandible (body) fused (joined together) during the
first year after birth.
 It is therefore usually not visible.
Abukhaleed 62

63. RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
There are two processes on the superior end of each
ramus.
The coronoid process is the more pointed, anterior
process on the upper border.
The second more rounded and posterior process of
the ramus is the condyloid process (also called the
mandibular condyle).
This process is composed of a bulky condyle head
and a narrow neck that attaches the head to the
ramus.
sigmoid notch or semilunar notch its between two
process
Abukhaleed 63

64. ANOMALIES
Diseases of the hard structure affect the enamel
and dentine part of the tooth.
Some of that diseases are:-
1. Dental caries
2. Amelogenesis inferfectar
3. Dentinogenesis inferfecter
4. Non caries lesion
- Attrition
- abrasion
- eruption and fluorosis
Abukhaleed 64

65. DENTAL CARIES
Dental caries tooth
decay is a major oral
health problem in most
industrialized countries.
Its affecting about 60-
90% of school children
and majority of an adult.
 its manifesting from
small patch and then
demineralised the
enamel surface of the
tooth
Abukhaleed 65

66. DENTAL CARIES
DEF: - Is define as an irreversible destruction of hard
structure of the tooth. (WHO)
Abukhaleed 66

67. G.V. BLACK’S CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
 G.V. Black’s Classification of Dental Caries, which was first
introduced in 1908 and is still used today.
 Black’s original classification consisted of five categories,
with a sixth added later
Abukhaleed 67

68. CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
Class I: Caries affecting pits and fissures on occlusal third of
molars and premolars, occlusal two-thirds of molars and
premolars, and lingual part of anterior teeth.
Class II: Caries affecting proximal surfaces of molars and
premolars.
Class III: Caries affecting proximal surfaces of central incisors,
lateral incisors, and cuspids without involving the incisal
angles.
Class IV: Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of
anterior teeth.
Class V: Caries affecting gingival one-third of facial or lingual
surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
Class VI: Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and
cuspids Abukhaleed 68

69. MANAGEMENT OF DENTAL CARIES
Restoration by the use of restorative dental
material
Extraction as a last option
Abukhaleed 69

70. AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECT
is a hereditary
disorder that affects
the enamel formation
of both dentitions.
Abukhaleed 70

71. DENTINOGENESIS IMFERFECTA
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
 Is a hereditary disorder
that affects the dentin
formation of both
dentitions.
Clinically, all teeth have
an unesthetic light blue-
gray to yellow, somewhat
opalescent appearance
hence the term
hereditary opalescent
dentin.
Abukhaleed 71

72. ATTRITION
Is define as were away
of a tooth structure due
to contact with one
another during
mastication in older age.
The incisor tooth is
appeared flattened and
Its mostly occur in man
then woman
Abukhaleed 72

73. ABRASION/ EROSION
Abrasion: Is the
wearing away of tooth
structure due to friction
of the hard object e. g
tooth brush
The harder material is
tend to be more
abrasive then the soft
one.
Erosion: is the chemical
wearing away of tooth
structure, which lead to
damaging of enamel
surface erosion
Abukhaleed 73

74. DENTAL FLUOROSIS
Fluorosis is a condition
caused during enamel
formation by the
ingestion of a high
concentration of fluoride
compounds in drinking
water that greatly
exceeds the
concentration
recommended for
controlling decay.
Abukhaleed 74

75. SOFT TISSUES
Gums/ mucosa
 Periodontal ligament
 Tongues
 Tonsils
 Lips
 Cheeks
 Uvula
Abukhaleed 75

76. INTRODUCTION
Oral cavity it’s the entrance of the upper digestive
tract which is continue into oropharynx.
Its divided into two region 1st NS 2ND .
1ST region Is oral vestibule its located external to the
dental arch.
2nd region is oral cavity proper which is located
internal to dental arch
The soft tissues component of the oral cavity are:-
Lips mucosa, gingival gums, alveolar mucosa,
tongues palate and mucosa covering its, uvula , and
floor of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 76

