5 G SYSTEMS IS THE FUTURE WILL BE FAST WITH UNIMAGINABLE SPEED AND WITH LOTS OF SERVICES.Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.

1. 5G MOBILE SYSTEM
Submited by – VAISHNAV LAVATRE
8TH
SEMESTER
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS

2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OVERVIEW
3. 1G MOBILE NETWORK
4. 2G MOBILE NETWORK
5. 3G MOBILE NETWORK
6. 4G MOBILE NETWORK
7. 5G MOBILE NETWORK
8. DIFFERENCEBETWEEN GENERATIONS
9. ARCHITECTURE
10. 5G NETWORKSTACK
11. APPLICATION OF 5G
12. ADVANTAGE
13. DISADVANTAGE
14. CHALLENGES
15. FUTURESCOPE

3. INTRODUCTION
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems,
abbreviated 5G, are the proposednext telecommunicationsstandards
beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
5G planningaims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher
density of mobile broadbandusers, and supportingdevice-to-device,
more reliable, and massive machine communications. 5G research and
development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower
battery consumption,for betterimplementation of the Internet of things.

4. OVERVIEW
In the field of mobile communications, a "generation" generally refers to
a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-
compatibletransmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new
frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and
higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers .Before advent of
proposed 5G or 5TH
generation mobile network. We have seen 1G, 2G,
3G, 4G networks. Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of
promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data
hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest
technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this
article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will
be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.

5. 1G MOBILE NETWORK
1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephonetechnology, mobile
telecommunications which was first introducedin 1980s and completed
in early 1990s. Its Speed was up to 2.4kbps. It allows the voice calls in 1
country. 1G network use Analog Signal. In 1G or First generation of
wireless telecommunication technology the network contains many cells
(Land area was divided into small sectors, each sector is known as cell, a
cell is covered by a radio network with one transceiver) and so same
frequency can be reused many times which results in great spectrum
usage and thus increased the system capacity i.e. large number of users
could be accommodated easily. Use of cellularsystem in 1G or First
generation of wireless telecommunication technology resulted in great
spectrumusage.
Use of Analog signals for data (in this case voice) transmission led to
many problems those are:
1. Analog Signals does not allow advance encryption methods hence
there is no security of data i.e. anybody could listen to the conversion
easily by simple techniques. The user identification number could be
stolen easily and which could be used to make any call and the user
whose identification number was stolen had to pay the call charges.
2. Analog signals can easily be affected by interference and the call
quality decreases.

6. 2G MOBILE NETWORKS
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation cellulartechnology. Second-
generation 2G cellularnetworks were commercially launched on the
GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja(now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.
Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that
phoneconversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrumallowing for far greater
wireless penetrationlevels; and 2G introduced dataservices for mobile,
starting with SMS text messages. 2G technologies enabled the various
networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages,
and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent over 2G are
digitally encrypted,allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that
only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched,the previous mobile wireless network systems
were retroactively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are
analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital
signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the devices) to the
rest of the mobile system.
2G networks are still used in most parts of the world.
With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical
maximum transfer speed of 50 Kbit/s (40 Kbit/s in practice). With EDGE
(EnhancedData Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical
maximum transfer speed of 1 Mbit/s (500 Kbit/s in practice)

7. 3G MOBILE NETWORKS
3G standing for third generation is the third generation of wireless
mobile telecommunicationstechnology.The first 3G networks were
introducedin 1998. It is the upgrade for 2G network, for faster internet
speed. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and
mobile telecommunicationsuse services and networks that comply with
the International MobileTelecommunications-2000(IMT-2000)
specifications by the InternationalTelecommunication Union. 3G finds
application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed
wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an
information transfer rate of at least 2 Mbit/s. Later 3G releases often
denoted3.5G and 3.75Galso provide mobile broadbandaccess of several
Mbit/s to smartphonesand mobile modems in laptopcomputers. This
ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet
access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV
technologies.
A new generation of cellularstandardshas appeared approximatelyevery
tenth year since 1G systems were introducedin 1981/1982. Each
generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates
and non–backward-compatibletransmission technology.

