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1
Your Power System Failed its Conducted EMI Test –
Now What?
Harry Vig, Principal Applications Engineer
Vicor Corporation
August 2018
2
Agenda
Conducted Emissions
› Source of CE in Power Supplies- 3 Basic Switching Regulators
1. Buck Converter
2. Boost Converter
3. Buck-Boost (Inverting)
› What Kind of Emissions are Produced
› How CE is measured
› Effect of Filters on Stability and Emissions
› Summary
› Help Offered by Vicor
3
Power Supply Emission Shapes
4
Conducted Emissions
› Where do they come from?
– Switching currents on PWM inputs
› Look at basic buck converter. Ipp through LIN is typically 10% to 50%
of the average current.
› Input current through PWMSW rises and falls resembling a square
wave as it is disconnected from the input each switching cycle.
5
Conducted Emissions
Square wave current shape in the time domain
6
Conducted Emissions
Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the time domain
7
Conducted Emissions
Square current wave shape in the frequency domain:
Odd Harmonics only, peaks decrease as 1/n
8
Conducted Emissions
Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the frequency domain:
Even Harmonics 20 dB lower, peaks decrease as 1/n2
9
Conducted Emissions
› Where do they come from?
– Switching currents on PWM inputs
› Look at basic buck vs. boost converter:
› Input current through LSW rises and falls like a triangle wave,
but it NEVER is disconnected from the input.
10
Conducted Emissions
Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the time domain
11
Conducted Emissions
Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the frequency domain:
Odd harmonics with peaks decreasing as 1/n2
12
Conducted Emissions
› Where do they come from?
– Switching currents on PWM inputs
› Look at basic buck vs. boost vs. buck-boost (inverting):
› Input current through PWMSW rises slowly and falls instantly
13
Conducted Emissions
Square vs. triangle current wave shape in the time domain
14
Square wave- harm(n) α 1/n Triangle wave- harm(n) α 1/n2
Conducted Emissions Half triangle 1/n, add even harmonics
15
Duty Cycle Modulation
16
Conducted Emissions
Square wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle, same average
17
Square wave 50% duty cycle vs. 25% duty cycle
25% duty cycle add some even harmonics, 2nd, 6th, 10th, etc….
Conducted Emissions
18
Conducted Emissions
Square wave 50% vs. 45% duty cycle
19
Square wave 50% duty cycle vs. 45% duty cycle
45% duty cycle has an envelope and added odd harmonics.
Overall amplitudes still drop off at 1/n rate.
Conducted Emissions
20
Conducted Emissions
Triangle wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle
21
Triangle wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle.
Similar to 25% square wave, only 2nd, 6th, 10th even harmonics appear in 25% triangle.
Overall amplitudes still drop off at 1/n2 rate.
Conducted Emissions
22
SINE AMPLITUDE CONVERTER
› This topology is used in:
BCM, HVBCM, UHVBCM, VTM, MCM
› Fixed ratio bus converters,
FIXED 50% duty cycle
› Input power modulated at
resonant tank frequency of
main power transformer
› Input currents are mostly
SINUSOIDAL due to resonance,
harmonics drop quickly
› Recommended for applications
with lowest noise requirements
› Still creates CE due to rectified
output, square gate drives.
23
Measuring Power Supply Emissions
24
Typical LISN Operation
› Conducted Emissions are measured with a LISN
› Purpose of LISN - provide standard impedance to make tests
repeatable from one test location to another
25
Conducted Emissions
› With a Line Impedance Stabilization Network, you measure noise on
HOT and NEUTRAL or POSITIVE and NEGATIVE conductors.
› Emissions, however, are differential mode and common mode.
– What are they?
– Why should you separate them?
– How do you separate them?
26
Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions
› Differential Mode currents:
only L to N
› Common Mode currents:
same on L and N
› Ground has CM current only
L
N
G
27
Single Stage Power Design
› Typical EMI filter schematic diagram
28
Basic Current Divider Operation
Noise Source: Isw
Input Voltage: Vs
Conducted emissions magnitude determined by
how much switching noise appears at Vs
29
Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions
Why should you separate them?
