13. MEDICATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES: RESOURCE-BASED RELATIVE VALUE SCALE
Source: Minnesota Department of Human Services, MHCP Provider Manual, Medication Management Therapy Services, - HIPAA– Compliant MTMS CPT Codes,
Revised 1/5/2010. Accessed 11/11
15. การดูแลต่อเนื่องผู้ป่วยเฉพาะโรค (Continuity of Specific Care )
คลีนิคชุมชนอบอุ่น
PCU
(โรงพยาบาลชุมชน)
โรงพยาบาล
ผู้ป่วยโรคใช้ยาเฉพาะทาง
Assessment
Counseling
MTM services
MTM Services
1. Medication therapy review
2. A person medication record
3. A medication action plan
4. Intervention and referral
5. Documentation and follow-up
Reimbursement
Pharmacist fee
(MTM service)
รายงานการดูแล
Patient safety
16. VALUE
IMPROVES PATIENT OUTCOMES
IMPROVES ACCESS TO CARE
DECREASES RESOURCE UTILIZATION, ADMISSIONS
IMPROVES PATIENT SATISFACTION
MAY INCREASE DRUG SPEND
UNTREATED INDICATIONS, ADHERENCE IMPROVES
DECREASES OVERALL COST
17. INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES
COMFORT WITH PATIENTS WITH MENTAL ILLNESSES AND THEIR FAMILIES
MEASUREMENT-BASED CARE
EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT GUIDELINES
ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE MEDICATIONS
PATIENT MEDICATION EDUCATION
TEAM-BASED CARE
REFERRAL TO THERAPY, SUPPORT
PSYCHIATRIC PHARMACIST SKILLS
18. Pharmacist’s Role
in MTM and Screening
ภญ.เพ็ญทิพา แกวเกตุทอง
ผูจัดการสถานปฏิบัติการเภสัชกรรมชุมชน (โอสถศาลา)
คณะเภสัชศาสตร จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย
1
41. 5 องคประกอบหลักในการทํา MTM
Medication Therapy Review (MTR)
Personal Medication Record (PMR)
Medication Action Plan (MAP)
Intervention and/or Referral System
Documentation and Follow-Up
24
56. เภสัชกรชุมชนจัดการดานยา (MTM) ในรานยาคุณภาพ
1. Medication therapy review (MTR) 2. A medication-related action plan (MAP)
5. A person medication record (PMR)
3. Monitoring and Intervention
4. Documentation and follow-up-Record
•Risk screening :DRPs
•Assessment : adherence
•Consultation : to develop a plan
•Follow-up : improve medication used
61. Pharmacology of Psychiatric medications
Ratchanee RODSIRI, PhD
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Chulalongkorn University
Ratchanee.R@pharm.chula.ac.th
Complementary and Quality of Pharmaceutical Care in Psychiatry for Community Pharmacists,
November 6th, 2016
63. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
• 2 or more major depressive episodes
• Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in life activities for at least 2
weeks and at least five of the following symptoms that cause clinically significant
impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning almost every
day
• 1. Depressed mood most of the day.
• 2. Diminished interest or pleasure in all or most activities.
• 3. Significant unintentional weight loss or gain.
• 4. Insomnia or sleeping too much.
• 5. Agitation or psychomotor retardation noticed by others.
• 6. Fatigue or loss of energy.
• 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
• 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness.
• 9. Recurrent thoughts of death
3Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
70. TCA : Side effects
(4) Conduction abnormalities
• Prolonged PR, QRS, or QT intervals
• Atrioventricular or bundle-branch block
• May induce heart block in patients with a preexisting conduction
disorder
• TCA overdose severe arrhythmias
(5) Lower the seizure threshold
• TCA-induced seizure 0.1-.5% of patients
(6) Sexual dysfunction
10
72. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
SSRI Comment
Fluoxetine
(PROZAC)
Longer half-life; little to no discontinuation syndrome risk; well
studied
Fluvoxamine
(LUVOX)
Used as antidepressant in Europe; marketed in United States for
OCD
Paroxetine
(PAXIL)
Efficacy shown for various anxiety disorders
Citalopram
(CELEXA)
Few drug-drug interactions; large primary care and geriatric
experience in Europe; appears to have early anxiolytic response
Escitalopram
(LEXAPRO)
Few drug-drug interactions; S stereoisomer of citalopram; possibly
fewer side effects and more efficacious than citalopram
Sertaline
(ZOLOFT)
Few drug-drug interactions; large medical and geriatric experience;
efficacious for severe depression.