77. MUCOSA
The oral mucosa is lined by a mucous membrane that
consists of a lining epithelial tissue and an underlying
connective tissue.
The oral mucosa can be classified as follows:
lining,
masticatory,
and specialized.
FUNCTIONS,
protection,
taste sensation,
and chewing. Abukhaleed 77

78. LINING MUCOSA
The lining of oral mucosa must be as flexible as
possible in order to be protective.
Related to chewing, the oral masticatory mucosa
permits a free movement of the lips, tongue, and
cheek muscles.
It exhibits a covering of keratinized epithelium and
its connective tissues is strongly attached to the
bone to withstand the constant mastication of food.
 The specialized mucosa that is found in the dorsal
surface of the tongue exhibits papillae and taste
buds responsible for taste sensation.
In the case of the oropharynx mucosa, it is lined by
non keratinized squamous stratified epithelium
Abukhaleed 78

79. ORAL VESTIBULE/ORAL CAVITY PROPER
ORAL VESTIBLE; It’s the region surrounded by the lip
(buccal) mucosa mucobuccal fold, alviolar mucosa, gingiva
and upper and lower dental arch.
ORAL CAVITY PROPER; saparated by oral vestible when
teeth are in contact between upper and lower jaw.
FRENULUM; Is the mucosal fold that run from the central
incisors region of the alveolar mucosa to the lip mucosa of
the upper and lower.
BUCCAL FRENULA; Is the mucosal fold that run from the
molar region of the alveolar mucosa.
The VESTIBULAR FORNICES (fornix vestibuli superioris and
inferioris) form the superior and inferior margins of the oral
vestibule, where the mucosa of the cheeks and lips reflect
back onto the alveolar mucosa.
Abukhaleed 79

80. UPPER LIP
The lip are fleshy folds tissue around the
opening of the mouth.
Its covered with the skin on the outer side and
mucous membrane on the inner side.
The upper lip is also known as superior lip and
its close to the nose and chin from the side
Abukhaleed 80

81. LOWER LIP
The lower lip is also known as inferior lip and is
the lip close to the chin from the side
Its conversed the mouth from the mandibular
side (lower jaw)
Its covered by the skin from the outer side and
mucous membrane from the inner side
Abukhaleed 81

82. SOFT PALATE
Its locate posterior to
the hard palate and
consist of mainly
muscle tissue
Its continues
posteriorly to the uvula
and laterally its related
to the tonsils
Its movable part of the
palate which is
connected hard palate
via vibratory line Abukhaleed 82

83. UVULA
Uvula is a projection of the soft tissue which is hang
posterior to the soft palate as the continuation
 its moving upward during same text say ”dangles’’
It prevent the food /liquid that is being swallowed
from passing into the nasal cavity
FUNCTION
i. Prevent food entering to the nasal cavity
ii. Producing large amount of saliva to lubricate
throat
iii. Play role in speech
Abukhaleed 83

84. TONSIL
Palatine tonsil are the
pair of soft tissue
masses located at the
rear of the throat
(pharynx)
Each tonsils is
compose of similar
lymph nodes , covered
by mucosa (like on the
adjacent mouth lining)
Abukhaleed 84

85. TONSILLITIS
TONSILLITIS It’s the
inflammation of the
2 oval- sharped pad
tissues at the back of
the throat.
Its can be course by
viral or from
bacterial infection
Abukhaleed 85

86. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
 Sore throat
 Difficulty swallowing
 Tender lymph nodes
TREATMENT
 SELF-CARE
Tea with honey, salt water
gargle and throat lozenge
 MEDICATION
Nonsteriodal anti-imflamatory
drug , analgesic and antibiotics
 SURGERY
Tonsillectomy; removal of
tonsils
Abukhaleed 86

87. FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
The floor of the mouth lies between the parabolic
mandibular body and extends as far as the root of the
tongue.
It is the muscular base of the oral cavity, being formed by
some of the suprahyoid muscles of the hyoid bone, mainly
by the mylohyoid muscles (musculus mylohyoidea; running
from the mandibular body transversely to the midline of
the skull), on which the tongue rests.
Above and below these muscles are the sublingual and
submandibular salivary glands.
This limited sublingual space is often referred to as the
floor of the mouth. Sublingual and submandibular salivary
glands are found in the floor of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 87

