1. Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
Harriet Sjerps-Jones
Grand Challenges Masterclass
June 2013
INFORMATION GRAPHICS
the visual transformation of data into understanding

2. who are we?
what is an information graphic?
representation of data
example tools
workshop

6. Investigating the use of
information graphics
to explain the effects
of climate change
on health, compared
to textual presentation.
FLOODS AND STORMS
GLOBALTRENDSFLOODCAUSESHEALTHIMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE
STORMS
DEATH & INJURY
CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH
ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoon
discharge into rivers
People affected
Flooding depth
2°c
30cm
18%
5%
4.8%
30–90cm
4°c
100cm
33%
10%
57%
90–180cm
If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,
countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.
CASE STUDY 2: USA
Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely
populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
TOXIC CON-
TAMINATION
MENTAL
HEALTH
RAINFALL EVAPORATIONSEA LEVEL SURFACE
RUN-OFF
LOCAL
TOPOGRAPHY
URBANISATION
1900
1950
2005
FUTURECHANGES
FLOODS
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing
temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free
water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased
temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes.
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms,
cyclones and extreme weather events.
Coastal regions
are more
vulnerable to
flooding as sea
levels rise.
Extreme rainfall
can overwhelm
rivers and lakes,
causing them to
flood.
Drowning by
storm surge is
the major killer
in coastal
storms.
Global warming
and changes in
land use (like
urbanisation)
affect how much
water is carried
in the air.
Urbanisation can
affect how much
excess water
can be absorbed
into the ground.
Sometimes,
the shape of the
land can make
areas vulnerable
to flooding.
The number of people living in
cities is growing, particularly in
low income countries.
= 100m people
in towns or cities
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm
physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information
graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.
LATIN
AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA
BAY OF BENGAL
(particularly at
risk from storm
surges)
VULNERABLE
PEOPLE
Those living in
Low lying places
(especially those
with high density)
One-quarter of the
world’s population
resides within 100 km
distance and 100 m
elevation of the
coastline.
In the USA, lower-income
groups were most
affected by Hurricane
Katrina in 2005.
Such as children, the
infirm, or those living
in sub-standard housing.
Poorer communities
Those with limited
ability to escape
VULNERABLE PLACES
THE NORTH
SEA COAST
SEYCHELLES
THE GULF
COAST
THE NILE
DELTA
GULF OF
GUINEA
Deaths recorded in disaster databases
are from drowning and severe injuries.
Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods
and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact
of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects
is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women.
VENEZUELA
MOZAMBIQUE
CHINA
1999
2000/2001
2003
30,000 DEAD
1,813 DEAD
130m AFFECTED
Particularly in
places with
poor sanitation:
From storage or
from chemicals
already in the
environment:
Insufficiently
investigated,
but may include:
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever
Oil
Pesticides
Heavy metals
Hazardous
waste
Post-traumatic
stress
Behavioural
disorders in
children
Anxiety?
Depression?
LIKELY EFFECTS
2.5–4m below
sea level by 2100
NEW ORLEANS (USA)
1.5–3m below
sea level now
This would mean that
a storm surge from a
Category 3 hurricane
(estimated at 3 to 4 m
without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above
areas that were heavily populated in 2004.
Mid-range estimate
of 48 cm sea level
rise by 2100 plus
subsidence
AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE
POLLUTIONSOURCES
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
URBAN
TRANSPORT
OZONE MODELS
Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on
assumptions of population growth, economic development,
regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in
concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios
of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been
projected for Europe and North America:
There are no projections for cities in low- or middle-
income countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens
in these populations.
PM MODELS
Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter
is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are
few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants
other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of
local abatement strategies in determining the future
levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project
the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded
instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary
by region.
Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays
a significant role in determining local to regional air
quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation
at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just
as important as regional patterns for future local air
quality.
FOREST
FIRES
AIRPOLLUTION(AP)
As well as producing
greenhouse gasses
such as carbon dioxide, that
lead to global warming,
the burning of fossil fuels
for energy releases small
particles into the air, called
particulate matter (PM).
Naturally-occuring forest
fires mean that toxic
gaseous and particulate air
pollutants are released
into the atmosphere.
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM)
Many different kinds of
combustion, both artificial
and natural, can cause
particles of solid matter can
become suspended in the air.
PM is known to affect
morbidity and mortality.
Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition
of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their
associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows
some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount
of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future.
Ozone generation
is affected by:
— Bright sunlight
— Raised temperatures
— Low winds