› Causes and fixes are different
› Diff Current- use bigger X cap leakier CM inductor
› Common Mode Current- higher Z CM inductor,
larger Y caps, better impedance balance, larger ground impedance.
30
Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions
› How do you separate them?
› Use a balun to add/subtract LISN voltages
› Use a current probe, put L+N into
probe, or ground current.
› Add clamp on common mode
ferrite bead on L+N or ground.
› Connect/Disconnect ground
connection- Effective even
with no advanced equipment
31
Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions
› 50 ohm baluns used to add and subtract line currents: ZSC-2-2
This part isn’t on the minicircuits website anymore
› Newer parts: ZMSC-2-2: 0° ZFSCJ-2-2: 180° SMA connectors
32
L1 and L2 CE, NO FILTER, 400Vin, 1.8kW 32A out
33
CM and DM CE, NO FILTER, 400Vin, 1.8kW 32A out
34
Input Impedance/Stability Effect
on Conducted Emissions
35
Filters Can Cause Conducted Emissions Failures
› Filters can cause instability problems with AC/DC and DC/DC
converters due to negative input impedance
› Oscillation due to instability can sometimes be seen on conducted
emissions tests
– The key characteristic is a wide frequency span of high noise currents.
– PWM based noise currents typically have a narrow frequency span that is
smaller than the EMI receiver bandwidth.
› The other important identifying characteristic is that PWM based
noise currents have clear harmonics
– Filter stability issues typically don’t, although they can MIX with PWM noise
36
Vin Vs. Iin at a DC-DC Converter with constant Pout
37
Interacting Source and Load Systems
38
Source and Load subsystems without decoupling Cap,
input EMI Filter
39
Filter Output Impedance interaction with DCM input
Impedance
40
Filters Frequency Response Plots
41
Summary
42
Conducted Emission Troubleshooting Summary
› To identify the noise generating suspects:
– Make note of the noise spectrum from each noise source
– Consider fundamental frequency, even/odd pattern, amplitude decrease in
series, width of each spectral line to organize noise data and simplify.
– Shapes can indicate source, narrowest spectral lines from crystal based
oscillators, wider from RC oscillators, still wider from L’s and C’s with high
sensitivity due to value swing.
– If two converters switch with the same signature, change input voltage, output
voltage, load current, or switching frequency to give them unique signatures.
– Match shapes to failed CE test report to find suspects.
– Outstanding noise signatures may be due to mixing, giving f1+f2 or f1-f2 spurs.
– Look through layout to find points of contact between suspects. The path of
conducted emissions may be unintended.
43
Conducted Emission Troubleshooting Summary
› To effectively filter noise currents:
– Understand whether noise coupling is common mode or differential mode
– Measure to confirm high frequency impedance of filter components
› High frequency is defined by the test standards, not your switching
frequency
– Measure at varying load current levels, input voltage, output voltage
combinations to ensure performance under all operating conditions
– Consider CM chokes to reduce saturation effects from DC current
– Consider unintended coupling from parallel conductors which can have area
reduced, or from magnetic coupling that can be changed due to spacing or
axis
44
Conducted Emission Summary
› Vicor addresses the solutions by:
– Providing filter modules such as the MFM and FIAM, with support for CE102
› These are building blocks, multiple supplies still may need more filtering.
45
Conducted Emission Summary
Vicor addresses the solutions by (cont):
– Providing noise levels on module datasheets to provide filter
input data
– Providing a filter design tool to calculate attenuation and
peaking, taking negative input resistance of the downstream
DC/DC converter into account.
Vicor can provide technical review with one of our experts
around the globe.
For more support connect with a Vicor Expert at
www.vicorpower.com/contact-us
46
Thank you.
Questions?

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Your Power System Failed its Conducted EMI Test – Now What?

