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Cold War

 1. Reasons for the Cold War
 2. Actions of the Cold War
 3. The end of the Cold War



Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook.
Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook.
Part 1: Reasons
• Your goal:
 Be able to explain why the Cold War
  happened.
What does “cool” mean?

Why would a war be
  called “cold”?

               What does
          temperature have to
            do with anything?
What Is a Cold War?
• No actual battle between the countries at
  war.

• THE Cold War was the period of hostility
  between the United States and the Soviet
  Union 1945-1991.
What are some reasons for
  the USSR to dislike the US?

• The US did not join WWI until after Russia
  had to quit.
• The US did not join WWII until after USSR
  had lost millions of lives.
What are some reasons for
 the US to dislike the USSR?

• The USSR signed a nonaggression pact with
  Hitler.
• The USSR was communist.
The biggest reason for the
         Cold War:

Communism
          versus

             Capitalism
Capitalism vs. Communism
• Free elections         • One-party state
• More than one          • Industry/agriculture
  political party          owned by the state
• Industry/agriculture   • No different social
                           classes
  owned by individuals
                         • Government
• Different social         controls people’s
  classes                  lives
• Freedom of speech      • Strong censorship
Capitalism vs. Communism
• You can create a         • No matter how hard
  business, make lots        your neighbor
  of money, and have         works, he will never
  more things than           make more money
                             or have more things
  other people.              than you.
• Some people get          • It’s not fair for some
  rich. It could be you!     people to be
                             wealthy, while
                             others starve.
Which country was communist?


                              Put these
                              Put these
                              on your
                              on your
                              chart also.
                              chart also.
Which countries were capitalist?

                                and many
                                more.
Cold War (2013 edition)
How did the Cold War start?
The Cold War begins …
          Yalta Conference 1945
World
                                               Yes, but
War II
                                               we need
isn't
                                               to plan
over
                                               for the
yet.
                                               end of
                                               the war.




    Germany didn’t surrender until May 1945, but the
     Allies met at Yalta in February 1945 to discuss
                    the end of the war.
Yalta Conference 1945
                How will we
How will
                rebuild Europe?   How will
we keep
                                  we punish
the peace?
                                  Germany?
Yalta Conference 1945
               What do we do
 What                                             Don't you
               with the war
 about the                                        want
               criminals?
 homeless                                         revenge?
 people?


                                                  Don't you
and the                                           want
broken                                            revenge?
factories     and the
and fields    countries        They can't even
              without          pay their bills!
              governments?     How will any of
                               this work?
Yalta Conference 1945

The three major results of this conference were:




           • United Nations
     • Dismemberment of Germany
            • Reparations
lta
Ya
                   United Nations
    • The League of Nations failed
    • The United Nations was the new and
      improved version

    • Differences:
         – More members worldwide
         – More military force to keep peace
lta
Ya
         How to deal with Germany:
    Two main goals:
    • Keep Germany weak
    • Make sure it can pay for the damage
lta
Ya
           Keep Germany Weak
    • Germany cannot be trusted
    • Dismember* it so it is remains weak

    • The Allies will divide Germany into four parts
      and keep military control over it.




                               * Dismember: to take apart
lta   Iron Curtain –
Ya
         A term used by
         Winston Churchill
         to describe the
         separating of
         Those communist
         lands of East
         Europe from the
         West.
lta
Ya
                 Reparations
    • After WWI, Germany had to pay 32 billion
      marks.

    • What was the result?




                      * Reparations: payment for damages
lta
Ya
                   Reparations
    • After WWII, the Allies would get “paid” by
      whatever their portion of Germany produced.

    • Factories, mines, labor, etc.
The Marshall Plan
• US Secretary of            • The US would loan
  State George                 them money to help
  Marshall, 1947               them rebuild.
• He proposed
  financial aid for all of   • This money would
  the needy European           be spent on
  countries.                   American products,
                               so it was profitable,
                               to the US.
The Marshall Plan
Keep my
                                 neighbors
Soviet opposition                communist!


• The Soviet Union did not
  want countries in Eastern
  Europe to accept this money.

• Economic involvement with
  the United States was
  dangerous to communism.
Soviet Fear
• The Soviet Union did not want
  Germany to rebuild.