— Atmospheric
moisture
The amount of air
pollution breathed
in by people
depends on:
— Wind / circula-
tion of air
— Topography
— Housing
characteristics
— Activity patterns
PM generation
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture
The number
of forest fires
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture
In urban areas, transport
vehicles are the key sources
of nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
that lead to ground-level
ozone. Burning fossil fuels
for transport also releases
other gasses and particles.
ALLERGIC
RHINITIS
OTHER
DISEASE
BURNS
& SMOKE
INHALATIONSevere
allergies can
limit quality
of life.
Particularly
affects
children.
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease.
Can affect
quality of life,
and is
increasingly
common,
particularly in
children.
Other Cardio-
vascular and
respiratory
diseases are
also caused by
air pollution.
forest fires
can have
direct effects
on health.
COPDPNEUMONIA ASTHMA
OTHER TOXIC
GASSES
As well as ozone, other
toxic gasses such as
carbon monoxide can have
effects on human health.
OZONE
Ozone is a secondary pollutant
formed through photochemical
reactions involving nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the
presence of bright sunshine
with high temperatures.
CLIMATE CHANGE
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is
causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher
temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely
high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect
the amount of water in the atmosphere.
These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First,
it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more
air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air
flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution.
FUTURECHANGES
REFERENCE AREA
TEMP.
INCREASE EMISSIONS EFFECTS
Knowlton
et al., 2004
Bell et al.,
2007
Anderson
et al., 2001
New York
area, USA
50 cities,
East USA
England
& Wales
1.6 –
3.2°C
1.6 –
3.2°C
0.9 –
2.4°C
medium
increase
medium
increase
no
increase
4.5% more
deaths
0.6% more
deaths
ozone +
other AP -
assumed changes
by 2050s
(all models assume population
constant at year 2000 level)
FLOODS AND STORMS
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical
infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most
frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall,
surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas,
flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and
climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and
forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often
associated with floods.
Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003,
130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from
storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died
in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures,
particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm
surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of
social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries,
infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems.
In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the
greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster
databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy
conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such
information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the
major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An
assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined
to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal,
particularly Bangladesh.
Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious
disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events.
Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in
low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease
have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique
in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447
deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months.
The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is
generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been
reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal
bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths.
Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy
metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in
the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane
Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides,
metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within
acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term
contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence
demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of
morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density
and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters
increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human
exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters.
There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of
disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety
and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income
countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has
been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress
disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following
disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural
disorders in young children.
Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk
(including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader
social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector
responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum
dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income
groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had
twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group.
High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health
burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in
north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA
and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal.
Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and coastal flooding under current climate conditions.
Future vulnerability to climate change