12
73. SSRI
• First-line antidepressants **
• High safety profile
• Choice of SSRI
– Drug interaction profile
– PK (esp. t1/2)
– Cost
• Antidepressant efficacy
– similar to TCA
Mechanism :
• Selective block at serotonin reuptake
transporter
• 5-HT levels in the synaptic cleft
13
SERT
5-HT
Fitzgerald's Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, 8, 85-101
74. SSRI as an Enzyme Inhibitor
14
Drug 1A2 2C 2D6 3A4
Fluoxetine 0 ++ ++++ ++
Fluvoxamine ++++ ++ 0 +++
Paroxetine 0 0 ++++ 0
Citalopram 0 0 + NA
Escitalopram 0 0 + 0
Sertaline 0 ++ + +
+Warfarin
hypoprothrombinemia
D/I with
antipsychotics,
carbamazepine,
phenytoin
D/I with
clozapine,
theophylline
75. SSRI : Drug Interaction
Pharmacodynamic drug interaction
• MAOI, Linezolid, Sibutramine, Triptans
• Serotonin syndrome
Boyer and Shannon. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1112-20.
15
76. SSRI : Side effects
• GI side effects – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
• Insomnia
• Sexual dysfunction
• Headache
SSRI discontinuation/ withdrawal syndrome
• dizziness, lightheadedness, vertigo, paresthesia , anxiety,
diarrhea, fatigue, gait instability, headache, insomnia,
irritability, nausea or emesis, tremors, visual disturbances
16
77. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake
Inhibitor (SNRI)
• Venlafaxine (EFFEXOR), Desvenlafaxine (PRISTIQ),
Duloxetine (CYMBALTA), Levomilnacipran (FETZIMA)
• Mechanism :
– Block serotonin and NE reuptake transporter
– Increased NE and 5-HT levels in the synaptic cleft
• Side effect : Nausea, constipation, insomnia, headaches,
sexual dysfunction
17
78. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI)
• Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Iproniacid
• Nonselective irreversible Inhibitor
• Side effects : Postural hypotension (most common), weight
gain, sexual dysfunction, anticholinergic side effects
• **Food-drug interaction**
– Tyramine, hypertensive crisis (Cheese reaction)
• RIMA (reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A)
– Moclobemide, Brofaromine -
– decrease food-drug interaction
18
79. Atypical antidepressants
Mirtazapine (REMERON)
• Mechanism : Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic
Antidepressants (NaSSAs)
– central α2 autoreceptor antagonist
increase NE release
– central α2 heteroreceptors antagonist
increase 5-HT release
– 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 antagonist
• Side effects : Somnolence, increase appetite, weight gain
• Treatment of choice for some depressed patient with
insomnia
19
Frazer A. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 17(2) suppl 1, 1997, 2s-18s.
81. Antidepressant Problems :
1. Risk of suicidal behaviour in Pediatric
• SSRIs, bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone, and venlafaxine
increase the risk of suicide in mood disorders, in pediatric, adolescense
and young adult (<26 y.o.)
2. Delay in the onset of action
• 3-6 weeks after treatment
21
82. Aron Halfin. Depression: The Benefits of Early and Appropriate Treatment.
Am J Manag Care. 2007;13:S92-S97.
22
83. Sedative-Hypnotic and Anxiolytic
• Sedative drug decreased activity, moderates excitement,
and calms the recipient
• Hypnotic drug produced drowsiness and facilitates the
onset and maintenance of a state of sleep that resembles
natural sleep
• Anxiolytic, Anti-anxiety
23
90. Benzodiazepines : Side effects
• Light-headedness, increased reaction time
• motor incoordination, impairment of mental and motor functions
• Confusion
• Anterograde amnesia
• Greatly impair driving and other psychomotor skills, especially if
combined with ethanol
• Chronic benzodiazepine use dependence and abuse
• Abrupt withdrawal Dysphoria, irritability, sweating, unpleasant
dreams, tremors, anorexia, and faintness or dizziness
30
98. Psychosis, Schizophrenia
• Psychosis
– a distorted or non-existent sense of reality
• Schizophrenia
– worldwide prevalence of 1%
– the prototypic disorder for understanding the
phenomenology of psychosis
• Positive symptoms : hallucinations, delusions, disorganized
speech, and disorganized or agitated behavior
• Negative symptoms : apathy, avolition, alogia
• Cognitive deficits
38
105. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
45
Reaction Features Time of onset and
risk
Proposed
mechanism
Treatment
Acute
dystonia
Spasm of muscles
of tongue, face,
neck, back
Time: 1-5 days.