• Why wouldn’t they want that?
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separation of
  communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Iron Curtain
Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North      • Warsaw Pact –
  Atlantic Treaty     pro Soviet
  Organization        countries –
• USA, France,        USSR, and all
  Great Britain,      countries
  West Germany        controlled by the
• CAPITALISM          USSR.
                    • COMMUNISM
Cold War goals
• the United States     • the Soviet Union
  wanted countries to     wanted countries to
  be capitalist and       be communist
  democratic
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
      Organization




         US alliance with Britain, France, Italy,
                Canada, Belgium, Netherlands,
                Luxembourg, Portugal, Norway,
                        Denmark, and Iceland
Warsaw Pact




USSR alliance with East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary,
Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania
Containment
• This was the foreign         Contain
  policy of US               Communism!
  President Harry
  Truman.

        Keep
     communism
   from spreading
       to other
      countries.
Brinkmanship*
•    Going to the edge of war,
    without actually starting any
    fighting.

• How far can you push it,
  before someone calls your
  bluff?




                              *Brink: the edge of something
Why Brinkmanship?
• War between the
The superpowers want to avoid
   superpowers would almost
direct war between them.
   certainly involve nuclear
   weapons.
• Millions would be killed.

• No one wins a nuclear war
Why Brinkmanship?
Mutually Assured Destruction

• The USSR eventually had
  the same nuclear weapons
  power as the US.

• Both sides could destroy
  the other many times.


                No one wins.
Part 2: Actions
• Your goal:
 Be able to explain how the events of the
  Cold War affected the world..
Arms Race
   Arms Race: competition to get more
   weapons than the other country.

• The Cold War
  drove the
  superpowers into
  an arms race.
• US & USSR
  produced as
  many weapons
  as possible.
  (Including nuclear
  bombs)
Space Race
   Space Race: competition to
   get more advanced rockets.

• Who has the best
  science and
  engineering?

• Making better
  rockets also
  meant making
  better bombs.
Space Race
• 1957: USSR
  launched first
  man made
  satellite into
  space.

• It circled the earth
  15 times a day.

• It beeped.
       Why was Sputnik significant?
       Why would the US care?
Cold War Fighting

Did the United States
actually go into battle
with the Soviet Union?

                    No
Cold War Fighting

Were there battles as
part of the Cold War?



                    Yes
Cold War Fighting
  How was the Cold War fought?

1. Foreign Aid – Marshall Plan
2. Propaganda – Convince people which
   side is better
3. Espionage – Find out what the other side
   is doing
4. Alliances – NATO & Warsaw Pact
5. Brinkmanship – Who will back down
   first?
6. Surrogate wars – Korea & Vietnam
Berlin Airlift
• Dismemberment of Germany
  didn’t last.

• US, France and Britain wanted
  to leave Germany in 1948.

• USSR did not want Germany to
  become strong again.
Berlin Airlift
• When US, France and           Map of
  Britain left Berlin, Stalin   Berlin
  took control of the whole
  city.

• USSR did not have the
  “right” to keep more than
  East Berlin.

• US, France and Britain
  were committed to protect
  West Berlin from this
  capture.
                                         Map of Germany
Berlin Airlift
• USSR cut off roads to the     Map of
  outside world, not letting    Berlin
  people in or out of Berlin.

• US, France and Britain
  airlifted supplies to West
  Berlin for 11 months.

• USSR gave up.




                                         Map of Germany
Berlin Airlift
• USSR cut off roads to the
  outside world, not letting
  people or supplies in or
  out of Berlin.

• US, France and Britain
  airlifted supplies to West
  Berlin for 11 months.

• USSR gave up.



                                  Map of Germany
Third World Countries
• Superpowers* recruited
  countries to choose sides
  in the Cold War.

• Third World includes
  countries who are
   • economically poor
   • still developing
   • politically unstable
   • need assistance


                              *Superpowers: US & USSR
Third World Countries
• Who will they turn to for help? US or USSR?
Third World Countries
• Examples of Third World Countries:
   • Guatemala
   • Bolivia
   • Chile
   • Cuba
   • Congo
   • Greece
   • Korea
   • Vietnam

      Why were these countries significant?
      Why would the superpowers want to help them?
What’s this?
Domino Theory
How does Domino Theory
relate to Third World
Countries?



How does Containment relate
to Third World Countries?
Cuban Missile Crisis
      Cuban Missile Crisis
• Fidel Castro took over Cuba, and
  wanted to make it communist.
• Americans lost their investments there.
• Castro asked the Soviet Union for help.
• President Kennedy attempted to liberate
  Cuba from Castro, in the Bay of Pigs
  invasion.
• It was a failure.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro
       Communist dictator of Cuba, during
       Cuban missile crisis 1962.

                   •He nationalized the
                   economy.
                   •He got help from Nikita
                   Khrushchev.

