Genetic Variation & Intercultural Management of Grape

1. GENETIC VARIATION &
INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF
GRAPE
Presented By:
Utpal Das
M.sc. Agriculture (Horti.)
Assam Agricultural University

2. Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to diversity in gene frequencies. Genetic
variation can refer to differences between individuals or to
differences between populations. Mutation is the ultimate source
of genetic variation, but mechanisms such as sexual reproduction
and genetic drift contribute to it as well.
Grape is grown under a variety of soil and climatic conditions in
three distinct agro-climatic zones, namely,
Sub-tropical climatic regions ,
 Hot tropical climatic regions and
 Mild tropical climatic regions in India.

3. Sub-tropical Region
 This region covers the northwestern plains corresponding to 28° and
32° N latitude including Delhi; Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh; Hissar
and Jind districts of Haryana; and Bhatinda, Ferozpur, Gurdaspur and
Ludhiana districts of Punjab.
 Vines undergo dormancy and bud break starts in the first week of
March while the rains arrive in the first week of June, and therefore,
only 90-95 days are available from the initiation of growth to harvest.
 Consequently, ‘Perlette’ is the only early ripening variety grown in
this region.
 Rain damage is a problem withThompson Seedless in this region.
 Single pruning and a single harvest is the accepted practice here.

4. Hot Tropical Region
• This region covers Nashik, Solapur, Pune, Latur districts of
Maharashtra; Andhra Pradesh; Karnataka lying between 15° and 20° N
latitude.
• This is the major viticulture region accounting for 70 percent of the
area under grapes in the country.
• Vines do not undergo dormancy and double pruning and a single
harvest is the general practice in this region.
• Maximum and minimum temperature is 42°C and 8°C, respectively.
• The major problems in this region are soil and water salinity and
drought.
• Thompson Seedless and its clones (Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka), Anab-e-
Shahi, Sharad Seedless and Flame Seedless are the varieties grown in
this region.
Thompson Seedless

5. Mild Tropical Region
 An area covered by 10° and 15° N latitude including
Bangalore and Kolar districts of Karnataka; Chittoor district of
Andhra Pradesh and Coimbatore; and Madurai and Theni
districts ofTamil Nadu fall in this region.
 Maximum temperatures in a year seldom exceed 36°C, while
the minimum is about 12°C.
 Principal varieties are Bangalore Blue (Syn. Isabella), Anab-
e-Shahi, Gulabi (Syn. Muscat Hamburg), and Bhokri.
 Thompson Seedless is grown only with limited success.
Except for Thompson Seedless, two crops are harvested in a
year.
 Vinifera varieties susceptible to mildew suffer losses due to
unprecedented rains during flowering and fruit set in both hot
and mild tropical regions.

6. Various species
Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and
Central Asia.
Vitis labrusca, the Fox grapevine, sometimes used for wine. Native to
the Eastern United States and Canada.
Vitis riparia, the Riverbank Grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking
and for jam. Native to the entire Eastern U.S. and north toQuebec.
Vitis aestivalis, the Summer Grape, native to the Eastern United States,
especially the Southeastern United States.
Vitis rotundifolia (syn. Muscadinia rotundifolia), the Muscadine, used for
jams and wine. Native to the Southeastern United States fromDelaware to
the Gulf of Mexico.
Vitis rupestris, the Rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera
resistant rootstock. Native to the Southern United States.
Vitis amurensis, native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia
and China.
Vitis vulpina, the Frost Grape, native to the Eastern United States.

7. Variation occurs due to:-
1. Hybridization:-As grape vine is a heterozygous
& loss of vigour & fertility occurs due to in
breeding. To overcome this crossing of unrelated
parents with good combining ability is done &
hybrids with desirable characters are selected from
resulted seedlings.
Eg.- Arka Hans-BB x Anab-e-shahi, seeded berries of
yellowish green color.
Arka Neelmani:- BC xTS, No pruning required &
tolerant to anthracnose.

8. 2.polyploidy:-Commercial grapes mostly belong to
Euvitis section comprising of V. vinifera, V.
labrusca, V. riparia and V. rupestris with the
haploid chromosome number 19. In the other
section, Muscadinia, the haploid chromosome
number is 20. The cultivated grapevine (V.
vinifera) is diploid.
3.Mutation:- natural & induced mutation are
important sources of variations in grape sporting
or mutation is interpreted as a result of change
in a gene in an initial cell of the organ in which it
appears.

