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Similar a Conflicto República Democrática del Congo
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Conflicto República Democrática del Congo
- 1. 1
- 2. • Una de las mas grandes tragedias del mundo (3.5 millones de personas muertas desde 1998, 3.4 millones de desplazados internos, cientos de miles de refugiados) • Potencial centro político gravitacional de África central ( 50% montañas africanas, uno de los mas grandes sistemas de ríos, el cual podría proveer de energía hidroeléctrica a todo el continente) • Latente recurso económico. MENSAJE: SI EL CONGO PROSPERA, TODA AFRICA DESARROLLA 2
- 3. PPAAÍÍSSEESS VVEECCIINNOOSS Central African Republic DRC 3 SUDAN UGANDA Rwanda Burundi TANZANIA Rep. of The CONGO ANGOLA ZAMBIA
- 4. TTAAMMAAÑÑOO Central African Republic 1900KM DRC 4 SUDAN UGANDA Rwanda Burundi TANZANIA Rep. of The CONGO 1900KM ANGOLA ZAMBIA
- 5. AREA = 2,267,600 Kilómetros Cuadrados MAS DEL TAMAÑO DE EUROPA ¼ DEL TAMAÑO COMPLETO 5 DE ESTADOS UNIDOS
- 6. *POBLACION: APROX 68,000,000 (2010) *46,700,000 (1997) *56,600,000 (2003) *CRECIMINETO POBLACIONAL: 2.98% *GRUPOS ETNICOS AFRICANOS: 350 *IDIOMA: 242 LENGUAS, FRANCES ES EL IDIOMA OFICIAL *IDIOMAS LOCALES: LINGALA, SWAHILI 6 (LOS MAS IMPORTANTES)
- 7. 7 CONSTITUCION FEB 26-2006
- 8. GBADOLITE 8 KINSHASA MATADI MBANDAKA KISANGANI GOMA BUKAVU LUBUMBASHI
- 9. 9 LEYENDA ORO DIAMANTES COLTAN Aceite de palma y Madera POSIBLE PETROLEO GAS COBALTO COBRE PLATA ZINC MANGANESO URANIO CARBON NICKEL ESTAÑO PLOMO
- 11. 1965-1997 Pres Joseph Mobutu 11 30 Jun 1960 Indep 1994 Genocidio Rwandes 1997 Pres Laurent Kabila 1998 Zaire Segunda Guerra 1885 Rey Leopold II 2001 Pres Joseph Kabila CRONOLOGIA TG (APR 2003) 1996 Primera Guerra Joseph Kasavubu
- 12. 12 30 Jun 1960 Independencia Joseph Kasavubu • May 1960: El movimiento nacional Congoles (MNC), dirigido por Patrice LUMUMBA gana las elecciones parlamentarias • 30 Junio 1960: Se logra la Independencia, de la Republica del Congo. • Lumumba: Primer Ministro • Joseph KASAVUBU, elegido Presidente por el Parlamento • Joseph Mobutu es nombrado Jefe del Estado mayor del nuevo Ejercito del Congo (Chief of Staff of the new Congo Army (Armée Nationale Congolaise)
- 13. Extremas dificultades en los primeros años de la joven Republica Independiente • 5 Julio 60: Tropas apostadas en Leopoldville (Kinshasa) se amotinan en contra de los Oficiales Belgas • 11 Julio 60: La rica provincia de Katanga se declara independiente. • 17 Enero 1961: Asesinato de LUMUMBA 13
- 14. 14 1965-1997 Joseph Mobutu • 24 Nov 1965: después de 5 años de extrema inestabilidad y descontento civil, el Teniente General Joseph Mobutu derroca a Kasavubu con un golpe de estado , declarándose el mismo Jefe de Estado. • Permanece por 3 décadas uno de los mas asesinos y corruptos regímenes dictadores en África. • País rico, población pobre, pero la fortuna de Mobutu se estima en 5 billones de dólares. • 1978: Rebeldes Katangeses con sede en Angola lanzan una serie de ataques para invadir el Shaba (Katanga). Son repelidos por tropas de Bélgica y Francia. • Sep 90: Saqueos y protestas en Kinshasa por soldados en contra del no-pago recibido durante 3 meses, 2000 tropas Belgas y Francesas evacuan a 20,000 Europeos.