8. 4G MOBILE NETWORKS
4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellularnetwork technology,
succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in
IMT Advanced. Potential and current applicationsincludeamended
mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition
mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.
The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (a 4G candidate
system) has been commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and
Stockholm, Sweden since 2009. 4G offers a downloadingspeed of
100Mbps. 4G provides same feature as 3G and additionalservices like
Multi-MediaNewspapers, to watch T.V programs with more clarity and
send Data much faster than previous generations . LTE (Long Term
Evolution)is considered as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to
accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming
applicationslike wireless broadbandaccess, Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content,Digital Video
Broadcasting(DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other
services that utilize bandwidth.

9. 5G MOBILE NETWORKS
5G Technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. Fifth
generation network provide affordable broadbandwireless connectivity
(very high speed). Currently5G term is not officially used. In fifth
generation researches are being made on development of World Wide
Wireless Web (WWWW), DynamicAdhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN)
and Real Wireless World. Fifth generation focus on (Voice over IP)
VOIP enabled devices that user will experience a high level of call
volume and data transmission.
Some features of 5G are:-
 Data rates of tens of megabits per second for tens of thousandsof
users.
 Several hundredsof thousandsof simultaneous connectionsfor
wireless sensors.
 Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
 Coverage improved.
 Signaling efficiency enhanced.
 Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.
 One to 10Gbpsconnectionsto end points in the field.
 One millisecond end-to-endround trip delay.
 1000xbandwidth per unit area.
 99.999percent availability.
 90 percent reductionin network energy usage.
 Up to ten-year batterylife for low power, machine-type device.

10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENERATIONS

11. ARCHITECTURE
Fig: 5G architecture
5G network architectureas shown 5G network uses flat IP conceptso
that different RANs (Radio Access Networks) can use the same single
Nano core for communication. RANs supported by 5G architectureare
GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, LTE, LTE-advanced, WiMAX, Wi-Fi,
CDMA2000, EV-DO, CDMA One, And IS-95 etc.
Flat IP architectureidentifies devices using symbolic names unlike
hierarchical architecturewhere in normal IP addresses are used. This
architecturereduces number of network elements in data path and hence
reduces cost to greater extent. It also minimizes latency.

12. 5G aggregator aggregates all the RAN traffics and routeit to gateway.
5G aggregator is located at BSC/RNC place.
5G mobile terminal houses different radio interfaces for each RAT in
order to provide support for all the spectrumaccess and wireless
technologies.
Another component in the 5G network architectureis 5G Nano core. It
consists of nanotechnology, cloud computing, All IP architecture.
Cloud computing utilizes internet as well as central remote servers to
maintain data and applicationsof the users. It allows consumers to use
applicationswithout any installation and access their files from any
computeracross the globe with the use of internet.

13. 5G NETWORK STACK
The figure depicts 5G protocol stack mentioning 5G protocol layers
mapped with OSI stack. As shown 5G protocol stack consists of OWA
layer, network layer, Open transport layer and application layer.
 OWA Layer: OWA layer is the short form of Open Wireless
Architecturelayer. It functions as physical layer and data link layer
of OSI stack.
 Network Layer: It is used to routedata from source IP device to the
destination IP device/system. It is divided into lower and upper
network layers.
 Open TransportLayer: It combines functionalityof both transport
layer and session layer.
 ApplicationLayer: It marks the data as per properformat required.
It also does encryption and decryption of the data. It selects the best
wireless connectionfor given service.

14. APPLICATION OF 5G
Some of the significant applicationsare:-
 It will make unified global standard for all.
 Network availability will be everywhere and will facilitate peopleto
use their computerand such kind of mobile devices anywhere
anytime.
 Because of the IPv6 technology, visiting care of mobile IP address
will be assigned as per the connected networkand geographical
position.
 Its application will make world real Wi Fi zone.
 Its cognitive radio technology will facilitate different version of
radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently.
 Its application will facilitate peopleto avail radio signal at higher
altitudeas well.
 The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more
attractive and effective.
 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision toolsfor fast
action.
 5G technology offer transporterclass gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
 Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can
get better and fast solution.
 The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
 The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business
prospect

