World Circular Economy Forum 2018 Director Takashi Shimazu: Technical Challenge for CO2, recycling, aiming the circular economy.

1. Takashi Shimazu
World Circular Economy Forum 2018 Oct. 23rd Yokohama Pacifico
Technical Challenge for CO2 recycling
aiming the circular economy

2. Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Artificial Photosynthesis
3. Current and future research
4. Summary

3. 1. Introduction

4. Toyota Motor Corporation
and other 53 companies
Company profile
cooperative research
Universities, Research Organizations and Companies
R&D request R&D result
Company Outline (Aug, 2018)
Established : 1960
Employees : 997
Ground : ~300,000 m2
TOYOTA group

5. Key messages from WCEF2017
Reducing pollution
Carbon neutral
New technologies
Make waste
a valuable resource
R&D’s roleCompany’s role
UN SDGs Business and cities
Save natural resources
Factor in CE
to mainstream
Source: SITRA https://www.sitra.fi/en/articles/10-key-takeaways-wcef2017/

6. From a linear to a circular economy
CO2
Fossil fuel Renewable fuel
H2

7. TOYOTA Environmental Challenge 2050
New Vehicle Zero CO2
Emissions Challenge
Life Cycle Zero CO2 Emissions
Challenge
Plant Zero CO2 Emissions
Challenge
Challenge of Minimizing and
Optimizing Water Usage
Challenge of Establishing a Recycling-
based Society and Systems
Challenge of Establishing a Future
Society in Harmony with Nature
Source: TOYOTA https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environment/challenge2050/
(announced in 2015)

8. From a linear to a circular economy
Renewable fuel
H2
Source: TOYOTA https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environment/challenge2050/

9. The aim of artificial photosynthesis
sunlight
fuel
CO2
no waste
Artificial Photosynthesis
water
from sunlight, water, CO2
to organic matter
CO2
chemical material
plastic
・ Reducing CO2
・ Carbon neutral
・ Make CO2
a valuable resource

10. 2. Artificial Photosynthesis

11. Conversion of CO2 to organic matter utilizing solar energy
-
CO2
Hydrocarbons
and Oxygenates
+
H2O
Solar panel
Electrolyzer

12. From natural to artificial photosynthesis
Light absorber
( Light to Electricity )
Oxidation reaction
Reduction reaction
( Electricity to Chemical )
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Reaction mechanism of
artificial photosynthesis
Requirement
Selective CO2 reduction
(Prevention of H2 generation)
Iridium oxide
Cobalt compound etc.
Titanium dioxide, Bismuth vanadate
Tungsten trioxide etc.
H2O oxidation photoelectrode
 Oxidation catalyst
 Light absorber
CO2 reduction
photoelectrode

13. CO2 reduction in two compartment device
TiO2 photoelectrode
J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011)
Indium phosphide
( Light absorver )
Ruthenium complex polymer
( CO2 reduction catalyst)
CO2 reduction photoelectrode
Metal complex & semiconductor
Solar to chemical energy
conversion efficiency
0.04%
CO2
HCOOH
H2O
in 2011

14. Requirements for monolithic device
O2
HCOOH
CO2
H2O
Metal complex
Selectivity for preventing
H2 generation & O2reduction
Selectivity for preventing
formate oxidation to CO2
0
e-
h+
H2O oxidation
catalyst
CO2 reduction
catalyst
Light absorber
Semiconductor junction
for efficient electron transfer
Triple junction
amorphous silicon cell
(3jn-a-Si)
Iridium
oxide
Ru complex polymer
modified on carbon

15. CO2 photoreduction by monolithic device
Solar to chemical energy
conversion efficiency
CO2
HCOOH
H2O
0.04% 4.6%
Simplification
Artificial leaf
Energy Environ. Sci., (2015)
our work

16. History of artificial photosynthesis device at TCRDL
2011 2012 20152013 2014
Solartochemicalenergyconversionefficiency(%) 5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Solarenergyconversionefficiency
ofnaturalplants
0.04%
Corn 0.8%
Sugarcane 2.6%
Rice 1%
4.6%𝑆𝐶𝐸(%) =
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100
Two-compartment cell Monolithic device

17. 3. Current and future research
Approaches aiming for the societal implementation
• Reducing the cost of catalyst for large-scale
application
• Diversification of CO2 products for usability

18. From noble metal to earth-abundant catalyst
8×106 USD/t
Source of cost: https://www.metalary.com/
3×107 USD/t
Materials Cost $/cm2
Light absorber (3jn-a-Si) 3.4 × 10-2
CO2 reduction catalyst (as RuCl3) 1.3 × 10-2
H2O oxidation catalyst (as K2IrCl6) 1.3 × 10-2
* 3jn-a-Si: Triple junction amorphous silicon

19. Catalysts consisting of earth-abundant metals
Fe55.845
26
H2O oxidation catalystCO2 reduction catalyst
Ir192.217
77
Mn54.938
25
Ru101.07
44
ACS catal. (2018)
8×106 USD/t 3×107 USD/t2×103 USD/t 6×101 USD/t
Sustainable Energy & Fuels (2017)
Syngas
Higher
activity
The combination of these catalysts
for new artificial photosynthesis device
is under investigation.

20. Thermal process （Multistep）
HCOOHWater
Get CO2 emission to
zero at industry
Thermal process
Demonstration of
alcohol or alkene
production
SCE 4.6%
(1x1cm2)
DME
Synthetic
gasoline or
Diesel fuel
CO2
Development of
noble catalyst
The challenge for paradigm shift
Organic feedstock
Drugs and
medicines
Chemical
products
Resin
feedstock
Multi-electron
reduction
Syngas
CO+H2

21. Reformed gas
from natural gas
(Ni, 800 ºC, 2MPa)
Proposal for the project of MOE in Japan
CO2+H2O
Artificial
photosynthesis
Gasoline
Diesel fuel
Existing thermal process
Novel process at ambient temperature
Ethylene
Various
Chemicals
Disposal
⇒Burnout
CO2
Crude oil
Naphtha
Demonstration in a labo-scale
Methanol
Syngas
CO+H2
Target:
Solar-to-syngas efficiency
10%
Utilization of
combustion
heat
Recycling

22. Summary
 We encourages researches aiming for the circular
economy.
 We are researching the artificial photosynthesis
reaction to realize a carbon neutral society.
 We are seeking a suitable road to the societal
implementation of artificial photosynthesis.