  • 1. 1 Your Power System Failed its Conducted EMI Test – Now What? Harry Vig, Principal Applications Engineer Vicor Corporation August 2018
  • 2. 2 Agenda Conducted Emissions › Source of CE in Power Supplies- 3 Basic Switching Regulators 1. Buck Converter 2. Boost Converter 3. Buck-Boost (Inverting) › What Kind of Emissions are Produced › How CE is measured › Effect of Filters on Stability and Emissions › Summary › Help Offered by Vicor
  • 4. 4 Conducted Emissions › Where do they come from? – Switching currents on PWM inputs › Look at basic buck converter. Ipp through LIN is typically 10% to 50% of the average current. › Input current through PWMSW rises and falls resembling a square wave as it is disconnected from the input each switching cycle.
  • 5. 5 Conducted Emissions Square wave current shape in the time domain
  • 6. 6 Conducted Emissions Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the time domain
  • 7. 7 Conducted Emissions Square current wave shape in the frequency domain: Odd Harmonics only, peaks decrease as 1/n
  • 8. 8 Conducted Emissions Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the frequency domain: Even Harmonics 20 dB lower, peaks decrease as 1/n2
  • 9. 9 Conducted Emissions › Where do they come from? – Switching currents on PWM inputs › Look at basic buck vs. boost converter: › Input current through LSW rises and falls like a triangle wave, but it NEVER is disconnected from the input.
  • 10. 10 Conducted Emissions Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the time domain
  • 11. 11 Conducted Emissions Square vs. trapezoid current wave shape in the frequency domain: Odd harmonics with peaks decreasing as 1/n2
  • 12. 12 Conducted Emissions › Where do they come from? – Switching currents on PWM inputs › Look at basic buck vs. boost vs. buck-boost (inverting): › Input current through PWMSW rises slowly and falls instantly
  • 13. 13 Conducted Emissions Square vs. triangle current wave shape in the time domain
  • 14. 14 Square wave- harm(n) α 1/n Triangle wave- harm(n) α 1/n2 Conducted Emissions Half triangle 1/n, add even harmonics
  • 16. 16 Conducted Emissions Square wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle, same average
  • 17. 17 Square wave 50% duty cycle vs. 25% duty cycle 25% duty cycle add some even harmonics, 2nd, 6th, 10th, etc…. Conducted Emissions
  • 18. 18 Conducted Emissions Square wave 50% vs. 45% duty cycle
  • 19. 19 Square wave 50% duty cycle vs. 45% duty cycle 45% duty cycle has an envelope and added odd harmonics. Overall amplitudes still drop off at 1/n rate. Conducted Emissions
  • 20. 20 Conducted Emissions Triangle wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle
  • 21. 21 Triangle wave 50% vs. 25% duty cycle. Similar to 25% square wave, only 2nd, 6th, 10th even harmonics appear in 25% triangle. Overall amplitudes still drop off at 1/n2 rate. Conducted Emissions
  • 22. 22 SINE AMPLITUDE CONVERTER › This topology is used in: BCM, HVBCM, UHVBCM, VTM, MCM › Fixed ratio bus converters, FIXED 50% duty cycle › Input power modulated at resonant tank frequency of main power transformer › Input currents are mostly SINUSOIDAL due to resonance, harmonics drop quickly › Recommended for applications with lowest noise requirements › Still creates CE due to rectified output, square gate drives.
  • 24. 24 Typical LISN Operation › Conducted Emissions are measured with a LISN › Purpose of LISN - provide standard impedance to make tests repeatable from one test location to another
  • 25. 25 Conducted Emissions › With a Line Impedance Stabilization Network, you measure noise on HOT and NEUTRAL or POSITIVE and NEGATIVE conductors. › Emissions, however, are differential mode and common mode. – What are they? – Why should you separate them? – How do you separate them?