- 15. Origenes • 1990, “Discours de la Baule”, Nueva ola de democratización se expande en África, Mobutu es abandonando por sus tradicionales aliados nacionales e internacionales. • 1991: Mubutu comienza el apoyo del Katangese extrema derecha en contra de los Balubas. • Larga tradición de varios grupos étnicos y minorías regionales opuestas al dominio de la región de Kinshasa sobre el resto del País. Principalmente en Kivu y el Haut Zaire. 15
- 16. 16 1994 Genocidio Ruandes Orígenes: • Julio 1994: El Genocidio Ruandés: 2 millones de refugiados Hutus en Zaire, incluidos miembros del grupo de milicia de los Interhamwe, y los genocidas. • Milicias Hutus apoyados por el Ejercito Nacional atacan a los Tutsis en Rwanda y Zaire (Banyamulenge). • Nov 96: Banyamulenge reciben la orden de dejar Zaire bajo pena de muerte. Estalla la Rebelión • las fuerzas anti-Mobutu conforman la Alianza de Fuerzas Democráticas para la Liberación de Zaire (AFDL) las cuales son apoyadas por Rwanda y Uganda. • Perdida de asistencia militar extranjera , varios elementos del Ejercito de Zaire se unen a Laurent Desire Kabila. 1965-1997 Pres Joseph Mobutu
- 17. 17 1994 Genocidio Ruandes Cronología de la guerra • Dic. 96: Con el apoyo de Rwanda y Uganda, las fuerzas de Kabila se mueven a travez del Rio Congo , encontraron poca resistencia, toman el control de las comunidades de frontera y solidifican el control. • Marzo 97: Las fuerzas leales a Kabila lanzan la mayor ofensiva. • 16 Mayo 1997: Mobutu abandona el país (muere en Sept. 7, 1997 en Marruecos. • Se reportan 60,000 civiles asesinados en el avance del ejercito. 1965-1997 Pres Joseph Mobutu
- 18. 18 1997 President Laurent Kabila Causas • Se reactiva el conflicto con los grupos minoritarios del este, quienes demandan su autonomía. • 14 Jul. 1998: El Jefe del Estado Mayor de Ruanda es despedido • Aug 1998: Toda la etnia Tutsi es removida del gobierno. • Aug 1998: Los Banyamulenge en Goma se sublevan . • Ruanda reclama una buena parte del este del Congo como Históricamente Ruandés, una porción del noreste del Congo es ocupada. • Los aliados de Kabila con milicias Hutu presuntamente organizan el genocidio en contra de los Tutsis en la región de Kivu.
- 19. 19 1998 Segunda guerra • Tropas amotinadas gubernamentales se unen a los rebeldes del Congo. • Ago. 1998: Namibia, Zimbabwe and Angola le quitan el apoyo a Kabila. Después lo hace Chad, Libia and Sudan. • Numerosas compañías de Diamantes del Oeste apoyan al gobierno de Kabila a cambio de favores en muchos negocios.
- 20. 20 Partes en conflicto (4) 1. Fuerzas Tutsi : RDF, Ejercito de Burundi , Banyamulenge de DRC, RCD aliados de los Banyamulenge. Operando en NK y SK. Objetivo: asegurar la seguridad para Ruanda y Burundi, proteger a los Tutsis en RDC, limitada influencia de Uganda en la región, control de los recursos naturales del DRC. 2. Fuerzas Hutus : Hutu “genocidas” , rebeldes de Burundi, Hutus Ruandeses y milicias Mai Mai . FDLR, principal grupo en los Kivus. Objetivo: Repeler a las fuerzas extranjeras Tutsis y Banyamulenge, derrocar a los gobiernos de Ruanda y Burundi, control de recursos naturales.
- 21. 21 Partes en conflicto (4) 3. Fuerzas aliadas con Uganda: UPDF, AG partidarios por Uganda (MLC, quienes controlan Nor-este del DRC). Objetivo: asegurar la seguridad de la frontera de Uganda para prevenir en poderoso estado Congolés, limitar la influencia de Ruanda en la región y explotar los recursos naturales del DRC. 4. Kinshasa y sus aliados: FARDC, Mai Mai, grupos nacionales de Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, Chad. Localizados en el oeste y el sur del Congo Objetivo: establecer la unidad nacional, tener el control del territorio, fronteras y recursos naturales.
