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1. CHEMICALAND
BIOLOGICALMANAGEMENT
STRATEGIESOFINSECTS
PresentedBy-VisheshankPrakash
Gautam
Rollno.-2020/1160

2. CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
OF INSECTS

3. INTRODUCTION
The use of certain chemicals in
the form of dust, sprays,
granules, and, gases to control
insect population .
Substances that prevent, inhibit,
destroy, kill insects are called
insecticides

4. INSECTICIDES
Natural Insecticides.
• Pyrethrum (flower extract)
• Nicotine (tobacco extract)
• Rotenone (root extract)
• Safer’s Insecticidal Soap , etc.
Synthetic Insecticides.
• Organochlorenes
e.g. :- DDT ,BHC ,Aldrin , etc.
• Organophosphates
e.g. :- Malathion, etc.
• Carbamates
e.g. :- Carbaryl ,Dimetlian ,etc.

5. Formulation of
Insecticides
 Dusts
 Granules
 Fumigants
 Sprays

6. DUSTS:
These are the simplest of formulations
and the easiest to apply .
 In a formulated dust following mixtures
are found:
a) Undiluted toxic agent, e.g., sulfur dust
used for control of mites and powdery
mildew .
b) Toxic active ingredient plus an inert
diluent .
 Dusts are the least effective and,
although prices are lower, have the least
economic return.
e.g. : Tri-Die Silica & Pyrethrum Dust and
D-Fense Deltamethrin Dust .

7. GRANULES:
In this type of formulation the
chemical is in the form of small
granules of inert material.
The size of the granules varies from
20 to 80 mesh .
The a.i. of the granules varies from
3% to 10% in India, but may be up to
25% in some countries.
e.g. : "Triton X 45" and
carbofuran granules.

8. FUMIGANTS:
 Fumigants are volatile poisons and enter
the body of the insects through the
respiratory system.
 The chemical may be applied as a gas or
as a volatile liquid.
 Fumigants are the insecticides that
forms gases or vapors toxic to insects
and microorganisms.
 All types of insects can be killed by
fumigants irrespective of the types of
mouthparts .
e.g.:- paradichlorobenzene and
methyl bromide , etc.

9. SPRAYS:
In spraying, the chemicals to be
applied are dissolved or
suspended in water or less
commonly in an oil-based carrier.
The mixture is then applied as a
fine mist to plants, animals, soils,
or products to be treated .
e.g. : Hydrogen cyanide , Nicotine,
Naphthalene .

10. ADVANTAGES:
 Cost effectiveness
 Timeliness and Flexibility
 Chemicals are easy to use
in controlling insects.
 Works with great
efficiency.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Reduction of beneficial
species.
 Residues in food for human
and feed for live stock.
 Poisoning hazards and other
health effects.

11. BANNED INSECTICIDES :
 ALDRIN , METHYL BROMIDE
 DDT , ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE, DIAZINON
 MENAZON , NITROFEN
 PARATHION , CARBOFURAN 50%

12. BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES OF INSECTS

13. INTRODUCTION
 Natural control strategies that
employ biological agent for
insect pest suppression.
 This management activity is
designed to protect or conserve
natural enemies .
 Started to emerge in 1870 in
U.S.A .
 Charles Valentines Riley ,
“Father of Modern Biological
control”

14. STRATEGIES OF BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
There are three basic
strategies :
 IMPORTATION / CLASSICAL
 AUGMENTATION
 CONSERVATION

15. IMPORTATION / CLASSICAL
:
 Classical biological control involves
the introduction of pests natural
enemy to a new location where they
do not occur naturally.
 Parasitoidal wasps Trichogramma
ostriniae to control European corn
borer Ostrinia nubilalis .

16. AUGMENTATION :
 Involves the supplemental release of natural enemies ,
boosting the naturally occurring population.
 Periodic releases of augmentation:
 Inoculative release.
 Inundative release.

17. PERIODIC RELEASES OF AUGMENTATION
 Inoculative release: Small numbers of the control agents
are released at intervals to allow them to reproduce in
the hope of setting up longer term .
e.g. ; Encarsia formosa Green house white fly,
Phytosieulus persimilis Spotted spider mite.
 Inundative release : Involves mass culture and release
of natural enemies to suppress the pest population
directly.
e.g. ; massive release of Trichogramma sp. in vegetable
or field crops.

18. CONSERVATION :
 Involves avoidance of measures that destroy natural
enemies and use of measure that increases their
longevity and reproduction of the natural enemies.
 Natural enemies are already adapted to the habitat and
to the target pest.
Conservation involves :
 Avoid harmful cultural practices
 Maintenance of diversity
 Protection from pesticides/insecticides.

19. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
 The biocontrol agents protect plants from their natural enemies
like parasites, from predation, etc.
 They help in controlling the infestation of plant pests such as
weeds, nematodes, insects, and mites.
 PREDATOR
 PARASITOIDS
 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Viruses

20. PREDATORS:
 Predators are mainly free living
species that directly consumes a
large number of prey .
Examples :-
i. lady bugs Aphids
ii. Spotted lady beetle larvae of
Colorado potato beetle
iii. Gambusia sp. fish mosquito
larvae

21. PARASITOIDS :
 Lays their eggs on the body of an insect host which is then used
as a food for developing larvae.
 IMPORTANT GROUPS ARE :
i. Ichneumonid wasps – mainly on caterpillars of butterflies
ii. Braconid wasps- attack caterpillar and other insects
iii. Chalcid wasps- parasites eggs and larvae of green and white fly
iv. Tachinid fly- larval beetles , caterpillars and true bugs.

22. PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS :
1. BACTERIA
Bacteria are used for biological control , infect insects via their
digestive tract .
e.g. :- Bacillus thuringiensis Lepidoptera , Diptera .
Bacillus sphaericus Diptera.
2. FUNGI
 They can infect wide range of insect hosts.
 There has been limited success in Fungi as biological agent.
e.g. :- Verticillium lecanii aphids and white flies.
Lagenidium giganteum mosquito larvae.

23. 3. VIRUSES
 Viruses are obligate disease causing organisms.
 Viruses are host specific.
 Provide safe , effective and sustainable control
of variety of insects .
 Baculoviruses are arthropod specific :
 Two Genera :
i. Nuclear polyhedrovirus.
ii. Granulovirus .
e.g. :- Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth

24. Advantages:-
 Absence of toxic effects.
 No development of
resistance.
 No residues of poisons.
 No build up of toxins .
 No killing of pollinators or
secondary pests.
Disadvantages:-
 Control is slow.
 It is often unpredictable.
 It requires expert
supervision.
 Very expensive.
 Difficult to develop and
apply.

25. REFERENCES :-
 Burges , H.D. and Hussey , N.W. Microbial control of
insect pest.
 Saxena A.B. Biological control of insect pest.
 An Introduction to insecticides , George W. Ware.
 Wikipedia.
 For images - www.bing.com

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