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Ben Green
Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory
Logan, Utah
The Larkspur Problem
 Cattle losses typically

around 5% and can
reach 15%.
 Producers move cattle off

of the larkspur
containing pastures
resulting in wasted high
quality forage.
 Loss of a cow leaves an

early-weaned, poor
performing calf.
Clinical signs of larkspur poisoning
•Staggering gait.
•Muscle trembles.
•Collapse to sternal and then
lateral recumbency (this can lead
to death for various reasons).
•Difficulty breathing (rapid and
shallow).
•Death occurs from
neuromuscular paralysis and/or
bloat.
Methods of Avoiding Death Losses
 Drug treatment.
 Neostigmine (0.02 mg/kg body
weight) (Green et al., 2009. Am J Vet Res. 70:539-46).
 Current management -(T0xic

Window) (Pfister et al., 1999. J Nat Toxins. 8:81-94).
 Future Management - select

animals with decreased
susceptibility to poisonous
plants (Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013).
Grazing Management!
1) Graze early before

the larkspur flowers.
2) Remove cattle
during the “toxic
window”.
3) Graze late in the
season when the seed
pods begin to shatter.
Toxic Window

Pfister et al., 1999. J Nat Toxins. 8:81-94
Quantitative Measures of Larkspur
Toxicity in Cattle
 Clinical signs of

larkspur toxicity are
difficult to measure in
cattle.
 Staggering gait.
 Respiratory
depression.
 Collapse.
Muscle Weakness
 The most obvious clinical sign in

poisoned cattle.
 Designed a protocol to measure it.
Responses of cattle dosed with two
different populations of tall larkspur
D. occidentale
Dose (mg/kg BW) Exercise to Collapse
(City, State)
Animals (#) Total Alkaloid
Y/N (#) Time (min)
Victor, ID (toxic)
8
37.6 (8.8 MSAL)
Y (12)
17 ±9.9
Logan, UT (less-toxic)
8
37.6 (0 MSAL)
N (12)
N.A.
Cook et al., 2011. Am J Vet Res. 72:706-14.
Larkspur Breed Study
 Developed two quantitative

measures of larkspur
intoxication.
 Heart rate.
 Time to collapse (muscle
weakness).
 Evaluating cattle breeds for
susceptibility to larkspur
intoxication.
Cattle responses to 8 mg/kg
MSAL-type alkaloids.

Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013
Average time (minutes) to exercise-induced
clinical signs of poisoning.
Breed, (number of

Time to muscle fatigue,

animals)

(minutes)

Angus, 21

15.3 ± 3.4

Brahman, 13

9.4 ± 3.3

Line 1, Hereford, 36

8.8 ± 1.8

Holstein, 15

26.8 ± 3.4

Jersey, 14

29.3 ± 2.9
Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013
Genomic Analysis
 Illumina BovineHD

genotyping array.
 777,962 polymorphisms

across the entire
bovine genome.

 We are genotyping

selected Angus and
Hereford individuals.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcanc
er/geneticvariation/page13
Conclusions
 Neostigmine reverses larkspur poisoning in

cattle.
 There are more susceptible and less susceptible

cattle in every breed.
 May be possible to select for less susceptible

animals.
 Goal of this research is to identify a genetic

marker(s) to be used for herd management.
Acknowledgements
 Dale Gardner, Steve Lee- Chemistry
 Isabella McCollum- Cell-Based Assays, Cattle.
 Kevin Welch, Zane Davis, Rex Probst, Danny

Hansen- Cattle Experiments
 Jessie Roper- Larkspur Analysis
 Daniel Cook – Larkspur populations

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Within and between cattle breed susceptibility to larkspur by Ben Green, ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory

  • 1. Ben Green Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Logan, Utah
  • 2. The Larkspur Problem  Cattle losses typically around 5% and can reach 15%.  Producers move cattle off of the larkspur containing pastures resulting in wasted high quality forage.  Loss of a cow leaves an early-weaned, poor performing calf.
  • 3. Clinical signs of larkspur poisoning •Staggering gait. •Muscle trembles. •Collapse to sternal and then lateral recumbency (this can lead to death for various reasons). •Difficulty breathing (rapid and shallow). •Death occurs from neuromuscular paralysis and/or bloat.
  • 4. Methods of Avoiding Death Losses  Drug treatment.  Neostigmine (0.02 mg/kg body weight) (Green et al., 2009. Am J Vet Res. 70:539-46).  Current management -(T0xic Window) (Pfister et al., 1999. J Nat Toxins. 8:81-94).  Future Management - select animals with decreased susceptibility to poisonous plants (Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013).
  • 5. Grazing Management! 1) Graze early before the larkspur flowers. 2) Remove cattle during the “toxic window”. 3) Graze late in the season when the seed pods begin to shatter.
  • 6. Toxic Window Pfister et al., 1999. J Nat Toxins. 8:81-94
  • 7. Quantitative Measures of Larkspur Toxicity in Cattle  Clinical signs of larkspur toxicity are difficult to measure in cattle.  Staggering gait.  Respiratory depression.  Collapse.
  • 8. Muscle Weakness  The most obvious clinical sign in poisoned cattle.  Designed a protocol to measure it.
  • 9. Responses of cattle dosed with two different populations of tall larkspur D. occidentale Dose (mg/kg BW) Exercise to Collapse (City, State) Animals (#) Total Alkaloid Y/N (#) Time (min) Victor, ID (toxic) 8 37.6 (8.8 MSAL) Y (12) 17 ±9.9 Logan, UT (less-toxic) 8 37.6 (0 MSAL) N (12) N.A. Cook et al., 2011. Am J Vet Res. 72:706-14.
  • 10. Larkspur Breed Study  Developed two quantitative measures of larkspur intoxication.  Heart rate.  Time to collapse (muscle weakness).  Evaluating cattle breeds for susceptibility to larkspur intoxication.
  • 11. Cattle responses to 8 mg/kg MSAL-type alkaloids. Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013
  • 12. Average time (minutes) to exercise-induced clinical signs of poisoning. Breed, (number of Time to muscle fatigue, animals) (minutes) Angus, 21 15.3 ± 3.4 Brahman, 13 9.4 ± 3.3 Line 1, Hereford, 36 8.8 ± 1.8 Holstein, 15 26.8 ± 3.4 Jersey, 14 29.3 ± 2.9 Green et al., 2014. Rangelands. Accepted 10-20-2013
  • 13. Genomic Analysis  Illumina BovineHD genotyping array.  777,962 polymorphisms across the entire bovine genome.  We are genotyping selected Angus and Hereford individuals. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcanc er/geneticvariation/page13
  • 14. Conclusions  Neostigmine reverses larkspur poisoning in cattle.  There are more susceptible and less susceptible cattle in every breed.  May be possible to select for less susceptible animals.  Goal of this research is to identify a genetic marker(s) to be used for herd management.
  • 15. Acknowledgements  Dale Gardner, Steve Lee- Chemistry  Isabella McCollum- Cell-Based Assays, Cattle.  Kevin Welch, Zane Davis, Rex Probst, Danny Hansen- Cattle Experiments  Jessie Roper- Larkspur Analysis  Daniel Cook – Larkspur populations