15. ADVANTAGES OF 5G
 High resolution and bi-directionallarge bandwidth shaping.
 Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
 More effective and efficient.
 Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision toolsfor the quick
action.
 Most likely, will provide a huge broadcastingdata (in Gigabit),
which will support more than 60,000connections.
 Easily manageable with the previous generations.
 Technological sound to support heterogeneousservices (including
private network).
 Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent
connectivity across the world.
 Parallel multiple services, such as you can know weather and
location while talking with other person.
 Educationwill become easier − A student sitting in any part of world
can attend the class.
 Medical Treatment will become easier & frugal − A doctorcan treat
the patient located in remote part of the world.
 Monitoringwill be easier − A governmental organization and
investigating offers can monitor any part of the world. Possible to
reduce the crime rate.
 Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.
 Possible to locateand search the missing person.
 Possible, natural disaster including tsunami, earthquakeetc. can be
detected faster.

16. DISADVANTAGE OF 5G
 Technology is still under process and research on its viability is
going on.
 The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in
future, it might be) because of the incompetent technological
support in most parts of the world.
 Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G; hence, all
of them need to be replaced with new one it’s an expensive deal.
 Developing infrastructure needs high cost.
 Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.

17. CHALLENGES
Challenges are the inherent part of the new development; so, like all
technologies, 5G has also big challenges to deal with. As we see
past i.e. development of radio technology, we find very fast growth.
Starting from 1G to 5G, the journey is merely of about 40 years old
(Considering 1G in 1980sand 5G in 2020s). However, in this
journey, the common challenges that we observed are lack of
infrastructure, research methodology, and cost.
The challenges of 5G are categorized into the following two
headings −
 Technological Challenges.
 Common Challenges.

18. Technological Challenges
Inter-cell Interference – This is one of the major technological
issues that need to be solved. There are variations in size of
traditional macro cells and concurrentsmall cells that will lead to
interference.
EfficientMedium Access Control – In a situation, where dense
deployment of access points and user terminals are required, the
user throughputwill be low, latency will be high, and hotspotswill
not be competent to cellulartechnology to provide high throughput.
It needs to be researched properlyto optimize the technology.
Traffic Management – In comparison to the traditionalhuman to
human traffic in cellularnetworks, a great number of Machine to
Machine (M2M) devices in a cell may cause serious system
challenges i.e. radio access network (RAN) challenges, which will
cause overload and congestion.

19. Common Challenges
MultipleServices – Unlike otherradio signal services, 5G would
have a huge task to offer services to heterogeneousnetworks,
technologies, and devices operatingin different geographic regions.
So, the challenge is of standardizationto provide dynamic,
universal, user-centric, and data-rich wireless services to fulfill the
high expectation of people.
Infrastructure – Researchers are facing technological challenges of
standardizationand applicationof 5G services.
Communication,Navigation,& Sensing – These services largely
depend upon the availability of radio spectrum, through which
signals are transmitted. Though 5G technology has strong
computational power to process the huge volume of data coming
from different and distinct sources, but it needs larger infrastructure
support.
Security and Privacy– This is one of the most important
challenges that 5G needs to ensure the protection of personal data.
Legislationof Cyber law – Cybercrime and other fraud may also
increase with the high speed and ubiquitous5G technology.
Therefore, legislation of the Cyber law is also an imperative issue,
which largely is governmental and political (national as well as
international issue) in nature.

20. FUTURE SCOPE
Several researches and discussions are going on across the world
among technologists, researchers, academicians, vendors, operators,
and governments about the innovations, implementation, viability,
and security concerns of 5G.
As proposed, loaded with multiple advance features starting from
the super high speed internet service to smooth ubiquitousservice,
5G will unlock many of the problems. However, the question is —
in a situation, where the previous technologies (4G and 3G) are still
underprocess and in many parts yet to be started; what will be the
future of 5G?
5th generation technology is designed to provide incredibleand
remarkable data capabilities, unhindered call volumes, and
immeasurable data broadcast within the latest mobile operating
system. Hence, it is more intelligent technology, which will
interconnect the entire world without limits. Likewise, our world
would have universal and uninterrupted access to information,
communication, and entertainment that will open a new dimension
to our lives and will change our life style meaningfully.
Moreover, governments and regulators can use this technology as an
opportunityfor the good governance and can create healthier
environments, which will definitely encourage continuing
investment in 5G, the next generation technology