                   •Khrushchev set up
                   Nuclear missile sites in
                   Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
       Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nikita Khrushchev began building 42 missile
  sites in Cuba.
• Cuba is as close to Florida as Sacramento is
  to San Francisco!
• President Kennedy demanded they be
  removed. This was brinkmanship.
• Kennedy announced a naval blockade, which
  could have been considered an act of war.
Nicaragua
                Nicaragua
• The United States supported a dictator,
  Anastasio Somoza.
• His administration, while being one of the most
  corrupt in history and brutal to dissidents, was
  nevertheless supported by the United States
  because it was viewed as anti-communist.
Anastasio Somoza Garcia
     Dictator of Nicaragua 1937-1956
     A corrupt tyrant, who was supported
     by the United States because he was
     anti-Communist.




    Corruption, torture, and
    murder of dissidents
Iran
                         Iran
•  The Shah of Iran was friendly to capitalism, but lost
  power in his country to nationalists.
• The United States put him back in power.
• Many Iranians were still unhappy with the Shah.

• Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader, and
  encouraged Iranians to riot, protesting US
  interference.
• In 1979, the Shaw’s followers took 60 Americans
  hostage from the US Embassy in Tehran. They were
  held 444 days.
Iran
Iran
Ayatollah Khomeini
       Religious (Muslim) leader of Iran.
       Opposed US involvement in the
       Middle East




 Iran hostage crisis 1979
Afghanistan
                Afghanistan
• After World War II, Afghanistan was independent, but
  had a communist friendly government.
• A Muslim revolt tried to change the government, so the
  Soviet Union invaded. They did not want a non-
  communist government.

• The Soviet Union supported the Afghan communists in
  the battle.
• The United States supported the Muslim rebels in the
  battle.
• 1979-1989: the Soviet Union eventually gave up.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
                 Vietnam War
• Third World country
• Newly independent French Colony in 1954

• Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government
  to have.
   – US wants them to have anything but communism.
   – USSR and China want it to be communist.




           Why would the US get
           involved in this war?
Vietnam Afghanistan
        War
Afghanistan
                 Vietnam War
• Third World country
• Newly independent French Colony in 1954

• Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government
  to have.
   – US wants them to have anything but communism.
   – USSR and China want it to be communist.




           Why would the US get
           involved in this war?
Afghanistan
                  Vietnam War
•   US gives South Vietnam military advisors
•   Then more advisors
•   Then some troops
•   Then more troops
•   US Officially entered the war in 1964.

• US lost the war to the communists in 1973.


            Why would the US get
            involved in this war?
Afghanistan
                Korean War
• Korean had a long history of being controlled by China
  or Japan
• WWII – Japan controlled Korea
• After WWII – Korea was split into 2 countries.
• Divided at the 38th Parallel
• North Korea – Communist
• South Korea – democratic republic
Afghanistan
Korean War
Afghanistan
                Korean War
• 1950 – North Korea invades South Korea

• US and United Nations helps South Korea
• USSR and China supported North Korea

• Battles went North and South
• Ended the war in 1953

• Border was set at the 38th parallel – WHERE IT
  BEGAN!

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Cold War (2013 edition)