Young,
antipsychotic naïve
patients
at highest risk
Acute DA
antagonism
Anti-parkinsonian
agents
Akathisia Subjective and
objective
restlessness
Time: 5-60 days Unknown Reduce dose or
change drug;
clonazepam,
propranolol more
effective than anti-
parkinsonian agents
Parkinsonism Bradykinesia,
rigidity, variable
tremor, mask
facies, shuffling
gait
Time: 5-30 days.
Elderly at greatest
risk
DA
antagonism
Dose reduction;
change medication;
anti-parkinsonian
agents
106. Agents to treat antipsychotic-induced
parkinsonism and akathisia
• Anticholinergic
– Benztropine (COGENTIN) – long-acting
– Diphenhydramine (BENADRYL) - most sedating
– Trihexylphenidyl (ARTANE) – less sedating
• Dopaminergic
– Amantadine – in case of tolerate to anticholinergic or elderly
• GABAergic
– Diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam
• Noradrenergic blocker
– Propanolol - for akathisia
46
107. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
47
Reaction Features Time of onset and
risk
Proposed
mechanism
Treatment
Tardive
dyskinesia
Orofacial
dyskinesia; rarely
widespread
choreoathetosis
or dystonia
Irreversible!!
Time: months, years
of treatment.
Elderly at 5-fold
greater risk.
Risk ∝ potency of
D2 blockade
Postsynaptic DA
receptor
supersensitivity,
up-regulation
Prevention crucial;
treatment
unsatisfactory.
May be reversible
with early
recognition and
drug
discontinuation
113. QTc prolongation
53
QTc prolongation ventricular tachyarrhythmias [such as torsades de pointes],
ventricular fibrillation [syncope,cardiac arrest, or sudden cardiac death]
Not dose-
related
Dose-related
Applied therapeutics, 10th ed, p.1941
114. Clozapine : Serious side effects
Indication
• Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
• Reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder
Black box warning
• 1. severe neutropenia
• 2. using under clozapine REMS program
• 3. Orthostatic hypotension
• 4. Seizure (dose-related)
• 5. Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy
• 6. Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis
54Label revision 10/08/2015 US FDA
115. Antipsychotic side effects : Summary
55
FGA Clozapine SGA
EPS
Hyperprolactinemia
Sedation
Reduced seizure
threshold
Postural hypotension
Anticholinergic
Neuroleptic malignant
syndrome
Weight gain
Sexual dysfunction
QT prolongation
Sedation
Hypersalivation
Constipation
Hypo/Hypertension
Tachycardia
Fever
Glucose intolerance and diabetes
Weight gain
Reduced seizure threshold
Noctunal enuresis
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis
Thromboembolism
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Aspiration pneumonia
Glucose intolerance
and diabetes
Weight gain
Sexual dysfunction
118. กิติยศ ยศสมบัติ; คณะเภสัชศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย [2]
อาการไม่พึงประสงค์จากยา (Adverse drug reaction: ADR)
“Any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses
normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the
modification of physiological function.”
World Health Organization (WHO). Safety of medicine: a guide to detecting and reporting adverse drug reaction. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
121. กิติยศ ยศสมบัติ; คณะเภสัชศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย [5]
Naranjo’s algorithm Yes No Not
know
1. Are there previous conclusive reports on this reaction? +1 0 0
2. Did the adverse event appear after the suspected drug was administered? +2 -1 0
3. Did the adverse reaction improve when the drug was discontinued or a specific antagonist
was administered?
+1 0 0
4. Did the adverse reaction reappear when the drug was readministered? +2 -1 0
5. Are there alternative causes that could on their own have caused the reaction? -1 +2 0
6. Did the reaction reappear when a placebo was given? -1 +1 0
7. Was the drug detected in the blood (or other fluids) in concentration known to be toxic? +1 0 0
8. Was the reaction more severe when the dose was increased, or less severe when the dose
was decreased?
+1 0 0
9. Did the patient have a similar reaction to the same or similar drugs in any previous
exposure?
