5. History & Origin
Sunflower probably originated in the
southwestern United States, or somewhere in
Mexico.
It have been cultivated for over 8000 years.
It was introduced to Europe in the 16th
century and imported into Russia from Holland
in the 18th century.
As a cultivated plant, improved varieties
were reintroduced into the USA from Russia in
1893.
6. History in Pakistan
In Pakistan, sunflower was first introduced as an
oilseed crop in early 1960's.
Its commercial cultivation began in 1965.
Area in Punjab is almost in Sargodha, Sialkot,
Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Okara, Sahiwal,
Multan, Rahim yar Khan and Vehari districts.
In Sindh, sunflower is grown mostly in Badin
district (61 percent). Other important sunflower areas in
Sindh are Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Thatta, Tharparkar
and Sukkur districts.
7. It is one of world’s most cultivated cash crops.
In world, supply of sunflower seed oil is
estimated as 11.7 million tons and sunflower is
ranked as 6th in seed production.
According to economic survey of Pakistan
sunflower is grown on 8,77,000 ha of land.
The total amount of seeds produced was
4,73,000 tons and the total oil produced from the
sunflower crop was 1,79,000 tons.
Sunflower seed price Rs.2,000 per 40 Kg.
Economic Importance
Source: Pakistan Oilseed Development Board
P: Provisional/Targets (July-Mar)
8. Amazing Facts about Sunflower
Scientific name of Sunflower is Helianthus, Helia
for Sun and Anthus for Flower.
It is Drought Resistance Crop.
It is perennial Plant (that lives for 2 or more years)
It is not one flower, but a cluster of more then 2000
tiny flowers growing together.
The largest Sunflower Head ever measured was
Thirty-two & a half inches in diameter. It was
grown in Ontario, Canada
9. Cont....
The tallest sunflower 9.17 m (30 ft & 1 inch) in
Germany on 28 August 2014.
Sunflowers are well known to move towards the
Sun. This is called Solar Tracking or Heliotropism.
Scientists agree that the sunflower will not die out
with in the next century.
Sunflowers have roots that can be 1.5 meter into
the soil & height ranges from 3-5 meters.
Sunflower is the National Flower of Russia.
13. Soil and climate
Sunflower is grown in hot & humid weather
with relative humidity of 50-85%.
Sunflower can grow in dry areas too.
It grows sandy to clay soil ranging in pH from
5.7 to 8.
Sunflower perform well in well drained,
Fertile soil with good moisture holding
capacity.
The areas of adaption for this crop are in
cotton belt (Vehari, Lodhran, Bahawalpur,
Umerkot) and rice growing areas of Sialkot
and Badin in Punjab and Sindh, respectively.
14. Seed bed preparation
Sunflower has a well-developed root system.
Deep ploughing up to 12-18 cm with a
moldboard & followed by 2-3 disc harrow,
collect stubble of previous crop.
Secondary tillage implements like a disc
harrow should be used to level the field for
planting and subsequent irrigations.
It is important that the soil around the seed
remain moist during germination.
This technique is quite important in dry rain
fed areas.
15. Manuring & Fertilizer
FYM applied 3-4 ton/acre at sowing time.
In Pakistan, most of the soils area deficient
in both Nitrogen and Phosphorus and some
areas are also deficient in Potash therefore, the
requirement for N, P, K is given as 64.22, 56.81
and 61.75 kg/ha respectively.
It is recommended 2 bags of urea and 2 bags
of DAP per acre should be applied.
Sulphur & Baron application are vital for
seed wt. & flower opening.
16. Temperature & Seed Rate
Sunflower is grown in many semi-arid regions.
It is tolerant of both low and high temperatures.
Optimum temperatures for growth are 21° to 75°F, but
a wider range of temperatures (64° to 91°F) show little
effect on productivity.
Extremely high temperatures have been shown to
lower oil percentage, seed fill, and germination.
2-3 Kg/acre seed is recommended depending on
hybrid, soil type, and availability of water and method of
sowing.
Seed rate is reduced to 50 % if planted with new
planters.
17. Method Of Sowing
It's best to sow sunflower seeds direct into
the soil after the danger of spring frost is past.
Seed should be planted 3-8 cm deep using a
cotton drill.
Sowing can also be done by the kera method
using a desi plough.
If you see birds scratching around for the
seeds, spread netting over the planted area until
seeds germinate.
