2. Meaning Of Research
According to Redman and Mory, â Research
is a systematized effort to gain new
knowledge .â
According to M. Stephenson, âResearch is
the manipulation of things, concepts or
symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether
that knowledge aids in construction of theory
or in the practice of an art.â
3. Objectives Of Research
īļ To gain familiarity or achieve new insights on a
phenomena (exploratory/ formulative)
īļ To portray characteristics of a situation/ group/ individual
(descriptive)
īļ To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else
(diagnostic/ clinical)
īļ To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
given variables (Hypothesis-testing)
4. Motivation in Research
īļ Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits.
īļ Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems.
īļ Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.
īļ Desire to be of service to society.
īļ Desire to get respectability.
5. Types Of Research
īļ
Descriptive vs. Analytical
īļ Applied vs. Fundamental
īļ Quantitative vs. Qualitative
īļ Conceptual vs. Empirical
īļ One-time or Longitudinal
īļ Historical Research
7. Significance Of Research
īļ It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking.
īļ The role of research in several fields of applied
economics has greatly increased today.
īļ It provides the basis for nearly all government policies
in our economic system.
īļ It helps in solving various operational and planning
problems of business and industry.
īļ It helps in studying social relationships.
8. Research Methods versus Methodology
Research methods refer to the methods the
researchers use in performing research operations
where as
In Research methodology, we not only talk of the
research methods but also consider the logic behind
the methods we use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are using a particular
method or technique so that the results are capable
of being evaluated.
9. Importance of Knowing How
Research is Done
īļ It helps in developing disciplined thinking or a âbent of
mindâ to observe the field objectively.
īļ It will inculcate the ability to evaluate and use research
results with reasonable confidence.
īļ It gives us the satisfaction of acquiring a new
intellectual tool which can become a way of looking at
the world and of judging everyday experience.
īļ It helps us to take rational decisions.
10. Research Process
īļ Formulating the research problem
īļ Extensive literature survey
īļ Development of working hypothesis
īļ Preparing the research design
11. īļ Determining sample design
o Deliberate Sampling
o Simple random sampling
o Systematic sampling
o Stratified sampling
o Quota sampling
o Cluster sampling
o Multi-stage sampling
o Sequential sampling
12. īļ Collecting the data
o By observation
o Through personal interview
o Through telephone interviews
o By mailing of questionnaires
o Through schedules (look up Appendix â 1)
īļ Execution of the project
īļ Analysis of data
13. īļ Hypothesis-testing
īļ Generalizations and interpretation
īļ Preparation of the report or the thesis
o Introduction
o Summary of findings
o Main report
o Conclusion
14. Criteria of Good Research
īļ Clearly defined purpose
īļ Procedure should be described in sufficient
detail
īļ Carefully planned design
īļ Researcher should report with complete
frankness.
15. īļ Adequate analysis of data
īļ Proper conclusions
īļ Experienced researcher
īļ Systematic research
īļ Logical research
īļ Empirical research
īļ Replicable research
16. Problems Encountered by Researchers in
India
īļ Lack of scientific training
īļ Insufficient interaction
īļ Lack of confidence
īļ Overlapping research studies
īļ No code of conduct for researchers
17. īļ Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance
īļ Unsatisfactory library management and
functioning at many places
īļ Difficulty of timely availability of published
data
īļ Problem of conceptualization
20. Date and
time of
appointm
ent
Name of
medicine
outlet
Contact
person
Location Sector Number Back-up outlet
name and
contact details
March
23rd,
13h00
ABC
Pharmacy
Mrs.
Nguyen
45 Main
Street
private 01 Main St.
Chemist
59 Main
Street
Eastern
City
Mr. Shah
Survey Area: Eastern Region
Sample schedule for data collection team