+1 0 0
10. Was the adverse event confirmed by any objective evidence? +1 0 0
>8 = definite, 5-8 = probable, 1-4 = possible, <1 = doubtful
148. Complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM)
Nutrition and mental health
CAM in psychiatric disorders
Safety of CAM treatments and practices
Conclusion
2
149. Complementary and alternative medicine
CAM treatments and practices divided by NCCIH*
• Mind/body practices
– yoga, meditation, relaxation techniques, massage,
acupuncture, chiropractic
• Biological-based therapies
– vitamins, minerals, herbs, dietary supplements
• Alternative systems
– homeopathy, naturopathy, Ayuravedic medicine,
traditional Chinese medicine
*National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and integrative health
Bellanger et al. Natural Dietary and Herbal Supplements, 2016;
Mehta et al, Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 2016
3
150. Concerns of CAM use
• Efficacy and Safety
• Interactions with prescription medications and/or
existing disease states
• Potential side effects
• Quality of raw ingredients :
– identification and authentication of all components
– identification of any contaminants
– assurance of good manufacturing practices
Pharmacists play a key role in educating and counseling
consumers about OTC products including natural products
Bellanger et al. 2016; Mehta et al, 2016 4
151. One study found that over one-third
of supplement users never discussed
this with their physician.
Concerns of CAM use
5
There is a need for pharmacists
and other health care providers
to be knowledgeable about CAM
and comfortable discussing CAM
with patients.
Blendon et al. J Am Med Assoc 2013;17391):74-76
152. Complementary medicines for
mental health problem
Brain function and
dementia
ginkgo, ginseng, vitamin E
Anxiety and sleep
problems
valerian, passion flower, lavender,
melatonin
Depression and
bipolar disorder
St John’s wort, folic acid,
S-adenosyl-methionine, selenium,
vitamin D, ω-3 fatty acids
Psychotic states ω-3 fatty acids
Movement disorders vitamin E, ginkgo, melatonin
6
154. Nutrition and mental health
Relationship between nutrition and mental health
Freeman. Am J Psychiatry, 2010 ; Dawson et al. Intern Rev Neurobiol, 2016 8
Nutrient
deficiencies
Metabolic
syndrome
Dietary
pattern
• whole food
• processed food
Culture
Environment
BP, FBS, TG,
LDL, waist
155. Nutrition and mental health
• Implications for patients and population
Freeman. Am J Psychiatry, 2010 ; Dawson et al. Intern Rev Neurobiol, 2016 9
Patient assessment : nutritional habits
and weight history
Dietary habit change : individual,
community, national levels
Preventive strategies might focus on
children,
156. Diet and mental health across the lifespan
• Early file
– Diet quality before and during pregnancy is important
to the mental health and cognition of child.
• Childhood and adolescence
– Increasingly reliant on nutrient poor, high sugar foods
such as sweets, soft drink, snacks, and baked goods that
linked to obesity and NCD and also linked to behavioral
and emotional problems in children.
• Adulthood and elderly
– Dietary patterns in adulthood can be influenced by
many social, demographic, and individual factors.
– This is an important period for lowering disease risk or
managing health conditions through lifestyle behaviors,
especially depression and cognitive decline.
Dawson et al. Intern Rev Neurobiol, 2016 10
157. What the brain needs?
Nutrition is a key factor for high prevalence
and incidence of very frequent mental
diseases, such as depression.
Sarris et al. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2015; 3(2): 271-274. 11
Key nutrients
• PUFA omega-3
• essential amino acids
• B-vitamins, vitamin D
• Zn, Mg, Fe
158. PUFAs and brain development
α-linolenic acid (18:n-3)
linoleic acid (18:2n-6)
• Precursors of second messengers
prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leucotrienes
• Structural lipids in cellular membranes
• α-linolenic acid is the precursor of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
that presents in high concentrations in retina and brain lipids.
Fernstrom. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(suppl): 1699S-73S. 12
160. Folic acid and brain development
• The incidence of neural tube defects is notably higher
in children of women who are folate deficient during
pregnancy.
• Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy can
reduce NTDs in newborns, ideally supplementation
should begin before conception.
• Folate deficiency by impeding DNA, protein or lipid
synthesis could thus affect neural tube development.
• Folate is also involved in synthesis of serotonin and
catecholamine neurotransmitters.
Fernstrom. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(suppl): 1699S-73S. 14
161. • THF = tetrahydrofolate, Me = methyl group, SAMe = S-adenosylmethionine, SAH = S-adenosylhomocysteine,
• R= any molecule that can be methylated by SAMe.