7. what do you want
to learn from this masterclass?

8. information graphics

9. charts / graphs
7%
8%
10%
11%
29%
35%
0
25
50
75
100
2007 2008 2009 2010
0
25
50
75
100
2007 2008 2009 2010

10. tower graphics
http://www.angelamorelli.com/water/
Angela Morelli

11. maps / data maps

12. signage / wayfinding

13. diagrams

14. motion graphics

15. interactives

16. and other things?

17. paired discussion:
why visualise data?

18. efficient
communication?
engagement
with audience?
emotive
connection?

19. Investigating the use of
information graphics
to explain the effects
of climate change
on health, compared
to textual presentation.
FLOODS AND STORMS
GLOBALTRENDSFLOODCAUSESHEALTHIMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE
STORMS
DEATH & INJURY
CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH
ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoon
discharge into rivers
People affected
Flooding depth
2°c
30cm
18%
5%
4.8%
30–90cm
4°c
100cm
33%
10%
57%
90–180cm
If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,
countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.
CASE STUDY 2: USA
Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely
populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
TOXIC CON-
TAMINATION
MENTAL
HEALTH
RAINFALL EVAPORATIONSEA LEVEL SURFACE
RUN-OFF
LOCAL
TOPOGRAPHY
URBANISATION
1900
1950
2005
FUTURECHANGES
FLOODS
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing
temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free
water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased
temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes.
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms,
cyclones and extreme weather events.
Coastal regions
are more
vulnerable to
flooding as sea
levels rise.
Extreme rainfall
can overwhelm
rivers and lakes,
causing them to
flood.
Drowning by
storm surge is
the major killer
in coastal
storms.
Global warming
and changes in
land use (like
urbanisation)
affect how much
water is carried
in the air.
Urbanisation can
affect how much
excess water
can be absorbed
into the ground.
Sometimes,
the shape of the
land can make
areas vulnerable
to flooding.
The number of people living in
cities is growing, particularly in
low income countries.
= 100m people
in towns or cities
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm
physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information
graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.
LATIN
AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA
BAY OF BENGAL
(particularly at
risk from storm
surges)
VULNERABLE
PEOPLE
Those living in
Low lying places
(especially those
with high density)
One-quarter of the
world’s population
resides within 100 km
distance and 100 m
elevation of the
coastline.
In the USA, lower-income
groups were most
affected by Hurricane
Katrina in 2005.
Such as children, the
infirm, or those living
in sub-standard housing.
Poorer communities
Those with limited
ability to escape
VULNERABLE PLACES
THE NORTH
SEA COAST
SEYCHELLES
THE GULF
COAST
THE NILE
DELTA
GULF OF
GUINEA
Deaths recorded in disaster databases
are from drowning and severe injuries.
Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods
and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact
of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects
is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women.
VENEZUELA
MOZAMBIQUE
CHINA
1999
2000/2001
2003
30,000 DEAD
1,813 DEAD
130m AFFECTED
Particularly in
places with
poor sanitation:
From storage or
from chemicals
already in the
environment:
Insufficiently
investigated,
but may include:
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever
Oil
Pesticides
Heavy metals
Hazardous
waste
Post-traumatic
stress
Behavioural
disorders in
children
Anxiety?
Depression?
LIKELY EFFECTS
2.5–4m below
sea level by 2100
NEW ORLEANS (USA)
1.5–3m below
sea level now
This would mean that
a storm surge from a
Category 3 hurricane
(estimated at 3 to 4 m
without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above
areas that were heavily populated in 2004.
Mid-range estimate
of 48 cm sea level
rise by 2100 plus
subsidence
AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE
POLLUTIONSOURCES
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
URBAN
TRANSPORT
OZONE MODELS
Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on
assumptions of population growth, economic development,
regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in
concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios
of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been
projected for Europe and North America:
There are no projections for cities in low- or middle-
income countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens
in these populations.
PM MODELS
Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter
is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are
few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants
other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of
local abatement strategies in determining the future
levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project
the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded
instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary
by region.
Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays
a significant role in determining local to regional air
quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation
at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just
as important as regional patterns for future local air
quality.
FOREST
FIRES
AIRPOLLUTION(AP)
As well as producing
greenhouse gasses
such as carbon dioxide, that
lead to global warming,
the burning of fossil fuels
for energy releases small
particles into the air, called
particulate matter (PM).
Naturally-occuring forest
fires mean that toxic
gaseous and particulate air
pollutants are released
into the atmosphere.
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM)
Many different kinds of
combustion, both artificial
and natural, can cause
particles of solid matter can
become suspended in the air.
PM is known to affect
morbidity and mortality.
Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition
of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their
associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows
some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount
of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future.