9. Intercultural management of grape

10. Irrigation is given at 10 days interval
Water needs of vineyard are influenced by the following factors:-
1.Age & condition of the vine. Young vines required more frequent
irrigation than grown up vine.
2. Soil type & climatic factors (temperature, RH, wind)
3. Irrigation after pruning is necessary, as irrigation is seldom
applied during winter when the vines remains dormant.
4.The period between fruit set and maturity is the most critical as
it requires adequate water during this period.
Irrigation

11.  Intercrops are generally not recommended.
 But now-a-days intercropping with radish,
cucurbits, okra, brinjal, potato are done for first
2-3 years after planting of vineyards.
 Cover crops of leguminous types like guara,
cowpea are better to be grown and burry them
at their maximum vegetative growth to improve
soil quality.
Intercropping

12.  FYM- for 1 year old grape vine is 20kg, 5 years &
above 80 kg per ha.
 For production of 1 tonnes of yield nutrient
required by grapes is 8.0 kg N & 2.0kg P, 9.0 kg K.
FYM N P K States
300 750 640 1000 Andhra Pradesh
50 400 640 480 Himachal Pradesh
70 400 105 100 Jammu & Kashmir
25 270 450 900 Karnataka
25 200 120 180 Maharashtra
80 500 720 480 Punjab
Manures and Fertilizers

13.  In case of twice pruning, 60% of annual dose of N,
50% P2O5 at April pruning and rest of N, P2O5 &
entire K2O at October pruning is recommended.
 Application of nutrient through foliage increase
the efficiency of applied nutrients.
 Application of 0.02% Mg, 0.2% Fe, & 0.4% B, result
in better quality higher yield.
 Fertigation through drip irrigation system is ideal
which saves 30% of fertilizers quantity.
Time of fertilizer application

14. Problematic weeds like Cyanodon dactylon and Cyperus
rotundus are removed manually by digging deep to remove
their deep-seated runners.
Mulching is commonly practiced to check weed.
Pre-emergence application of Diuron, Simazine or
Atrazine @ 2 kg a.i. /ha and Goal (Oxyfluorfen) @ 1 kg
a.i. /ha after pruning is recommended.
Glyphosate @ 10 ml/litre mixed with 5g of Ammonium
Sulphate and detergent, as a post-emergence spray is
effective in controlling weeds.
Weed Control

15. A. Kniffin system
B. Head system
C.Telephone or overhead trellis system
D. Bower system
Training methods for grape

16. The main objective of pruning of grapevines is to facilitate
intercultural operations, and maintain desired vine shape and vitality
for constant and increased productivity.
In Maharashtra, north Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh the vines are
forced to undergo rest for about a month immediately after harvest to
store food material in the mature parts of the vine. The canes are cut
back in April by keeping 1-2 buds which develops into canes in 4-5
months. The dried canes are also removed. Here it is called 'back
pruning' or 'growth' pruning. In the month of September-October these
canes are pruned for fruiting. This pruning is called 'forward pruning' or
‘winter pruning’.
InTamil Nadu pruning is done during November-December for
summer crop harvested during March- April. While pruning in May-June
results in second crop during August-September
Pruning

17.  Spur pruning
 Cane pruning
 Mechanical pruning
 Dormant pruning
 Summer pruning
Pruning methods
Type of pruning

18.  The removal of flower clusters before
flowering or parts of such clusters after fruit
set is called thinning.
 Types of thinning methods
1. Flower cluster thinning .
2. Flower thinning
3. Cluster thinning
4. Berry thinning
Thinning of fruits

19. Flower cluster thinning
Cluster thinning

20. Shoot pinching is done when the main shoot attains 7-8 leaf
stage.
During pinching the tip of the mature shoot is pinched by
retaining only five nodes.
As a result the terminal bud along with 1-2 laterals resumes
growth.These laterals are called as sub-canes.
Buds up to third node from the base on the sub-cane were
found to be invariably fruitful resulting in 2-3 clusters/cane
Shoot Pinching

21.  Girdling is removing a narrow ring of 4-5 mm
width of bark entirely around some member
of vine like arm or cane.
 It is done to improve fruit set increase berry
size & advance maturation.
Girdling

22. Growth
Regulators
Concentrations Time of Application Effects
NAA 20 ppm
15-20 ppm
20-25 ppm
Spraying at berry formation
stage.
Dipping bunches at sugar
formation stage
Spraying 10-15 days before
harvest
Controls flower &
berry drop
Improves berry lustre
Prevents berry drop
in transit
IBA 1000-1500 ppm Dipping of cuttings Promotes rooting of
cuttings
4 CPA 10 ppm 1st spraying when the berry
size is 3 mm dia.
2nd spraying when the berry
size is 6 mm dia.
Increases the pedicel
thickness
Growth Regulators