• (1) serine hydroxymethyltransferase (a pyridoxal phosphate–dependent enzyme),
• (2) methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,
• (3) methionine synthase or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase (a cobalamin-dependent)
• (4) methionineadenosyltransferase,
• (5) a variety of SAMe-dependent methyltransferase enzymes,
• (6) adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.
Folate cycle
15
163. Tyrosine, tryptophan, choline
and brain function
• Tryptophan is the precursor to serotonin.
• Tyrosine is the precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine,
epinephrine
• Choline is the precursor to acetylcholine
Fernstrom. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(suppl): 1699S-73S. 17
164. CAM for psychiatry
• Herbal medicine
• Acupuncture
• Relaxation technique
• Tai-chi
• Nutritional supplements
165. Nutrition therapy for
mental disorders
• Major depression
• Bipolar disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
167. Nutritional therapies for mental disorders
Mental
disorders
Proposed cause Treatment
Major
depression
Serotonin deficiency Tryptophan
Dopamine/norepinephrine
deficiency
Tyrosine
GABA deficiency GABA
ω-3 FA deficiency ω-3 FAs
Magnesium deficiency Magnesium
SAM deficiency SAM
21
Lakhan and Vieira. Nutr J, 2008;7(2):
168. Nutritional therapies for mental disorders
Mental
disorders
Proposed cause Treatment
Bipolar
disorder
Excess acetylcholine
receptors
Lithium, taurine
Excess vanadium Vitamin C
Vitamin B/folate
deficiency
Vitamin B,
folate
L-tryptophan deficiency L-tryptophan
Choline deficiency Lecithin
ω-3 FA deficiency ω-3 FAs
22
Lakhan and Vieira. Nutr J, 2008;7(2)
169. Nutritional therapies for mental disorders
Mental
disorders
Proposed cause Treatment
Schizophrenia Impaired serotonin
synthesis
Tryptophan
Glycine deficiency Glycine
ω-3 FA deficiency ω-3 FAs
Obsessive-
compulsive
disorder
Serotonin deficiency Tryptophan
23
Lakhan and Vieira. Nutr J, 2008;7(2)
170. B vitamins and psychiatry
24
• Low folate and B12 status has been found in depressed patients
in general, along with increased homocysteine levels.
• Low serum folate levels has been found in schizophrenia patients
• Vitamin B6 has a role in conversion of tryptophan to serotonin
and making of norepinephrine and melatonin.
• Lack of vitamin B6 can cause nervousness, irritability, depression,
difficulty concentrating, short-term memory.
• Vitamin B6 has been found in improving PMS and autism.
171. B vitamins and psychiatry
25
• Psychiatric signs of vitamin B12 deficiency include
concentration difficulties, confusion, irritability, impaired
memory, dementia, depression, personality changes, and
psychosis.
• Some people do not produce intrinsic factor and are at risk for
psychiatric symptoms due to vitamin B12 deficiency, as are
vegans and vegetarians.
• Vitamin B12 supplementation
– may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease
– can be a helpful complement to treatment for depression
172. ω-3 fatty acids in psychiatric disorders
• PUFA have an important role in many neural pathways.
• PUFA deficiency may be correlated with the occurrence of
several psychiatric illnesses, such as major depression, bipolar
disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety
disorders.
• Inflammation may be key to the development of mental
illness and continuous inflammation can lead to neuron
malfunction because of the increase in oxidative stress in
brain. This damage can cause several symptoms correlating
with mood disorders.
• Lack of ω-3 fatty acids can decrease the serotonin production
and activity that be observed in depressed patients.
Prior and Galduroz. Adv Nut 2012; 3: 257-265. 26
174. CAM use in depression
• Types of CAM used
– Herbal medicine, vitamins and minerals,
nutraceuticals
– Acupuncture, homeopathy, massage, naturopathy,
traditional Chinese medicine
Solomon and Adams. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015; 179: 101-113. 28
175. CAM use in depression
• Reasons for CAM use
– Conventional treatment was not effective, did not help with
daily functioning, failed to prevent recurrent episodes, and
was too expensive.
– CAM in some studies deemed natural with fewer adverse
effects than conventional treatments.
– Amelioration of symptoms such as fatigue, poor memory,
weight gain, low energy levels and symptoms commonly
associated with depressive disorders.
– Perceived safety due to the belief that natural products are
less dangerous than prescription medications.