88. SALIVARY GLAND
Salivary glands lie in the oral cavity and produce saliva. They can be
classified according to their size.
 Small salivary glands in the mouth are mucous and serous glands and
include the following:
 Labial glands (glandulae labialis)
 Buccal glands (glandulae buccalis)
 Molar glands (glandulae molares), which open into the vestibular area of
the mouth Palatine glands (glandulae palatinae)
 Lingual glands (glandulae linguales), which open into the oral cavity
 Large salivary glands include the following:
 Parotid gland (glandula parotis), a serous gland that lies in front of the
outer ear and exits in the cheek, level with the second molar (Fig 6-40)
 Sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis), a mixed gland that lies in the
sublingual fossa of the mandible and exits in the sublingual caruncle, a
papilla of mucous membrane next to the frenulum of the tongue (Fig 6-41)
 Submandibular gland (glandula submandibularis), mixed gland that lies in
the mandibular
Abukhaleed 88

89. SALIVARY GLANDS
Abukhaleed 89

90. NERVE SUPPLY
SENSORY
 Roof: by greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
(branches of maxillary nerve)
 Floor: by lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
 Cheek: by buccal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
 MOTOR
 Muscle in the cheek (buccinator) and the lip
(orbicularis oris) are supplied by the branches of the
facial nerve
Abukhaleed 90

91. CHEEKS
 The cheeks (buccae) originate from the sides of the
face at the nasolabial sulcus (sulcus nasolabialis)
and, together with the lips, form the external
border of the oral vestibule.
 The cheeks can contain thick pads of fat; the layer
of fatty tissue in the faces of women may be twice
as thick as in men.
 The thickness of facial skin varies across the
different sections of the face, but it is highly elastic
in all areas and has a plentiful supply of blood
vessels and nerves.
Abukhaleed 91

92. CHEEKS COND..
The muscular basis of the cheeks is formed by the
buccinator muscle (musculus buccinator), which
attaches the cheeks to the molars and premolars.
The mucosa of the cheeks, like that of the lips,
contains small mixed salivary glands (glandulae
buccales).
The exit point of the parotid gland in the form of a
small mucosal protuberance (papilla parotidea) is
located close to the second molar, and this is the
reason for the tartar deposits that are commonly
found on the vestibular surface of the maxillary
molars.
Abukhaleed 92

93. PERIODONTIUM
GUMS
Cementum
periodontal fibers
Periodontal blood vessels
Alveolar bone
Abukhaleed 93

94. PERIODONTIUM cond..
The comprises all the tissues that anchor the tooth
in the bone; I e, it is tooth supporting tissue (peri =
around, odous = tooth; paradontal = near or close
to the tooth).
functional unit of various supporting tissues.
Firstly because they form a single unit once they
have developed.
Secondly, they belong together in terms of clinical
pathology.
Thirdly, they form a compact system for the
particular task (function)of anchoring the tooth in
the jawbone.
Abukhaleed 94

95. GINGIVAL
The gingiva is the part of
the soft tissue in the
mouth that covers the
alveolar bone of the
jaws, and is the only part
of the periodontium that
is visible in a healthy
mouth.
Its divided into;
Free gingiva (unattached
gingival)
Attached gingiva. (or
marginal gingiva)
Abukhaleed 95

96. GINGIVAL GUMS
Abukhaleed 96

97. FREE GINGIVA
Is a collar of thin gingiva that surrounds each tooth
and, in health, adapts to the tooth but provides
access into the potential space between the free
gingiva and the tooth which is called a gingival
sulcus (crevice).
The gingival sulcus is not seen visually but can be
evaluated with a periodontal probe, since it is
actually a space (or potential space) between the
tooth surface and the narrow unattached cervical
collar of free gingiva.
If you insert a thin probe into this sulcus, it should
extend only 1 to 3 mm deep in a healthy person.
Abukhaleed 97