  • 26. 26 Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions › Differential Mode currents: only L to N › Common Mode currents: same on L and N › Ground has CM current only L N G
  • 27. 27 Single Stage Power Design › Typical EMI filter schematic diagram
  • 28. 28 Basic Current Divider Operation Noise Source: Isw Input Voltage: Vs Conducted emissions magnitude determined by how much switching noise appears at Vs
  • 29. 29 Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions Why should you separate them? › Causes and fixes are different › Diff Current- use bigger X cap leakier CM inductor › Common Mode Current- higher Z CM inductor, larger Y caps, better impedance balance, larger ground impedance.
  • 30. 30 Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions › How do you separate them? › Use a balun to add/subtract LISN voltages › Use a current probe, put L+N into probe, or ground current. › Add clamp on common mode ferrite bead on L+N or ground. › Connect/Disconnect ground connection- Effective even with no advanced equipment
  • 31. 31 Common Mode vs Differential Mode Emissions › 50 ohm baluns used to add and subtract line currents: ZSC-2-2 This part isn’t on the minicircuits website anymore › Newer parts: ZMSC-2-2: 0° ZFSCJ-2-2: 180° SMA connectors
  • 32. 32 L1 and L2 CE, NO FILTER, 400Vin, 1.8kW 32A out
  • 33. 33 CM and DM CE, NO FILTER, 400Vin, 1.8kW 32A out
  • 35. 35 Filters Can Cause Conducted Emissions Failures › Filters can cause instability problems with AC/DC and DC/DC converters due to negative input impedance › Oscillation due to instability can sometimes be seen on conducted emissions tests – The key characteristic is a wide frequency span of high noise currents. – PWM based noise currents typically have a narrow frequency span that is smaller than the EMI receiver bandwidth. › The other important identifying characteristic is that PWM based noise currents have clear harmonics – Filter stability issues typically don’t, although they can MIX with PWM noise
  • 36. 36 Vin Vs. Iin at a DC-DC Converter with constant Pout
  • 38. 38 Source and Load subsystems without decoupling Cap, input EMI Filter
  • 39. 39 Filter Output Impedance interaction with DCM input Impedance
  • 42. 42 Conducted Emission Troubleshooting Summary › To identify the noise generating suspects: – Make note of the noise spectrum from each noise source – Consider fundamental frequency, even/odd pattern, amplitude decrease in series, width of each spectral line to organize noise data and simplify. – Shapes can indicate source, narrowest spectral lines from crystal based oscillators, wider from RC oscillators, still wider from L’s and C’s with high sensitivity due to value swing. – If two converters switch with the same signature, change input voltage, output voltage, load current, or switching frequency to give them unique signatures. – Match shapes to failed CE test report to find suspects. – Outstanding noise signatures may be due to mixing, giving f1+f2 or f1-f2 spurs. – Look through layout to find points of contact between suspects. The path of conducted emissions may be unintended.
  • 43. 43 Conducted Emission Troubleshooting Summary › To effectively filter noise currents: – Understand whether noise coupling is common mode or differential mode – Measure to confirm high frequency impedance of filter components › High frequency is defined by the test standards, not your switching frequency – Measure at varying load current levels, input voltage, output voltage combinations to ensure performance under all operating conditions – Consider CM chokes to reduce saturation effects from DC current – Consider unintended coupling from parallel conductors which can have area reduced, or from magnetic coupling that can be changed due to spacing or axis
  • 44. 44 Conducted Emission Summary › Vicor addresses the solutions by: – Providing filter modules such as the MFM and FIAM, with support for CE102 › These are building blocks, multiple supplies still may need more filtering.
  • 45. 45 Conducted Emission Summary Vicor addresses the solutions by (cont): – Providing noise levels on module datasheets to provide filter input data – Providing a filter design tool to calculate attenuation and peaking, taking negative input resistance of the downstream DC/DC converter into account. Vicor can provide technical review with one of our experts around the globe. For more support connect with a Vicor Expert at www.vicorpower.com/contact-us