Grade 10( cbse)

4. Napoleon Bonaparte- French military leader
•Destroyed democracy in France
•Established Napoleonic Code-Civil
code 1804

5. Features of Napoleonic
code
He did away all
privileges based on birth
Secured the right to
property
Established equality
before the law
Abolished the feudal
system
In the town guild
restrictions were
removed
Transport and
communication system
were improved
Introduced uniform laws ,
standardized and a common
national currency

6. 1. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French
control? Explain with examples.
2. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the
people belonging to the other parts of Europe.
3. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French
Revolution ‘ in 1789. Examine the statement.
4. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative
field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in rational and
efficient”. Analyze the statement with argument.
5. How was nationalism instilled in the people of France before French
Revolution?
6. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular some
sections of Europe?

7.  There were no nation states in Europe before
nationalism hit it.
 Eastern and Central Europe were under
autocratic monarchies and people of these
territories did not see themselves as a
sharing collective identity.
 They even spoke different languages.

8. The Habsburg
Empire
Austria
Hungary
Alpine Region
Austria
Sudetenland
Bohemia

9. Majority –Peasants(Less
power) Minority- Aristocrats(
More power)

10.  Inviolability of private property
 Freedom of Markets
 Abolition of Restrictions imposed by State on
movement of goods and capital.
Liberalism for new middle class
 Individual freedom
 Equality before law
 Government by consent
 Private property rights
 Freedom of markets
 Free movements of goods and capitals

11. •New Social Groups
•Working Class
•Middle class: Industrialists,
professionals and
Businessmen
Effect s of Industrialization in Europe
Ideas of Nationalism was popular among
educated and liberal middle classes after
the abolition of Aristocratic privileges

12.  Common way of living
 Owned estates and townhouses in countryside
 Spoke French for diplomacy
 Families were connected by marriage ties
Features of land in
Europe
The west was mostly formed by tenants and small owners.
 Land was held as small estates (cultivated by serfs) in
Eastern and Central Europe.

13. Who suffered?
Women(treated
as minor)
Men without
property
A wave of economic
nationalism
strengthened the wider
nationalist sentiments
How?

14. •Napoleon administrative system had created 39
states, each of which had its own currency
•A series of custom barriers and custom duties
were levied on the way of trade.
•This in turn hinder economic growth and
exchange.
• In 1834 , a custom union abolished trade
barriers and reduced the no. of currencies from 30
to 2.
•Railways mobility also facilitated economic
interests and unification.

15. 1. Interpret the concept of ‘liberalism ‘ in the
field of economic sphere during the
nineteenth century in Europe.
2. What was the meaning of liberalism in early
nineteenth century in Europe?

16. A New Conservatism after 1815
Conservatism- Belief that the traditional
institutions of state and society shall be
preserved . For instance; Church,
Monarchy etc.
•Conservationists did not propose to
return to the pre revolutionary days.
•They realized that modern army
,efficient bureaucracy , dynamic
economy, abolition of feudalism and
serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
monarchies of Europe

17. Treaty of Vienna
1815
Hosted by : Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich
Ambassadors of European states:
Russia, Prussia, Britain ,Austria

18. 1. Bourbon dynasty was again in power,
2. France lost its territories .
3. German confederation of 39 states
setup by Napoleon was left untouched
4. Set up boundaries to prevent French expansion.
Autocratic
attitude of
conservative
regime
Did not tolerate criticism and dissent
Curbed activities that questioned their
legitimacy
Censorship laws on newspaper ,plays ,songs
etc.
This inspired
the nationalist
to fight for
certain things,
such as freedom
of press

19. Cause and
Effect
Fear of repression led to the formation of secret
societies
Members- Liberal nationalist (began to operate
underground)
Objectives:-
•To oppose the autocratic regime
•Fight for liberty and Freedom
•To oppose monarchical forms.

20. Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian Politician
Description
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary
movement. Wikipedia
Born: 22 June 1805, Genoa, Italy
Died: 10 March 1872, Pisa, Italy
Nickname: The Beating Heart of Italy
Influenced by: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Plato,
•As a young man of24, he
was sent into exile (in 1831)
for attempting a revolution
in Liguria.
•Founded two societies-
1.Young Italy in Marseilles
2. Young Europe in Berne

22.  Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty.
or
What were the main proposals of the Vienna Congress?
 What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna (1815) on European
people?
 Who hosted the congress at Vienna in 1815?
 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European
States after 1815? Explain with examples.