Ozone generation
is affected by:
— Bright sunlight
— Raised temperatures
— Low winds
— Atmospheric
moisture
The amount of air
pollution breathed
in by people
depends on:
— Wind / circula-
tion of air
— Topography
— Housing
characteristics
— Activity patterns
PM generation
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture
The number
of forest fires
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture
In urban areas, transport
vehicles are the key sources
of nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
that lead to ground-level
ozone. Burning fossil fuels
for transport also releases
other gasses and particles.
ALLERGIC
RHINITIS
OTHER
DISEASE
BURNS
& SMOKE
INHALATIONSevere
allergies can
limit quality
of life.
Particularly
affects
children.
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease.
Can affect
quality of life,
and is
increasingly
common,
particularly in
children.
Other Cardio-
vascular and
respiratory
diseases are
also caused by
air pollution.
forest fires
can have
direct effects
on health.
COPDPNEUMONIA ASTHMA
OTHER TOXIC
GASSES
As well as ozone, other
toxic gasses such as
carbon monoxide can have
effects on human health.
OZONE
Ozone is a secondary pollutant
formed through photochemical
reactions involving nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the
presence of bright sunshine
with high temperatures.
CLIMATE CHANGE
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is
causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher
temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely
high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect
the amount of water in the atmosphere.
These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First,
it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more
air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air
flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution.
FUTURECHANGES
REFERENCE AREA
TEMP.
INCREASE EMISSIONS EFFECTS
Knowlton
et al., 2004
Bell et al.,
2007
Anderson
et al., 2001
New York
area, USA
50 cities,
East USA
England
& Wales
1.6 –
3.2°C
1.6 –
3.2°C
0.9 –
2.4°C
medium
increase
medium
increase
no
increase
4.5% more
deaths
0.6% more
deaths
ozone +
other AP -
assumed changes
by 2050s
(all models assume population
constant at year 2000 level)
FLOODS AND STORMS
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical
infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most
frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall,
surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas,
flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and
climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and
forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often
associated with floods.
Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003,
130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from
storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died
in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures,
particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm
surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of
social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries,
infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems.
In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the
greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster
databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy
conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such
information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the
major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An
assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined
to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal,
particularly Bangladesh.
Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious
disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events.
Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in
low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease
have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique
in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447
deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months.
The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is
generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been
reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal
bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths.
Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy
metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in
the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane
Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides,
metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within
acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term
contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence
demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of
morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density
and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters
increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human
exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters.
There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of
disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety
and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income
countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has
been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress
disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following
disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural
disorders in young children.
Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk
(including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader
social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector
responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum
dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income
groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had
twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group.
High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health
burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in
north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA
and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal.
Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and coastal flooding under current climate conditions.
Future vulnerability to climate change