  • 1. Cold War 1. Reasons for the Cold War 2. Actions of the Cold War 3. The end of the Cold War Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook. Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook.
  • 2. Part 1: Reasons • Your goal: Be able to explain why the Cold War happened.
  • 3. What does “cool” mean? Why would a war be called “cold”? What does temperature have to do with anything?
  • 4. What Is a Cold War? • No actual battle between the countries at war. • THE Cold War was the period of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union 1945-1991.
  • 5. What are some reasons for the USSR to dislike the US? • The US did not join WWI until after Russia had to quit. • The US did not join WWII until after USSR had lost millions of lives.
  • 6. What are some reasons for the US to dislike the USSR? • The USSR signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler. • The USSR was communist.
  • 7. The biggest reason for the Cold War: Communism versus Capitalism
  • 8. Capitalism vs. Communism • Free elections • One-party state • More than one • Industry/agriculture political party owned by the state • Industry/agriculture • No different social classes owned by individuals • Government • Different social controls people’s classes lives • Freedom of speech • Strong censorship
  • 9. Capitalism vs. Communism • You can create a • No matter how hard business, make lots your neighbor of money, and have works, he will never more things than make more money or have more things other people. than you. • Some people get • It’s not fair for some rich. It could be you! people to be wealthy, while others starve.
  • 10. Which country was communist? Put these Put these on your on your chart also. chart also. Which countries were capitalist? and many more.
  • 12. How did the Cold War start?
  • 13. The Cold War begins … Yalta Conference 1945 World Yes, but War II we need isn't to plan over for the yet. end of the war. Germany didn’t surrender until May 1945, but the Allies met at Yalta in February 1945 to discuss the end of the war.
  • 14. Yalta Conference 1945 How will we How will rebuild Europe? How will we keep we punish the peace? Germany?
  • 15. Yalta Conference 1945 What do we do What Don't you with the war about the want criminals? homeless revenge? people? Don't you and the want broken revenge? factories and the and fields countries They can't even without pay their bills! governments? How will any of this work?
  • 16. Yalta Conference 1945 The three major results of this conference were: • United Nations • Dismemberment of Germany • Reparations
  • 17. lta Ya United Nations • The League of Nations failed • The United Nations was the new and improved version • Differences: – More members worldwide – More military force to keep peace
  • 18. lta Ya How to deal with Germany: Two main goals: • Keep Germany weak • Make sure it can pay for the damage
  • 19. lta Ya Keep Germany Weak • Germany cannot be trusted • Dismember* it so it is remains weak • The Allies will divide Germany into four parts and keep military control over it. * Dismember: to take apart
  • 20. lta Iron Curtain – Ya A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West.
  • 21. lta Ya Reparations • After WWI, Germany had to pay 32 billion marks. • What was the result? * Reparations: payment for damages
  • 22. lta Ya Reparations • After WWII, the Allies would get “paid” by whatever their portion of Germany produced. • Factories, mines, labor, etc.
  • 23. The Marshall Plan • US Secretary of • The US would loan State George them money to help Marshall, 1947 them rebuild. • He proposed financial aid for all of • This money would the needy European be spent on countries. American products, so it was profitable, to the US.
  • 25. Keep my neighbors Soviet opposition communist! • The Soviet Union did not want countries in Eastern Europe to accept this money. • Economic involvement with the United States was dangerous to communism.
  • 26. Soviet Fear • The Soviet Union did not want Germany to rebuild. • Why wouldn’t they want that?
  • 27. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separation of communist lands of East Europe from the West.
  • 29. Two sides of Cold War • NATO – North • Warsaw Pact – Atlantic Treaty pro Soviet Organization countries – • USA, France, USSR, and all Great Britain, countries West Germany controlled by the • CAPITALISM USSR. • COMMUNISM
  • 30. Cold War goals • the United States • the Soviet Union wanted countries to wanted countries to be capitalist and be communist democratic
  • 31. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization US alliance with Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland
  • 32. Warsaw Pact USSR alliance with East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania
  • 33. Containment • This was the foreign Contain policy of US Communism! President Harry Truman. Keep communism from spreading to other countries.
  • 34. Brinkmanship* • Going to the edge of war, without actually starting any fighting. • How far can you push it, before someone calls your bluff? *Brink: the edge of something
  • 35. Why Brinkmanship? • War between the The superpowers want to avoid superpowers would almost direct war between them. certainly involve nuclear weapons. • Millions would be killed. • No one wins a nuclear war
  • 36. Why Brinkmanship? Mutually Assured Destruction • The USSR eventually had the same nuclear weapons power as the US. • Both sides could destroy the other many times. No one wins.
  • 37. Part 2: Actions • Your goal: Be able to explain how the events of the Cold War affected the world..
  • 38. Arms Race Arms Race: competition to get more weapons than the other country. • The Cold War drove the superpowers into an arms race. • US & USSR produced as many weapons as possible. (Including nuclear bombs)
  • 39. Space Race Space Race: competition to get more advanced rockets. • Who has the best science and engineering? • Making better rockets also meant making better bombs.