98. INTERDENTAL PAPILLA
Is the part of the collar of free gingiva that
extends between the teeth.
A healthy papilla conforms to the space
between two teeth (interproximal space), so it
comes to a point near where the adjacent
teeth contact.
The papilla also has a hidden sulcus where
dental floss can fit once it passes between the
teeth.
Abukhaleed 98

99. ATTACHED GINGIVAL
 Is a gingival that
firmly bound to the
underlying alveolar
bone.
 It begin from the
civical line to the
alviolar mucosa
Abukhaleed 99

100. GINGIVITIS
GUMS disease is one of the most common diseases
of humans.
According to statistics, as many as 75 per cent of
adults over the age of 30 may suffer from some form
of gum disease at some point in their life. Not only
can gum disease cause oral pain, discomfort and
tooth loss, it can also seriously affect a person’s
overall health.
The connection between oral infections and other
diseases in the body is be comin understood and
accepted within the health-care community
Abukhaleed 100

101. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
 Red, swollen or tender
gums
 Gums that bleed when
brushing or flossing
 Receding gums
 Deep pockets (the
space between the
gums and the teeth)
 Metallic taste
 Tooth sensitivity for no
apparent reason
 Loose or shifting teeth
 Abscesses Abukhaleed 101

102. PERIODONTAL SPACE
The periodontal space is a gap about 0.1 to 0.2
mm wide (when healthy) between the cementum
and the alveolar bone, which is seen as a thin line
on radiographs.
This is where the periodontal ligament is located.
It is mainly made up of connective tissue fibers
that join together to form separate bundles of
fibers These are known as Sharpey fibers.
The periodontal ligament also contains blood
vessels and nerves.
Abukhaleed 102

103. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
The periodontal
ligament is a very thin
ligament composed of
many tissue fibers that
attach the outer layer
of the tooth root
(covered with
cementum) to the thin
layer of dense alveolar
bone surrounding a
tooth.
Abukhaleed 103

104. PERIODONTITIS
Its an inflammation of
the periodontal fiber
around the tooth
 Its course by bacteria
Untreated
periodontitis can
eventually resulting to
loss of tooth
It may increase the
risk of:
 stroke,
heart attach and
others health problem
Abukhaleed 104

105. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
Inflamed or swollen
gum
Bright red gum
Pain on gums
Receding gums
Space between teeth
Pus between teeth
Bleeding when brushing
teeth
Loose of teeth
Halitosis etc
Abukhaleed 105

106. TREATMENT OF PERIODONTITIS
 Good oral hygiene
 Scaling and cleaning
 Medication
- Antibiotic
- Antiseptic
Advances periodontitis may need flap surgery (Root
planning )or bone and tissue grafts
HOME REMEDY
 Brushing
 Using dental plus
 Use mouth wash
 Extra care of denture, crown or filing's teeth.
Abukhaleed 106

107. TONGUE
The tongue is
muscular organ lined
by an oral epithelium.
 It contains numerous
specialized structures
related to taste
sensation
Internally, however,
the tongue
predominantly
composed of striated
muscle. Abukhaleed 107

108. PART OF THE TONGUE
Superior surface of the tongue has a v-sharped line known
as terminal sulcus which is divided the tongue in to
anterior and posterior
 ROOT
is located between hyoid bone and mandible and dorsal
portion sits in the oropharynx which attached to the roofing
of the mouth
 BODY
Anterior 2/3, rough surface, lingual papilla and lateral portion
in relation to the teeth
 APEX
Also known as tip located in the anterior 1/3 of the anterior
tongue which rest in incisors teeth and is highly mobile
Abukhaleed 108

109. SURFACE FEATURES OF THE TONGUE
The body and tip (apex) contain test bud which is
located in anterior part of the tongue viz
VALLATE PAPILLA: Its large and flat papilla
arranged in a V-sharped in anterior terminal sulcus
FOLIATE PAPILLA: are poorly develop fold on the
side of the tongue
FILIFORM PAPILLA: are long, conical, pinkish gray
projection that are sensitive to tough.
FUNGIFORM PAPILLA: are pink to red spots
distributed between the filiform papilla and are
most dense at the apex and margins of the tongue
Abukhaleed 109