26. TEXT A GRAPHIC A TEXT B GRAPHIC B
149 177 163 185
RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY
8 mins
3 mins
View Time
KEY
MEAN & 95% CI
SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

27. CONTROL A TEXT A GRAPHIC A CONTROL B TEXT B GRAPHIC B
159 130 164 179 142 166
RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY
Memory
KEY
MEAN & 95% CI
SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)
100%
0%

28. CONTROL A TEXT A GRAPHIC A CONTROL B TEXT B GRAPHIC B
158 129 160 176 142 161
RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY
Risk perception (severity)
7
1
KEY
MEAN & 95% CI
SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

29. elements

30. how many brothers and
sisters do you have?

31. 1 3 7 2

32. 1 3 7 2

33. 1 3 7 2
50px
150px
350px
100px

34. 1 3 7 2
50px
150px
350px
100px
the 1D size element

36. 1 3 7 2

37. 1 3 7 2
area =
2500px2
area =
7500px2
area =
17500px2
area =
5000px2

38. 1 3 7 2
area =
2500px2
area =
7500px2
area =
17500px2
area =
5000px2
the area element

40. 1 3 7 2
the count element

41. virtualwater.eu

43. 1 3 7 2

44. 1 3 7 2
0
10

45. 1 3 7 2
0
10
red =
green =
blue =
255
231
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
177
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
68
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
205
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
0
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
255
0

46. 1 3 7 2
0
10
red =
green =
blue =
255
231
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
177
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
68
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
205
0
red =
green =
blue =
255
0
0
the colour element

48. 1 3 7 2
4 6 1 2

49. 1 3 7 2
4 6 1 2
0
10

50. 1 3 7 2
4 6 1 2
0
10
2 4 2 1

51. 1 3 7 2
4 6 1 2
2 4 2 1
0
10
1
2
3
4

52. Gapminder - Hans Rosling

53. Automated tools:
Gapminder
Many Eyes
Wordle
Google Charts
Etc.
Spreadsheets (Excel, Numbers, etc.)
Data analyis software (SPSS etc.)
Tableau
eSankey!
Etc.
Web
{
Desktop
{

54. Bespoke graphics software:
Illustrator
InDesign
Premiere
Flash
Processing
PhP / HTML4
Other programming languages
Stills}
Motion}
Interactive
{

55. or make physical graphics?

56. Stan’s Cafe: stanscafe.co.uk

57. sugarstacks.com

58. sugarstacks.com

59. sugarstacks.com

61. Will Stahl-Timmins
22nd Feb 2010

62. Will Stahl-Timmins
22nd Feb 2010

63. any questions?

64. Data visualisation workshop

65. what do you want
to learn from this masterclass?

69. Data Flow
—Klanten,
Bourguin,
Ehmann
& Heerden

75. Information is
Beautiful
—David
McCandless

76. www.maxgadney.com

81. Charles Joseph Minard

82. ISOTYPE – Otto and Marie Neurath

83. Harry Beck
London
Tube map

84. Otl Aicher
Munich
1972
Olympic
Games
signage

85. UK CARBON EMISSIONS
2009
ROAD USE
114Mt
195Mt
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
BUSINESS
RESIDENTIAL
AGRICULTURE
WASTE
INDUSTRIAL
PUBLIC SECTOR
123Mt
86Mt
79Mt
50Mt
18Mt
10Mt
8Mt
POWER
STATIONS 151Mt
SOLID FUEL
MANUFACTURE 16Mt
REFINERIES 15Mt
ROAD 114Mt
CIVIL AVIATION 3Mt
MILITARY AIRCRAFT AND SHIPPING 3Mt
PASSENGER CARS 71Mt
HGVs 21Mt
LIGHT DUTY
VEHICLES 15Mt
OTHER INDUSTRIAL
COMBUSTION 54Mt
IRON AND STEEL
– COMBUSTION 13Mt
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL COMBUSTION 9.4Mt
RESIDENTIAL
COMBUSTION 74Mt
AEROSOLS AND METERED
DOSE INHALERS 2.8Mt
USE OF
OTHER CONSUMER
PRODUCTS 1.6Mt
DIRECT SOIL
EMISSION 25Mt
ENTERIC FERMENTATION 15Mt
STATIONARY AND MOBILE
COMBUSTION 4.5Mt
LANDFILL 16Mt
WASTE WATER
HANDLING 1.7Mt
INCINERATION 0.3Mt
CEMENT PRODUCTION 3.7Mt
SINTER PRODUCTION 1.4Mt
NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION 1.1Mt

