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Chinese schilderkunst door de eeuwen heendoor Wicher Slagter, adviseur Boyuan Art Housewww.boyuan.nlPresentatie gegeven op 13 februari 2011
Chinese prehistorie(5000 – 2000 v.Chr.) Yangshao-cultuur 仰韶文化 (5000 – 3000 B.C.) Longshan-cultuur 龍山文化(3000 – 2000 B.C.) Ontwikkeling van landbouw (graan, rijst, veeteelt) in stroomgebied van Gele Rivier Ontstaan van grotere sociale gemeenschappen Sociale stratificatie Ceramiek met decoraties
Yangshao culture仰韶文化 (5000 – 3000 v. Chr.)
Yangshao culture 仰韶文化 (5000 – 3000 v. Chr.)
Shang-dynastie商朝(plm. 1600 – 1000 B.C.)
Shang-dynastie商朝(plm. 1600 – 1046 B.C.) Politieke eenheid o.l.v. koning  Koning als opperpriester en opperbevelhebber Ontstaan van steden Militaire innovatie: strijdwagens Rituele bronzen vaten Hoog technologisch peil Ontstaan van het Chinese schrift
Shang-dynastie商朝(1600 – 1046 B.C.)Ritueelbronzenwijnvat (zun) 尊
Ontstaan van het Chinese schriftOrakelbeenderen (Jiaguwen甲骨文)
Ontstaan van het Chinese schrift Ontwikkeling van Chinese karakters
Zhou-dynastie周朝 (1046–256 BC)
Zhou-dynastie周朝 (1046–256 BC) ,[object Object]
Verdereverbreiding Chinese cultuur
Politiekefragmentatie en feodalisme
Ontstaancanoniekewerkenuit Chinese literatuur
BoekderOden (Shijing詩經),
BoekderOorkonden (Shujing書經),
BoekderVeranderingen (Yijing易經)
Gebruik van ijzer en geld (koperenmunten),[object Object]
“Laathonderdbloemenbloeien, laathonderdscholenredetwisten” 百花齊放,百家爭鳴
Confucianisme: moreel-ethische code gebaseerd op hierarchischeverhoudingen (Confucius 孔子,551 – 479 BC)
Taoisme: natuurfilosofiegericht op persoonlijkgeestelijkwelzijn (Laozi老字, 6e eeuw BC),[object Object]
Zhou-dynastie 周朝 (1046–256 BC) Man op draak, schilderij op zijde uit graf, 3e eeuw v. Chr.
Qin Dynastie 秦朝(221-206 BC)
Qin Dynastie 秦朝(221-206 BC)
Qin Dynastie 秦朝(221-206 BC)en Han Dynastie 漢朝 (206 BC – 221 AD ,[object Object]
Unificatie van maten, gewichten, schrift en wetgeving
Chineespenseelontwikkeld door MengTian, generaal van de Qin-dynastie
Qin-dynastie: autocratisch regime, repressie van afwijkendefilosofischestromingen
Han-dynastie: confucianismealsstaatsideologie,[object Object]
Chinese Middeleeuwen (221 – 589 AD) Verspreiding Boeddhisme in China Taoisme: natuurfilosofie en volksgeloof Verspreiding literatuur dankzij uitvinding papier Opkomst literaten-klasse Ontwikkeling kalligrafie en schilderkunst Schilderkunst: techniek en esthetiek
Boeddha-beeld in Yungang-grotten雲崗石窟 ca. 500 A.D.
Tang-dynastie 唐朝 618 - 907
Tang-dynastie 唐朝 618 - 907 ,[object Object]
Dichtkunst: Li Bai 李白, Du Fu 杜甫, Bai Juyi 白居易
Sterke culturele en politieke invloed in Oost-Azie (Japan, Korea, Vietnam)
Gecentraliseerd bestuursapparaat, met bestuurders geselecteerd door examens
Tang-wetboek bron voor latere Chinese wetgeving
Hoofdstad Chang’an 長安 (nu Xi’an) plm. 1 miljoen inwoners, grootste stad ter wereld
Ontwikkeling boekdrukkunst
Zijderoute,[object Object]
Han Gan (韓幹, ca. 706-783) Night-shining white
Ambassadeur van Tibet op audientie bij keizer
Genres en technieken Chinese schilderkunst Genres:  Landschapsschilderkunst 山水 “Vogels en bloemen” 花鳥 Afbeeldingen van mensen 人物 Technieken: Fijnschilderen 工筆 Waterinkt-aquarellen 水墨, 寫意
Landschapsschilderkunst 山水 Landschap van Dong Qichang  董其昌 (1555–1636)
“Vogels en bloemen” 花鳥 Schilderij van keizer Huizong  (12e eeuw)
Afbeeldingen van mensen 人物 Liang Kai: Immortal in Splashed Ink (ca. 1200) Liang Kai excelled at painting figures, landscapes, Buddhist and Taoist subjects, as well as spirits and deities. Taking to a life of drinking and painting, he called himself "Madman Liang.“ This album leaf is said to be a masterpiece from his period of drinking and spontaneous painting. The immortal shown here also appears to be somewhat inebriated. As a being of elevated status, his proportions also differ from those of ordinary mortals. The protruding forehead and rounded belly are accented by a few shods of hair and surrounded by unkempt robes that hang loosely down. No lines were used for these parts of the painting as only a few short slanted strokes were employed to define some of the details. Brushwork, however, defines the belt.
Fijnschilderen 工筆 Plum Blossoms and Wild BirdChen Hongshou (1599-1652)
Waterinkt-aquarellen 水墨, 寫意 Vogel en bloemen van Zhu Da (朱耷), 1626-1705
GebruiktematerialenThe Four Treasures of the Study 文房四寶 Brush 筆 Ink 墨 Paper 紙 Inkstone 硯
Xie He 謝赫  (5e eeuw AD): 繪畫六法 De zes principes van Chinese schilderkunst ,[object Object]
2)  The Bone Method
3) The relationship between the object and form
4) Color correspondence
5) Management of composition
6) Transmission and accumulation through copying masters
一、氣韻生動是也﹔
二、骨法用筆是也﹔
三、應物象形是也﹔
四、隨類賦彩是也﹔
五、經營位置是也﹔
六、傳移模寫是也,[object Object]
Belang van landschapsschilderkunst: sacrale betekenis van bergen
Invloeden van taoisme (belang van natuur) en boeddhisme (illusie en leegte)
Suggestie i.p.v. realisme
Mensen ondergeschikt
Meervoudig perspectief
Monochroom, of spaarzaam gebruik van kleuren
Vermijding van dramatiek, soms wel humor
Verwevenheid van kalligrafie, dichtkunst en schilderkunst (de “Drie Volmaaktheden)
Verbonden met Chinese literaten-cultuur
Gebruik van metaforische clichés (bijv. Pruimebloesems),[object Object]

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Chinese schilderkunst door de eeuwen heen