18. Sowing & Plant distance
It is highly adaptable and fit very well to the
cropping system.
Early sowing: Mid dec-Mid jan
Late sowing: Jan last to Feb last week.
Sunflowers are a row crop, but the row width
varies depending upon the equipment available.
In irrigated areas R×R distance for sunflower
crop is 75 cm and P×P distance is 23 cm.
In barani areas P×P distance is given as
30cm.
19. Irrigation
Sunflower is considered as drought-resistant,
but significant resistance in the yield has been
observed due to water stress.
Generally, the spring crop requires four
irrigations.
In Kharif season: 5-6 Irrigations (8 to 9 days
interval).
In Summer: 8-9 Irrigations (7-8 days interval)
20. Reproduction of Sunflower
Pollination: Process by which plant pollen is
transferred from male reproductive organs to
the female reproductive organs to form seeds.
Reproduce through Seeds
Bees are primary pollinating agents
Other pollinating agents are insects (Moths)
Reproduction can be done as Asexual.
The pollen contains sperm that fertilizes eggs
in female parts of the plant.
23. ‘Black Sayar’ was tested in 1964-1965.
The exotic cultivars recommended for
cultivation were ‘Noor’, ‘Shams’ and ‘Ho-1’ in
1977.
‘Nk-212’ ‘Husun-33’, and ‘NK-265’ were
released for commercial cultivation, 1979 and
1986, respectively.
‘Euroflor’ a new hybrid is yielding 234 kg
seeds/ha.
Pioneer-6480, Poiner-64, NK-278, SH-3322,
CRN-1435, IS-3312 also its varieties.
Varieties
25. Diseases Of Sunflower
i. Alternaria Blight ii. Head rot
iii. Charcoal Rot iv. Basal Rot
v. Downy mildew vi. Mosaic
vii. Sclerotial wilt viii. Rust
ix. Powder mildew
26. Charcoal Rot
Symptoms
It is a seed borne disease,
which occurs usually after
flowering.
The most important
symptoms are sudden
wilting of plants
And huge number of
micro-sclerotia fallen on
the rotten portion of the
affected plant.
Management
Collection and
destruction of plant
devices.
Seed treatment with
carboxin @ 3gm / kg.
Tri-cho-derma per
250 kg’s of FYM/ha
should be applied in
the line.
Charcoal Rot
27.
28. Head Rot
Symptoms
Appears under surface of
heads due to water
soaking.
Symptoms appear as
brown in color.
The fungus enters into
the head
In severe cases, the head
will be transformed into a
black powdery mass.
Management
Drenching the base of
the affected plant
with carbandizim @
2gm / liter of water or
during land
preparation
broadcasting of
enriched FYM tri-cho-
derma @ 2.5kg.
29.
30. Powdery mildew
Symptoms
It produces under dry
conditions towards the end of
winter season.
It produces white powdery
growth on leaves.
As the plant matures black
pinhead sized are visible in
white midrib areas.
The affected leaves lose luster,
curl become chlorotic and die.
Management
Spraying
wetable
sulphur
@3gm per
liter or
calixin @
1ml per liter.
38. Harvesting
For indoor bouquets, cut the main stem just
before its flower bud has a chance to open to
encourage side blooms.
Cut stems early in the morning. Harvesting
flowers during middle of the day may lead to
flower wilting.
Cut the head off the plant and remove the
seeds with your fingers or a fork.
To harvest seeds, keep an eye out for
ripeness.
39. Yield
The average national seed yield in all
types of soils and conditions varies from
500-980 kg/ha.
However, under the favorable conditions
seed yields as high as 2500 kg/ha have
been obtained.
Under the rain fed conditions the seed
yield varies from 400-800 kg/ha.
40. Storage
Storage of sunflower requires special care.
The seed should be dried down up to moisture
content 8-10% after harvesting.
Sunflower maintains is viability longer than small
seeds under all conditions.
Storage bins should be cleaned and treated with
insecticides in order to avoid insect attack.
To protect the seeds from birds, you can cover the
flowers with a light fabric such as cheese-cloth and a
rubber band.
43. Soybean
Glycine max L.
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Angiosperms
Class Dicots
Order Fables
Family Fabaceae
Genus Glycine
Species G. max
44. History & Origin
Soybeans belong to the legume family and are
native to East Asia.
People in Asia have been growing and using
soybeans for thousands of years.