23. Liberalism +Nationalism
VS
Conservative Regimes
Revolutions were led by Educated middle class elite

24. Outcomes
•Established constitutional
monarchy.
•Louis Philippe became its head
‘When France sneezes , the rest of
Europe catches cold’
Duke Metternich

25. Belgium broke away
from the United
Kingdom of the
Netherlands
Outcome

26. Treaty of Constantinople
(1832) recognized Greece as
an independent nation.
Outcome

27. Romanticism a cultural movement
which sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment through
art and poetry, stories and music
Share
collective
heritage
Common
Culture
Mystical
feeling
Johann Gottfried Herder
•Volksgeist- nationalism
/national spirit
•Das volk- the people

28. •Partitioned by great powers in eighteenth century
•Language: A weapon of national resistance
•Karol Kurpunski celebrated Polish through operas

29. 1830 –Economic
hardship in Europe
Population
increased
More job seekers
than jobs
Aristocracy still in
power , peasants
struggled
Rise in food prices,
shortage of food
and
unemployment
Population
migrated from
rural areas to
cities
All these causes brought the population of
Paris out on the roads in the year 1848 .
Barricades were erected and Louis
Philippe was forced to flee

30. Case of France
Led by
educated
middle classes For the
abdication of
Monarch
To achieve
republic based on
universal male
suffrage

31. Outcomes
•National Assembly proclaimed a
Republic, granted suffrage to all adult
males above 21 ,and guaranteed the
right to work
• National workshops to provide
employment were setup.
Silesian weavers
uprising,1845 against
contractors for low wages

32. Case of Germany
•Middle class people came
together and voted for all German
National Assembly
•Drafted constitution
•Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of
Prussia rejected the Assembly
•Assembly was forced to disband

33. 1. Women had formed their own political
associations.
2. Founded newspapers and taken part in
political meetings and demonstrations
3. But, still they were denied suffrage
rights

34.  How did Romanticism seek to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiments
during 18th century?
 ‘ The decade of 1830 had brought great
economic hardship in Europe’. Support the
statement with argument.

35. 1. Otto van Bismarck –Architect of the process of Unification of Germany
2. Prussian Army and Bureaucracy helped Bismarck
3. Seven years war with Austria Denmark and France
4. Prussia got victory
5. January 1871 – The Prussian king, Kaiser William 1, was proclaimed as German
Emperor in a ceremony in Versailles.
6. The new state with Prussian dominance modernized currency, banking , legal
system in Germany.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

36. During middle of 19th century Italy was
divided into 7 states
Italy
Sardinia
Piedmont ruled
by an Italian
princely state
North-
Austrian
Habsburg Centre- Pope
Southern
region- Bourbon
king of Spain

38. •Chief Minister Cavour led the movement and Sardinia Piedmont
defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.
•Giuseppe Garibaldi succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants of two Sicilies in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
•IN 1861 , Victor Emmanuel II was finally proclaimed king of United
Italy.
Cavou
r
Giuseppe
Garibaldi

39. English Welsh Scottish Irish
Ethnic groups of Britain

40. Resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom Of Great Britain’.
The English parliament was thus able to influence Scotland, even the
parliament was dominated by English people
Scottish
Highlands
were
suppresse
d
No Gaelic
Language
No
national
costume of
Scotland

41. •Ireland was deeply
divided between
Catholics and
Protestants
•English helped the
Protestants of Ireland
to establish their
dominance over
largely Catholic
Country
•Revolt by Wolfe Tone
for Catholics of Ireland,
failed 1789.
•Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into the
United Kingdom in
1801.
•British flag- Union Jack
•National anthem- God
save our Noble King

42.  Artist in the eighteenth centuries represented a country as if it
were a person most likely with female figures.
 Female figure became allegory of the nation.
 For example. French Revolution artist used female allegory to
portray ideas such as Liberty , Justice and the Republic.
Marianne representing
France
Germania

43. An ideology that
promotes the
interests of a
particular nation
A policy of extending a
country’s rule over
foreign nations, often by
political and economic
control of other areas

45. Nationalism no
longer retained its
idealistic liberal
democratic
sentiment
Nationalist groups
became increasingly
intolerant of each other
Major European powers
manipulated the nationalist
aspirations of other nationals
in Europe to boost their
imperialists aims.

46.  Balkans in 1871 were under the control of Ottoman
Empire
 Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in Balkan.
 They claimed for independence or political rights on
nationality and subjected foreign domination.
 Russia, Germany, England, Austro –Hungary –keen
on countering the hold of other powers over the
Balkans.
 This led to a series of wars in the reign and finally the
First World War

47. Imperialism and Colonialism
Nationalism aligned
with imperialism, led
Europe to disaster in
1914.
Colonized nations began
to oppose imperial
domination
Anti – imperial
movements that
developed
everywhere
Nation states came to
be accepted as natural
and universal

48.  ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic
liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter
of the nineteenth century in Europe. ’Analyse
the statement with examples.
 Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in
Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
 Describe the process of Unification of Italy.