110. SURFACE FEATURES OF THE TONGUE
Abukhaleed 110

111. TONGUE CONTD
Embryologically the tongue might be classified by
anterior and posterior regions.
 Anterior region: Its about 2/3 of the length tongue, is a
visible, highly mobile, and directed forward against the
lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth.
 Posterior region : About 1/3 of the length of the tongue
has its base on the floor of the mouth, connected with
the hyoid bone, epiglottis, and soft palate, styloid
process, and approximates the oropharynx.
The posterior surface has no lingual papilla but has rough
due to present of lymphoid nodule.
Inferior surface is connected with the floor of the mouth
by a fold known as lingual frenulum
Abukhaleed 111

112. MUSCLE OF THE TONGUE
The tongue muscle can be divided into two intrinsic and
extrinsic muscle
Intrinsic muscles : The intrinsic muscles are four
 Superior longitudinal muscles
 Inferior longitudinal muscles
 Transvers muscles
 Vertical muscles
These muscles originate and terminate at the within the
tongue they do not attach to any bone, they are altering
the shape of the tongue
Superior and inferior longitudinal muscle retract the
tongue by making it short and thick
Transvers and vertical muscles protrude the tongue by
making it long (narrow) out of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 112

113. MUSCLE OF THE TONGUE CONTD ..
Extrinsic muscles: These
muscles are four viz.
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
These muscle originate
out side the tongues and
they are attached to the
bone.
Abukhaleed 113

114. FUNCTION OF TONGUE
TASTE: the test buds, the
sensory receptors for taste,
are located in the tongue.
SPEECH: The movement of
the tongue are very crucial
for articulation during
speech.
CLEANING: The movement
of the tongue dislodge food
particle stuck between the
teeth gum and cheek so
that it can be spat out or
swallowed.
Abukhaleed 114

115. SENSORY NERVE OF THE TONGUE
 Anterior ⅔:
 General sensations:
Lingual nerve
 Special sensations : chorda
tympani
 Posterior ⅓: and soft
palate
 General & special
sensations:
glossopharyngeal nerve
 Base:
 General & special
sensations: internal
laryngeal nerve Abukhaleed 115

116. MOTOR NERVE OF THE TONGUE
Intrinsic muscles:
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic muscles:
All supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except
the palatoglossus
The palatoglossus supplied by the pharyngeal
plexus
Abukhaleed 116

117. BLOOD SUPPLY
 Arteries:
Lingual artery
Tonsillar branch of
facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal
artery
 Veins:
Lingual vein, ultimately
drains into the internal
jugular vein
Abukhaleed 117

118. OCCLUSION
Abukhaleed 118
Normal occlusion: The normal occlusion involves a small vertical
overlap of the maxillary teeth over the mandibular anterior teeth,
usually without contact.
Malocclusion: Its an abnormal relationship of the upper and
lower dental arch.
 Prognathism: If the maxillary anterior teeth protrude
considerably, with an adverse esthetic effect and receding chin.
 Retrognathism: Prognathism takes the form of a reverse
vertical overlap of the mandibular anterior teeth, identified by
a prominent chin.
 Open bite: Is a localized malocclusion in which individual teeth
in terminal occlusion have no contact in the anterior or
posterior segment.
If severe, it leads to open mouth breathing together with a
susceptibility to caries.

119. MALOCCLUSION
Abukhaleed 119
Normal occlusion
Prognathism
Retrognathism
Open bite

120. REFERENCES
Woelfel, JB, RC Scheid. Dental Anatomy, Its Relevance to
Dentistry. Fifth ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 1997,
pp. 1-118.
https://www.cdha.ca/pdfs/Profession/Policy/research_age
nda_102603.pdf
Teaford, M. F. Scanning electron microscope diagnosis of
wear patterns versus artifacts on fossil teeth. Scanning
Microsc. 2, 1167–1175 (1988).
Foundation of dental technology anatomy and physiology
by Arnold Hohmann Werner Hielscher
Abukhaleed 120