Solomon and Adams. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015; 179: 101-113.
29
176. Folates and depression
• Depression is associated with low serum
or RBC folate levels.
Alpert et al. Nutr 2000;16:544-6.
30
• Boosting vitamin B levels may help depression symptoms
– Vitamin B12 …1 mg/d
– Folic acid…..800 mcg/d
Vickar and Stradford, Nutrition Treatment in Psychiatry
.
• Patients with low plasma folate respond less well to
antidepressant treatment.
Fava et al. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:426-8.
177. Folates and depression
• Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 10-week study
• Subjects : depressed adults with normal folate level
Treatment group : 500 mcg folate + 20 mg fluoxetine
Placebo group: placebo +20 mg fluoxetine
31
significant increase plasma folate level
significantly better response
Alpert et al. Nutr 2000;16:544-6.
178. Vitamin D and depression
• Low vitamin D level was found in individuals with depression.
Khoramiya et al.Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013;47:271-5.
Parker et al. J Affect Disorders 2017;208:56-61 32
8-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Participants : patients with MDD
Treatments : 500 IU vitamin D or placebo
+ fluoxetine 20 mg/day
The combination was significantly
superior to fluoxetine alone in MDD
patients with vitamin D deficit.
179. Ginkgo and depression
• Precautions
– should not be used with other known blood
thinning and antiplatelet medications.
– may increase risk of seizures in patients with
epilepsy.
Cass. Semin Integrat Med 2004;2:82-88 33
• Gingko could improve brain function by
increasing blood flow in the brain.
• Some of bioactive phytochemicals in ginkgo
extract work as MAOI.
180. St. John’s wort and depression
Singh. J Ethnopharm 2005;100:108-13
Pilkington et al. Complement Ther Med 2006;14:268-81. 34
• Antidepressant action is probably mediated
by serotonergic, noradrenergic and
dopaminergic system activation.
• Avoiding use in patients taking
– anti HIV medications, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives,
warfarin, MAOI or SSRIs, digoxin
– drugs or herbs metabolized by CYP
Although many studies showed the effectiveness of SJW in minor
depression and mild to moderate depression, side effects and drug
interaction are important to consider.
181. ω-3 fatty acids and major depression
• High seafood consumption was associated with a
lower prevalence of major depression.
Hibbel. Lancet 1998;351:1213
• Adding 1 g/d of EPA to ongoing antidepressant
medication results in significant decrease in
depression compared with patients with only
antidepressant trial.
Peet and Horrobin, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:913-9.
35
182. ω-3 fatty acids and major depression
Nemets et al. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:477-9.
36
4-week of double-blind
placebo-controlled trial
2 g/d of EPA+ maintenance
antidepressant therapy
significant decrease
in depression.
183. ω-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorders
Stoll et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:407-12
37
4-month of double-blind
placebo-controlled trial
Intervention: ω-3 FAs 9.6g/d
Significant changes
• stayed well longer
• decrease in depressive symptoms
• clinical improvement
Treatment (n=14)
Placebo (n=16)
184. ω-3 fatty acids and schizophrenia
• There was no correlation between lifetime
prevalence rates of schizophrenia and seafood
consumption
Noaghiul and Hibbeln. M J Psychiatry 2003;160:2222-7.
• EPA could attenuating depressive and psychotic
symptoms among severely ill patients with
schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic medication.
Peet et al. J Psychiatry Res 2002;35:7-18.
• Adding 3 g/d of EPA to chronically ill patients with
schizophrenia already being treated antipsychotic
medication.
Fenton et al. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:2071-4.38
185. ω-3 fatty acids and schizophrenia
Ammiger et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67(2):146-54...
• .
12-week intervention study
and 40-week follow-up
Participants : people high at risk of
developing schizophrenia aged 13-35 years
Treatments : 1.2g/d PUFA or placebo
∗ω-3 FA reduce risk of the transition into
psychotic disorders
*It can be an effective strategy in the
prevention of the development of mental
illness in young people.
39
186. Vitamins and schizophrenia
• A lack of vitamin D during the first year of life was correlated
with increased risk of schizophrenia.
• Vitamin D deficiency in 3rd trimester pf pregnancy may be a
factor of developing schizophrenia in the offspring.
McGrath et al. Schizophrenia Res 2004;67:237-45
• High level of vitamin D related to reduced risk of
schizophrenia with elevated C-reactive protein.
.