  • 40. Space Race • 1957: USSR launched first man made satellite into space. • It circled the earth 15 times a day. • It beeped. Why was Sputnik significant? Why would the US care?
  • 41. Cold War Fighting Did the United States actually go into battle with the Soviet Union? No
  • 42. Cold War Fighting Were there battles as part of the Cold War? Yes
  • 43. Cold War Fighting How was the Cold War fought? 1. Foreign Aid – Marshall Plan 2. Propaganda – Convince people which side is better 3. Espionage – Find out what the other side is doing 4. Alliances – NATO & Warsaw Pact 5. Brinkmanship – Who will back down first? 6. Surrogate wars – Korea & Vietnam
  • 44. Berlin Airlift • Dismemberment of Germany didn’t last. • US, France and Britain wanted to leave Germany in 1948. • USSR did not want Germany to become strong again.
  • 45. Berlin Airlift • When US, France and Map of Britain left Berlin, Stalin Berlin took control of the whole city. • USSR did not have the “right” to keep more than East Berlin. • US, France and Britain were committed to protect West Berlin from this capture. Map of Germany
  • 46. Berlin Airlift • USSR cut off roads to the Map of outside world, not letting Berlin people in or out of Berlin. • US, France and Britain airlifted supplies to West Berlin for 11 months. • USSR gave up. Map of Germany
  • 47. Berlin Airlift • USSR cut off roads to the outside world, not letting people or supplies in or out of Berlin. • US, France and Britain airlifted supplies to West Berlin for 11 months. • USSR gave up. Map of Germany
  • 48. Third World Countries • Superpowers* recruited countries to choose sides in the Cold War. • Third World includes countries who are • economically poor • still developing • politically unstable • need assistance *Superpowers: US & USSR
  • 49. Third World Countries • Who will they turn to for help? US or USSR?
  • 50. Third World Countries • Examples of Third World Countries: • Guatemala • Bolivia • Chile • Cuba • Congo • Greece • Korea • Vietnam Why were these countries significant? Why would the superpowers want to help them?
  • 53. How does Domino Theory relate to Third World Countries? How does Containment relate to Third World Countries?
  • 54. Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis • Fidel Castro took over Cuba, and wanted to make it communist. • Americans lost their investments there. • Castro asked the Soviet Union for help. • President Kennedy attempted to liberate Cuba from Castro, in the Bay of Pigs invasion. • It was a failure.
  • 55. Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis
  • 56. Fidel Castro Communist dictator of Cuba, during Cuban missile crisis 1962. •He nationalized the economy. •He got help from Nikita Khrushchev. •Khrushchev set up Nuclear missile sites in Cuba.
  • 57. Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis • Nikita Khrushchev began building 42 missile sites in Cuba. • Cuba is as close to Florida as Sacramento is to San Francisco! • President Kennedy demanded they be removed. This was brinkmanship. • Kennedy announced a naval blockade, which could have been considered an act of war.
  • 58. Nicaragua Nicaragua • The United States supported a dictator, Anastasio Somoza. • His administration, while being one of the most corrupt in history and brutal to dissidents, was nevertheless supported by the United States because it was viewed as anti-communist.
  • 59. Anastasio Somoza Garcia Dictator of Nicaragua 1937-1956 A corrupt tyrant, who was supported by the United States because he was anti-Communist. Corruption, torture, and murder of dissidents
  • 60. Iran Iran • The Shah of Iran was friendly to capitalism, but lost power in his country to nationalists. • The United States put him back in power. • Many Iranians were still unhappy with the Shah. • Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader, and encouraged Iranians to riot, protesting US interference. • In 1979, the Shaw’s followers took 60 Americans hostage from the US Embassy in Tehran. They were held 444 days.
  • 62. Ayatollah Khomeini Religious (Muslim) leader of Iran. Opposed US involvement in the Middle East Iran hostage crisis 1979
  • 63. Afghanistan Afghanistan • After World War II, Afghanistan was independent, but had a communist friendly government. • A Muslim revolt tried to change the government, so the Soviet Union invaded. They did not want a non- communist government. • The Soviet Union supported the Afghan communists in the battle. • The United States supported the Muslim rebels in the battle. • 1979-1989: the Soviet Union eventually gave up.
  • 65. Afghanistan Vietnam War • Third World country • Newly independent French Colony in 1954 • Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government to have. – US wants them to have anything but communism. – USSR and China want it to be communist. Why would the US get involved in this war?
  • 67. Afghanistan Vietnam War • Third World country • Newly independent French Colony in 1954 • Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government to have. – US wants them to have anything but communism. – USSR and China want it to be communist. Why would the US get involved in this war?
  • 68. Afghanistan Vietnam War • US gives South Vietnam military advisors • Then more advisors • Then some troops • Then more troops • US Officially entered the war in 1964. • US lost the war to the communists in 1973. Why would the US get involved in this war?
  • 69. Afghanistan Korean War • Korean had a long history of being controlled by China or Japan • WWII – Japan controlled Korea • After WWII – Korea was split into 2 countries. • Divided at the 38th Parallel • North Korea – Communist • South Korea – democratic republic
  • 71. Afghanistan Korean War • 1950 – North Korea invades South Korea • US and United Nations helps South Korea • USSR and China supported North Korea • Battles went North and South • Ended the war in 1953 • Border was set at the 38th parallel – WHERE IT BEGAN!