In 2853BC, Emperor Sheng-Nung named five
sacred plants, the soybean was one of the five.
Soybeans were first brought to the United States in
the early 1800s as the ballast aboard a ship.
Soybeans were first planted by farmers in the
United States in 1879 as animal feed.
45. Cont….
In 1929 Morse went to China and gathered more
than 10,000 varieties for research into U.S.A.
Soya bean originated in Europe early
in18thcentury.
Soybean was introduced in to Africa in 19th
century.
Soybean was introduced in to Pakistan in early
1960 from the USA for experimental purpose.
Soybean is also grown in other parts of the
world including Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia,
Korea and Japan.
46. Soybean is 1st in oilseed crops in the world.
The United States of America has the largest
area under its cultivation.
The world edible oils the world production of
edible oil consist of 30.3% soybean.
It contains 18 to 22 percent oil, is highly
desirable in the diet, and has 40 to 42 percent
of good quality protein.
In Pakistan, the area under soybean has
fluctuated and never exceeded 6000 ha.
Economic Importance
47. Amazing Facts about Soybean
The soybean is the 'king of beans'.
One acre of soybeans can produce 82,368 crayons.
Soybean oil provides an environment friendly fuel for
diesel engines.
Soybean is used in plastics, wood adhesives and
textiles
Soybeans also used into candles, cleaning products
and hair-care products.
Farmers across the U.S. grow soybeans that have been
harvested into yields of about 2 billion bushels a year.
48. • Soy ink is used to print newspapers and
textbooks.
• Soybean oil is the most widely used vegetable oil.
• The United States grows half of the soybeans
produced in the world
• The United States is the principal world supplier
of soybeans
• The Chinese considered the soybean one of their
essential Five Sacred Grains, along with rice,
wheat, barley, and millet.
49. What %age of Soy is made up of:
Protein – 37-40%
Carbohydrates – 30%
Lipids – 20%
H2O – 8%
Trace amount of vitamins & minerals
53. Soil and climate
Soybean cultivation is typically most successful
in climates with hot summers.
Soil must be fertile and sandy loam.
Soil pH must be ranges from 5.8-6.5.
Soybean usually germinates well in temperature
ranges 10oC-40oC.
Opt. Temp. for rapid vegetative growth is 30oC.
Moisture availability is particularly critical
during two periods of soybean germination and
pod filling. Soybean is short day plant.
54. Seed bed preparation
Seedbed is prepared by 2-3 ploughing followed
by planking.
This will improve moisture conservation of the
soil which is required for soil-seed interaction,
good seed germination, emergence, growth and
development.
Seed Inoculum: The nitrogen fixing bacteria
(Rhizobia) that lives on soybean roots in nodules
are not native to most soils. The best way to
introduce this bacteria is to inoculate the seed.
About 1 kg of mixture of rhizobium bacteria in
water is enough to moisten 40 kg of seed.
55. Manuring & Fertilizer
Fertilizer application is important in the
soybean production and has great effect on
yield.
Usually 25:50:50 (NPK) kg ha-1 at the time
of sowing gives higher yields. Fertilizers are
usually broadcasted during seed-bed
preparation.
However, supplemental N should not be
applied within 30 days of emergence but should
be applied before flowering.
56. Seed Rate
Seed @ 40 kg acre-1 planted at a depth of 3 to 5
cm with 30 to 45 cm row spacing gives optimum
population of 120,000 to 130,000 plants per acre.
As much as 20 to 24 plants per meter of row are
sufficient .
Usually, soybeans in narrow rows are higher
yielding because they capture more of the sun's
energy which drives photosynthetic machinery of
the plant.
However, wide rows are used if the varieties are
tall and bushy type.
57. Method Of Sowing
The method of sowing has three objectives.
i) Adequate and uniform depth of seed
placement
ii) Adequate seed numbers and uniform
distribution
iii) Sufficient soil-seed contact for germination.
Soybean must be planted with single row
cotton drill or tractor drill because of their
consistency in producing good stands.
58. Sowing & Plant distance
Row to row distance for Rabi season 30 cm &
for kharif 45 cm. Plant to plant distance 3-5 cm.
Autumn (Kharif crop)
Punjab: Mid-July to end July
Sindh: Mid-June to Mid-July.
K.P.K: May to June
Spring (Rabi Crop)
Punjab: Last week of Jan. to 1st week of Feb.