Zhu et al. Psychiatry RES 2015;228:565-70.
• Vitamin B6 might effectively influence reduction of
dyskinesia in patients by adding to the standard psychotic
treatment.
Lerner et al. J Neuochem 2001;68;:648-54.
Lerner et al. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999;22:241-3.
40
187. Vitamins and schizophrenia
• Increased levels of homocysteine is commonly
observed in patients with affective disorders
and schizophrenia.
• Vitamin B and folic acid supplementation has
been shown to be effective in reducing
homocysteine level.
Mustafa et al. Behavio Neurosci 2014;6(8):343.
41
188. Vitamins and schizophrenia
• Vitamin C and vitamin E
provide a antioxidant defense
Mahadik et al. Prog Neuro Psycho Psychiatry 2001;25:463-93.
• Supplementation with a mixture of EPA/DHA and
antioxidant (vitamin E/C 400IU/500mg)
Improved quality of life
in schizophrenia patients
Arvindakshan et al. Bio Psychiatry 2003;53:S6-64.42
189. Minerals and schizophrenia
• Selenium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron
– role in neurological and mental conditions
• Several observations suggest that the changes
in Mn, Cu, Fe may role in pathogenesis of
schizophrenia.
Yanik et al. Bio Trace Elem Res 2001;98(2):109-17.
• Zinc supplement in schizophrenia patients who
had a low serum level show significant
improvement in mental and physical function
Pfeifer et al. J Orthomolecular Psyphiatry 1999;14(1) 28-48.
43
190. Summary: nutrition in schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia patients take antipsychotic medications which
may cause an increase in body weight, blood pressure and
blood glucose and cholesterol levels.
• A balanced diet may be an important therapeutic goal in
controlling metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia.
low-calorie diet containing
all essential nutrients, fiber
and PUFA
• improvement of lipid profile
• Reduction of inflammatory
• Reduction of insulin resistance
44
191. Safety of CAM treatment and practice
Bellanger et al. Natural Dietary and Herbal Supplements, 2016
CAM Adverse effects:
Natural dietary and herbal
supplements
CNS and cardiac system
Pulmonary
Renal
Endocrine
Hepatic
Mind-body therapies Chiropractic
Acupuncture
Tai chi
Yoga
45
Natural is not necessarily safe
192. Conclusion
• Use of CAM practices in creasing around the world due
to perceived health benefits, low cost, and relatively
low risk.
• Although herbs and dietary supplements in psychiatric
disorders has been commonly used, studies of these
are limited and the results are sometimes inconclusive.
• Using herbs, vitamins or dietary supplements for
psychiatry should be consulted with doctor first
because of side effects and complications, particularly
among patients with chronic illnesses. 46
193. Conclusion
• Special concerns for using supplements
– Efficacy and adverse effects
– Interaction with other medicine use
– Synergistic and antagonistic effects
– Optimal dosing
• Integrated modifications
– Dietary pattern : improve access to quality food
and reduce access to the unhealthy and processed
food products
– Lifestyles : exercise, smoking, alcohol, relaxation47
197. Vulnerable Patients
• Patients with mental illness
• Receive the same priority as those with physical problems
• Not be any discrimination against an individual
• Good management
• Significant contribution to the effectiveness and efficiency
• Improve the outcome for patient
200. Pharmaceutical Counselling to Psychiatric Patients
• Verbal languages
• Wording
• Simply and clear
• “สารเคมีในสมอง”
• “ปรับสมดุล”
• NO! negative wording
• “ยาทําให้สดชื่น”
• “ยาควบคุมอารมณ์”
• Non-verbal languages
• Facial expressions
• The tone and pitch of the voice,
• Gestures displayed through body
language
• The physical distance between the
communicators.
201. Phase of Treatment: Schizophrenia
Acute phase Stabilization phase Stable phase
Goal
- Psychotic symptom
- Behaviors
- Patient and family
- Treatment plans
Goal
- Relapse
- Recovery
- Social functioning
Goal
- Recovery
- QoL
- Treatment plans
- Exacerbations
- Side effects
2-4 wks. 1-2 yrs. > 5 yrs.
212. Schizophrenia and Diabetes Mellitus
Monitors
- Body wt.
- Waist circumstance
- BP
- FBS
- Lipid profile
Monitors
- Body wt every 1 mo.
Monitors
- BP
- FBS
- Lipid profile
The first 3 mo. After 3 mo. And every 1 yr.Baseline