- 22. 22 MLC MLC RCD RCD RCD AUG 98 - FEB 99 ANGOLA ZIMBABWE NAMIBIE
- 23. 23 AARREEAASS CCOONNTTRROOLLAADDAASS PPOORR LLOOSS BBEELLIIGGEERRAANNTTEESS MLC DDRRCC RCD(N) RCD(K-ML) RCD (G) MMbbaannddaakkaa Kisangani IIlleebboo BBuunniiaa BBeennii KKiinndduu GGoommaa KKaannaannggaa KKaalleemmiiee MMbbuujjii--MMaayyii KKaammiinnaa KKiinnsshhaassaa Interahamwe/ ex-FAR Uganda Armed Groups Burundi Armed Groups ANGOLA ZIMBABWE NAMIBIE BBooeennddee
- 24. CONSECUENCIAS DE LA GUERRA • Economía completamente destruida, en una región rodeada de pobreza. • Infraestructura dañada o destruida. • Inversores alejados del país. • Recursos usados principalmente para financiar la guerra mas no para el desarrollo del país. • Divisiones étnicas Post coloniales, agravadas por las crecientes tensiones. • Violaciones a las mujeres usadas como medidas de terror y dominación durante el conflicto, principales responsables las milicias . HIV. • 3.8 millones de personas asesinadas. • Mas de 3 millones de desplazados y refugiados. 24
- 25. REFUGIADOS CONGOLES EN CCeennttrraall AAffrriiccaann CCoonnggoo ((BB)) ZZaammbbiiaa 25 PERSONAS DESPLAZADAS INTERNAMENTE Total 2,400,000 RReeppuubblliicc CCeennttrraall AAffrriiccaann RReeppuubblliicc AAnnggoollaa AFRICA SSuuddaann UUggaannddaa RRwwaannddaa BBuurruunnddii TTaannzzaanniiaa Total 380,000** **nnuummbbeerr aassssiisstteedd bbyy UUNNHHCCRR
- 26. 26
- 27. • Partes: DRC, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola Rwanda, Uganda • Puntos decididos: – Cese de hostilidades entre todos las fuerzas beligerantes en la DRC –Operaciones de fortalecimiento , incluye – desarme de los grupos beligerantes; – buscar a los autores de genocidio y criminales de guerra; –Recomendación para la MONUC: Monitorear los acuerdos de cese al fuego y facilitar la asistencia humanitaria 27
- 28. 28 PRETORIA ACCORD (JUL 2002) • Partes: Rwanda, DRC • Puntos: Retiro de tropas de Ruanda del Congo a cambio de un comité encargado del desarme de los interahamwe y los combatientes ex-FAR LUANDA ACCORD (SEP 2002) • Partes: Uganda, DRC • Puntos: Retiro de las tropas de Ruanda del Congo.
- 29. ESTATUTO DE ROMA DE LA CORTE PENAL INTERNACIONAL Artículo 6 Genocidio A los efectos del presente Estatuto, se entenderá por "genocidio" cualquiera de los actos mencionados a continuación, perpetrados con la intención de destruir total o parcialmente a un grupo nacional, étnico, racial o religioso como tal: a) Matanza de miembros del grupo; b) Lesión grave a la integridad física o mental de los miembros del grupo; c) Sometimiento intencional del grupo a condiciones de existencia que hayan de acarrear su destrucción física, total o parcial; d) Medidas destinadas a impedir nacimientos en el seno del grupo; e) Traslado por la fuerza de niños del grupo a otro grupo. 29
Notas del editor
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- 1.One of the World’s Largest On-Going Tragedies. a. Estimated 3.5 million people died since 1998, mostly as indirect casualties of war. b. 3.4 million internally displaced (one million children among them) and hundreds of thousands of refugees across the borders on the territory of all of the DRC neighbors. c. Children are particularly affected by the crisis. 2.Potential Political Centre of Gravity for Central Africa a. Its size (2.5 million sq km), b. 50 per cent of Africa’s forests c. home to one of the world’s mightiest river systems – that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent d. No stability in Central Africa without a stable DRC, and conversely. 3.Latent African Economic Powerhouse a. The Central African copper belt – which runs through the DRC - contains one third of the world’s reserves of cobalt and 1/10 of its copper reserves. b. The DRC contains 80 per cent of world reserves of columbite-tantalite (coltan). c. It ranks among the world’s largest producers of industrial diamonds. d. Substantial gold deposits are found in the eastern part of the country. e. Of the thirty -five per cent of its soil (80 million hectares) deemed exploitable, only ten million hectares are used. f. It ranks 167th out of 175 in the 2003 UNDP Human Development Report. g. If the DRC succeeds in building a stable state structure, it will attract the trade and investment for an open and lawful economy on the scale concomitant with immense untapped natural resources.