Sindh: Mid-January to 1st week of February.
K.P.K: 1st and 2nd week of March
59. Irrigation
Number of irrigations varies with climatic conditions,
management practices and length of growing season.
Irrigation must be given at the following stages:
Three weeks after germination
Initiation of flowering
Pod filling stage
Seed development stage
In Kharif season: 2-3 irrigations for autumn crop
depending upon the rains.
In Spring season: 6-7 Irrigations required.
61. Crop Rotation
1) Rice-Soybean-Rice
2) Cotton-Soybean-Cotton
3) Wheat-Soybean-Wheat
4) Intercropping soybeans
with corn, sorghum,
cotton, or sugarcane
In Pakistan Soybean
is grown as an
intercrop or on fellow
lands between the
major crops.
Some of the most
common rotation are:
62. Different soybean varieties of American
origin were selected after conducting a large
number of trials. These varieties are:
NARC-1, NARC-2, Ajmeri,
FS-85, Malakand-96, Swat-84 &
Kharif-93 have been developed by the
scientists of Oilseed Programme & NARC in
Islamabad.
Varieties
65. Harvesting
The soybean is physiologically mature in
90-120 days of sowing.
When seed moisture is 45 to 55 percent, pods
and stems are yellow, and leaves are yellow.
Delay in harvesting not only reduces seed
quality but also reduces harvesting efficiency and
increases shattering losses.
As soon as the pods are dry enough to open
easily, harvest it, thresh after drying within 7-10
days and threshed seed must be cleaned before
storage or marketing.
66. Yield
The average farmers yield ranges from 1500
to 2500 kg ha-1.
At Agricultural Research Institutes under high
level management practices the yields range
from 2500 to 3500 kg ha-1.
Number of pods per plant is a function of
spacing and intercepted light, while leaf No. is
a principal factor in determining soybean seed
yield.
67. Storage
Well dried seed should be stored at about 8 to 10
percent moisture content and 15o C in tropical regions.
To maintain dried seed at a low moisture level, two
practices are feasible. these are:
I) To grow soybean for seed in an area where relative
humidity is low.
II) To use moisture proof containers for seed storage.
For long-term benefit and effectiveness, air
conditioned storage in tropical and subtropical areas are
more suitable.
Poor quality soybeans seeds will deteriorate quickly
in storage than high quality seeds.
68. Advantages of soybean
It has short duration season and farmer
could utilize rice, cotton, and rain fed
fallow areas.
Well fit in the existing cropping system
without clashing with major crops.
Reducing the duration of diarrhea in
infants.
Soya oil is good for better health and
heart patients.
69. Cont…
Soybean is the only vegetable food that contains
all eight essential amino acids.
Low in fat with no cholesterol.
An excellent source of fiber.
Is a good source of enriched Calcium and
Vitamin B12.
Also helpful in reduces paralysis risk.
It contains very essential heart loving Omega 3.
Providing nutrition to infants who can't digest
milk sugars.
70. Cont…
Provides important minerals such as calcium,
magnesium, iron and selenium
Contains isoflavones which are beneficial in
reducing risk of various cancers, heart disease
and osteoporosis (bone Disease).
It is beneficial in weight loss.
Soybean oil consists of 85 percent unsaturated
fatty acid that are good for humans.
Treating diabetes type 2.
71. EFFECTS OF SOY CONSUMPTION
Increase the risk of breast cancer in women.
Affect brain function in men.
Lead to hidden developmental abnormalities in
infants (Baby).
Raise estrogen (hormone) levels.
Soy contributes to infertility both men & women.
Change the timing of a woman’s menstrual cycle.
Soybeans have higher levels of phytic acid (anti-
nutrient) than any other legume.
Deficiencies of Mg, Ca, Fe(Iron) and Zn in soil.
72. People with hay fever are more likely to be
allergic to soy foods.
People with asthma are more likely to be
allergic to soy products.
Avoid soy foods if you have bladder cancer.
Soy products might increase the risk of
kidney stones due to access of aluminum.
Soy is believed to have a greater adverse
effect on the thyroid gland.
76. History & origin
Safflower is one of the oldest crop in a world.
In ancient Egyptian (1991 BC-1802 BC)
in textiles safflower also used for dyes.
Safflower arrived in China late (200-300 A.D.
Safflower was also known as carthamine in
the nineteenth century.
Safflower was introduced as oilseed crop in
Pakistan in 1960 in Sindh & Baluchistan.