86. Au
Ag
A PERIODIC TABLE OF
WHAT’S LEFT
Cr Mn
Co
Pt
Cu
Cd
Zn
Sb
Al
C
In
Pb
Mo
Pr
Ni
P
Ce
Nd
U
Pm
Sm
Eu Gd
Tb Dy Ho Er Tm
Yb Lu
Ta
Sn
Ti
W
Y
RESERVES
(IN YEARS)
0
50
100
MANY RESOURCES THAT WE
DEPEND ON ARE AVAILABLE TO US IN
LIMITED QUANTITIES. ACCORDING TO DATA
COLLECTED BY WWW.INFORMATIONISBEAUTIFUL.NET
IN 2011, IF USE KEEPS GROWING AT CURRENT RATES, AND
WE DON’T REUSE OR RECYCLE THE MATERIALS WE’VE ALREADY
EXTRACTED, SOME ELEMENTS MAY SOON BE COMMERCIALLY INVIABLE TO
EXTRACT. FOR EXAMPLE ANTIMONY, USED IN FIRE RETARDANTS AND
MICROELECTRONICS, COULD BE DEPLETED IN AS LITTLE AS 10 YEARS. CHROMIUM, USED
TO MAKE STAINLESS STEEL FOR KITCHENWARE, COULD BE GONE IN 12 YEARS.
Sources: US Geological Survey, Adroit Resources, World Bureau of Metal Statistics, International Copper Study Group, World Gold Council,
Minormetals.com, Roskill Nickel Report, Cordell et al (2009), Smil (2000), Silver Institute, World Nuclear Association, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, Wikipedia.
U URANIUM
32 YEARS
W
Sn
Ag
Pr
Ce
Nd Pm
Sm
Eu Gd
Tb Dy Ho Er Tm
Yb Lu
P
PHOSPHORUS
84 YEARS
Pb
Mo
In
ANTIMONY
10 YEARS
Sb
PLATINUM
108 YEARS
Pt
ALUMINIUM
81 YEARS
Al
CHROMIUM
12 YEARS
Cr COPPER
28 YEARS
C
GRAPHITE
23 YEARS
C
INDIUM
13 YEARSLEAD15 YRS
GOLD21 YEARS
Cd
Cu
CADMIUM
25 YEARS
MANGANESE
22 YEARS
MOLYBDENUM
20 YEARS
Au
Co
Mn
Ni NICKEL
33 YEARS
RARE EARTHS
78 YEARS
COBALT
21 YEARS
SILVER18 YEARS
Ta TANTALUM
58 YEARS
TIN17 YEARS
Ti TITANIUM
47 YEARS
TUNGSTEN
21 YEARS
Y YTTRIUM
13 YEARS
Zn ZINC16 YEARS
TRANSITION
METALS
POOR
METALS
NONMETALS
RARE EARTHS (LANTHANIDES)
ACTINIDES

107. 1) increased resources
2) reduced search
3) enhanced pattern recognition
4) perceptual inference
5) perceptual monitoring
6) manipulable medium
Thomas, J. J. and K. A. Cook (2005). Illuminating the Path: The
Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics. Available
Online at: http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm, IEEE Computer Society.
!

108. 1) increased resources
- high bandwidth of sensory information

109. 1) increased resources
- high bandwidth of sensory information
vision - 12 MB/s
touch - 1 MB/s
hearing, smell & taste - 1 MB/s
Nørretranders, T. (1999). The user illusion: cutting consciousness
down to size. Penguin, London, UK.

110. 1) increased resources
- high bandwidth of sensory information
Nørretranders, T. (1999). The user illusion: cutting consciousness
down to size. Penguin, London, UK.

111. time series
gantt chart
data map
bubble chart
spider/radar chart
forest plot
pie chart
ternary plot
scatter plot
box plot

112. Information is
Beautiful
—David
McCandless

113. Will Stahl-Timmins
22nd Feb 2010
Information
Graphics:
A Comprehensive
Illustrated Reference
—Robert
L. Harris

114. the role of the information designer

115. information person

116. information person
information
designer

117. information person
information
designer

118. information person
information
designer

119. information
information
graphic
person
information
designer

120. information
information
graphic
person
information
designer

121. information
information
graphic
person
information
designer

122. Thank you
Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
blog.willstahl.com
@will-s-t