- Though it is located in the Central Africa, the nation is economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan on the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania on the east, Zambia and Angola on the south, and the Republic of the Congo on the west.
- Though it is located in the Central Africa, the nation is economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan on the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania on the east, Zambia and Angola on the south, and the Republic of the Congo on the west.
- The population was estimated at 56.6 million in 2003, growing quickly from 46.7 million in 1997. In 2007 – about 63,000,000. As many as 350 ethnic groups have been distinguished and named. The most numerous people are the Kongo, Luba, and Mongo. There are an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the DRC. Out of these, only four have the status of national languages: Kongo, Lingala, Tshiluba and Swahili. Lingala was made the official language of the colonial army under Belgian colonial rule. But since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army also uses Swahili in the East. French is the official language of the country. It is meant to be an ethnically neutral language, to ease communication between all the different ethnic groups of the Congo.
- Administrative divisions: 11 provinces: Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu The provinces are subdivided into territories. According to the Constitution, adopted in February 2006, the current administrative divisions will be subdivided into 26 new provinces by 2009.
- The major towns of the DRC are used by MONUC to locate the headquarters: KINSHASA is the capital of the DRC, where the FHQ is located. KISANGANI, where the E Div HQ and Sector 2 HQ are located. GOMA, where the North Kivu Bde HQ is located. BUKAVU, where the South Kivu Bde HQ is located. LUBUMBASI - the 2nd main city after Kinshasa. MATADI it is a very important town because the main port of DRC is located there.
- The DRC has one of the largest reserves of mineral resources in the world. These include cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal and massive hydroelectric power capacity.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Leopold's regime began undertaking various projects, such as the railway that ran from the coast to Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) which took years to complete. In the Free State, the local population was brutalized in exchange for rubber, a growing market with the development of rubber tires. During the period between 1885 and 1908, some 10 million Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and diseases. A government commission later concluded that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period. To enforce the rubber quotas, the Free State's administration made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives as a means of enforcing rubber quotas a matter of policy; this practice was widespread. In 1908, the Belgian parliament, under the international pressure (especially from Great Britain) took over the Free State from the king as a Belgian colony. From then on, it became the Belgian Congo, under the rule of the elected Belgian government. The colonial administration implemented a variety of economic reforms that focused on the improvement of infrastructure: railways, ports, roads, mines, plantations and industrial areas. The Congolese people, however, lacked political power and faced legal discrimination. Among the Congolese people, resistance against their undemocratic regime grew over time. In 1955, the Congolese upper class initiated a campaign to end the inequality. In May 1960, Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), led by Patrice Lumumba, won the parliamentary elections, and Lumumba was appointed Prime Minister. Joseph Kasavubu was elected President by the parliament. The Belgian Congo achieved independence on June 30, 1960 under the name "Republic of the Congo" ("République du Congo"). The young independent nation found its early years extremely difficult with power sharing arrangements, political assassinations and in-fighting. Lumumba had appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC). On January 17, 1961 Patrice Lumumba was assassinated in Katanga. Following five years of extreme instability and civil unrest, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, now Lieutenant General, overthrew Kasavubu in a 1965 coup. A one-party system was established, and Mobutu declared himself head of state. He periodically holds elections in which he was the only candidate.