Mushroom poisoning

2. Definition
• Poisoning occurs when any substance
interferes with normal body functions after it
is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed.
• The branch of medicine that deals with the
detection and treatment of poisons is known
as toxicology.
• Nearly above 100 plants are toxic to humans.
• (Lethal)

3. Examples :
1. AloeAloe:
• Latin name -Vera
2. Cannabis
• Latin name - Cannabis Sativa

4. 3. Mushroom :
Latin name : Boletus edulis

5. Mushroom’s poisoning
There are three types of effects;
POSITIVE
• Mood lift, Euphoria
• Increased giggling and laughing
• May interrupt cluster sequences in
those suffering from cluster
headaches

6.  NEUTRAL :
• Feeling more emotionally sensitive
• General change in consciousness
• Sleepiness, lethargy
• Pupil dilation.
 NEGATIVE :
• Intense feelings of fear, nausea, confusion
• Mild to severe anxiety, dizziness,.

7. • Mushroom poisoning (also known
as mycetism)
• Refers to harmful effects from ingestion
of toxic substances present in
a mushroom.
• They are unique.
• They are neither animal or plant.
• The Kingdom of “ Fungi”

8. CLASSIFICATION
1. Cyclopeptide – containing mushrooms -
AMANITA SPECIES
2. Mono methyl hydrazine - Gyromitra species
3. Muscarine containing mushrooms – Inocybe
species
4. Coprine – coprinus – Atramentarius
5. Gastroenteritis including mushrooms –
Chlorophyllum molybdites.

9. USES OF MUSHROOMS
• Production of foodstuffs like wine and
cheese.
• Mushrooms has immune system
enhancement properties.
• Used for dyeing wool and other natural
fibers.
• Used as a antioxidant.

10. AMANITA SPECIES
 Fly agaric or fly amanita
 Poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete
fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
DESCRIPTION:
 A large conspicuous mushroom
 Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the
soil looking like a white egg, covered in the
white warty material of the universal veil.

11. M.O.A :
• Amatoxins are potent and selective inhibitors of RNA
polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis
of messenger RNA(mRNA), microRNA, and small
nuclear RNA (snRNA).
• Without mRNA, which is the template for protein
synthesis, cell metabolism stops and cytolysis ensues.
• The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is
insensitive to the effects of amatoxins; thus, the
mushroom does not poison itself.
• Fatal dose – 2 to 3 mushrooms
( A.phalloides)

12.  Early symptom category - 6 hours
• Allergic, and neurologic syndromes
(Hallucinations, Convulsions,coma )
 Late symptom category – 6 and 24 hours
• Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic.
 Delayed symptom category – After 24 hours
• Jaundice, hypoglycemia, MODS followed by
death.

13. Other symptoms :
• Diarrhea,
• Fever,
• Headache,
• Weakness,
• Drowsiness,
• Dizziness, sweating,
• Confusion, and hallucination.

14. Complications
• Kidney damage, Kidney failure & Death
 Indications:
• Don't believe that boiling, salting, or
drying mushrooms will purified ones
• Don't use alcohol. Some edible
mushrooms can cause an abnormal
reaction when taken with alcohol.

15. DIAGNOSIS :
• Arterial blood gas analysis may demonstrate
hypoxia and acidosis.
• Electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypokalemia)
may occur in patients with severe
gastroenteritis.
• LFT & RFT

16. • Monitoring BGL
• Detection of toxins in gastric aspirate,
serum, urine, stool.
• Liver & kidney biopsies has to done.

17. • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) analysis of urinary amanitin appears
to be efficacious in diagnosing amatoxin
poisoning.
• TLC,
• GLC and
• HPLC.

18. Treatment
• The initial treatment is supportive.
• Control the ABCs
• Hydration with intravenous fluid is essential to
maintain a strong blood pressure.
• Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, packed RBC is
necessary.
• Oxygen therapy and, if necessary, a breathing
machine (mechanical ventilator) can be used.
• Decontamination of GUT (A+ charcoal, emesis,
catharsis, forced diuresis, hemoperfusion)

19. • Drugs used include anticonvulsants, antiemetics,
gastrointestinal (GI) decontaminants, antidotes, and
anticholinergic agents.
 Anticonvulsants - Lorazepam (Ativan)
 Antiemetic Agents - Metoclopramide (Reglan)
 Gastrointestinal Agents - PEG
 Anticholinergic Agents - Atropine

20. Antidote :
• BENZYL PENICLLIN :
• DOSE : 300000 – 1,000,000units/day is effective.
• M.O.A : By binding to specific penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall,
penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of
bacterial cell wall synthesis.
• Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall
autolytic enzymes such as autolysis.

21. • ADR :, hypersensitivity,
rashes, neurotoxicity , erythema,
dermatitis , angioedema , seizures.
• Thioctic acid – hepatic damage
• Silybinnin – hepatic toxicity
• Cimetidine (have hepato protector
against alpha amanitin)
Dose – 4-6gm/day

22. How to get infect from
mushrooms??????????????

23. IF….
 Eat poisonous mushroom.
 Eat rotten mushroom.
 Eat mushrooms sprayed with
pesticides.
Eat mushrooms if the person is
allergic too.
Eat safe mushrooms but have a
panic reaction.

24. Tips For Identifying
Poisonous Mushrooms
• Should never pick little brown mushrooms or umbrella-
capped ones with white gills.
• Always leave out the mushroom that has a bulbous cap or
sac around its base.
• This ring or ‘annulus’ is a clear indication of the toxicity of a
mushroom.
• Just bite into its fleshy cap and wait for 24 hours to see
any possible signs of poisoning.
• Also, avoid eating wild mushrooms in raw form or in large
quantities as these are difficult to digest.

25. mycotoxins