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- The Second Congo War began in 1998 and officially ended in 2003 when a Transitional Government took power. It directly involved eight African nations, as well as about 25 armed groups. An estimated 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries. . On 14 July 1998, Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff, and replaced him with a native Congolese. Two weeks later Kabila made diplomatic steps. He thanked Rwanda and Uganda for help, and ordered all their military forces to leave the country. The initial rebel offensive threatened the Kabila government in a few weeks. The government was only saved through the rapid intervention of a number of other African states. On 2 August 1998, the Banyamulenge in Goma erupted into mutiny. Rwanda offered them immediate assistance. The Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), composed primarily of Banyamulenge and backed by Rwanda and Uganda had emerged. This group quickly came to dominate the resource-rich eastern provinces. The RCD quickly took control of Bukavu and Uvira in the Kivus. The Tutsi-led Rwandan government allied with Uganda, and Burundi also retaliated, occupying a portion of northeastern Congo. The Rwandan government also claimed a substantial part of eastern Congo as "historically Rwandan". The Rwandans alleged that Kabila was organizing a genocide against their Tutsi in the Kivu region. The combined RCD, Rwandan, Burundian and Ugandan soldiers overwhelmed the government forces. By 13 August, the rebels held the Inga hydroelectric station that provided power to Kinshasa as well as the port of Matadi through which most of the Kinshasa's food passed.
- In respond to Kabila's request for help the members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Namibia, Zimbabwe and Angola quickly threw their support to Kabila in August 1998. Later, Chad, Libya and Sudan also joined the conflict for Kabila. The intervention by various nations saved the Kabila government, and pushed the rebel front lines away from the capital. However, it was unable to defeat the rebel forces. A number of Western mining and diamond companies, mostly from the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan and Israel, supported the Kabila government in exchange for business deals in both wars. The diplomatic circumstances contributed to the cease-fire. In July 1999, the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement was signed by DRC, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, and Uganda and, on 1 August, the MLC. The RCD refused to sign. The United Nations Security Council deployed about 90 liaison personnel in August 1999 to support the cease-fire. By February 24, 2000, the UN authorized a force of 5,537 troops of MONUC to monitor the cease-fire. However, numerous clashes and offensives occurred, most notably heavy fighting between Uganda and Rwanda in Kisangani in May and June 2000. In January 2001, Laurent Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards. By unanimous vote of the Congolese parliament, his son, Joseph Kabila, was sworn in as president to replace him. In February, Rwanda, Uganda, and the rebels agreed to a UN pullout plan. Uganda and Rwanda began pulling troops back from the front line. A number of attempts to end the violence were made. The Sun City Agreement was formalized on April 19, 2002. There have been several reported breaches of the Sun City agreement, but it has seen a reduction in the fighting. On 6 September 2002, the Luanda Agreement formalized peace between Congo and Uganda.. On 5 October, Rwanda announced the completion of its withdrawal from the eastern DRC. MONUC confirmed the departure of over 20,000 Rwandan soldiers. On 17 December 2002, the Congolese parties, namely: the national government, the MLC, the RCD, the RCD-ML, the RCD-N, the domestic political opposition, representatives of civil society and the Mai Mai, signed the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement, which described a plan for transitional governance that should have resulted in legislative and presidential election within two years and marked the formal end of the Second Congo War. Tthe conflict was focused on gaining control of the abundant natural resources of the Congo. The African Great Lakes states have largely paid their military expenses by extracting minerals, diamonds, and timber from the eastern Congo. The Rwandan national army was concerned with protecting their sphere of control in eastern Congo. The occupying forces have levied high taxes on the local population and confiscated almost all of the livestock and much of the food in the region. The war has destroyed the economy of an already-poor region as foreign investors have fled and resources have been devoted to fighting the war. Much of the infrastructure in the Congo has been destroyed. Deaths resulting from the war are estimated at 3.8 million. Some 3.4 million people were displaced. Nearly two million others have been displaced in the neighboring countries.
- A large number of Internally Displaced Persons is among the other major problems in DRC. About 380,000 Congolese Refugees in neighboring African countries are assisted by UN NGOs.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.
- Last updated: 20.09.07. Maj. Vladimir.