India is a big cultivator country of safflower.
77. In manufacturing, It is used to
color cosmetics and as a paint solvent.
Safflower gives farmers cash income.
It is used to manufacture soap.
The flowers were originally used in yellow
and red dyes for both food and clothing.
The petals of the Safflower plant can be
used in cooking as a substitute for saffron.
Economic importance
79. Amazing Facts about Safflower
More or less Day neutral crop but thermo-sensitive
so grown as a rabi crop.
Tolerant to salinity but sensitive to water logging
conditions.
It can be grown as guard crop around other crops
because of its spiny nature.
Very drought tolerant due to extensive root system.
Both oil and protein decreases with increased altitude
(Optimum range is 300-1000 above sea level).
82. Soil and climate
Deep, fertile, well-drained soils with 6 PH that
have a high water holding capacity and high level
of stored moisture are ideal for safflower.
High levels of soil salinity can decrease the
frequency of seed germination.
Safflower production is not recommended for
areas with more than 15 inch of annual
precipitation.
Best in areas of sunny & dry conditions during
the flowering and seed-filling periods.
83. Seed bed preparation
To get more production, at least 1-2
ploughing are sufficient.
For deep ploughing, mold-board(MB)
plough can be used. After this cultivator and
planker are used.
Volunteer small grain may be a problem
when safflower follows small grain. Fall
tillage and rains should reduce this problem.
A moist, firm seedbed should be prepared
to help establish a good stand.
84. Fertilizer Application
Due to taproot, less amount of N is required.
1. In Canal irrigated areas 1:1 bag of DAP &
Urea at sowing and bed preparation.
2. In Barani areas 1:1 bag DAP & Urea at seed
bed preparation.
Moreover, higher doses of fertilizer also affect
the drop maturity and heavy attack of sucking
pests.
Therefore, an optimum dose of fertilizer
should be applied with proper time.
85. Seed Rate
In barani areas the recommended seed rate
varies from 6 to 7 kg and in irrigated areas 8
to 9 kg. If the crop is cultivated by broad cost
method then use 20 % more seed (9-11 kg/ha).
Row width should be 45 cm and 20 cm in
the row.
Seed should be treated with a registered
fungicide to reduce losses of yield.
Plant population of about 1,00,000/hectare
was maintained.
86. Method Of Sowing
Safflower is usually planted at a depth
of 30 to 50 mm with grain drill..
Like other Oilseed crops, it must be
sown in lines.
In barani areas, line to line distance
should be 60 centimeter and in irrigated
areas, 45 centimeter.
In proper moisture conditions, sowing
may be done with hand or wheat drill.
87. Sowing Time
Line sowing is better than broadcasting
because it ensures an optimum number of
plants per unit area and facilitates cultural
and plant protection operations..
Sowing time
a. Canal irrigated area October 20, to
November 30
b. Barani area October 15, to November
15
88. Irrigation
Due to its deep root zone, safflower crop
can get moisture from the lower surface.
During season 2-3 irrigation are sufficient.
1st irrigation should be given 1-1/2 to 2
months after germination;
2nd irrigation at flowering time;
Last irrigation should be given at the seed
development time.
89. Thinning
When the plants
become 10 centimeter
high, thinning may be
done with hands.
After thinning plant to
plant distance should
be 10 to 15 centimeter
so that the required
plant population may
be maintained in the
field.
Hoeing
In the beginning,
growth of safflower
is slow so that the
field should be clean
from weeds to have
good plant
establishment.
In case of line
sowing Rotary hoe
may be used once or
twice before flower
initiation.
91. In Pakistan, the commercial varieties of
safflower are Gilla, US-10, S-208 (spiny)
Thori-78 and Pawari-95 (spineless).
These varieties are also recommended
for dry areas of KPK Provence.
PARC evaluated during last 3-4 years
and results show that the BI-9740 and BI-
4059 are best in yield in Potohar Region.
Varieties
93. Alternaria Leaf
Blight
In humid season, due
to this diseases, brown
and blackish spots
appear on leaves.
In swear attack of
disease the spots
become closer to each
other resulting in the
whole plant damage.
94. Bacterial Blight
This disease spreads
due to high moisture
in the air.
Use of healthy seeds
is very essential to
minimize the attack
of the disease.
95. Rust
In late sowing crop,
the attack is swear.
To overcome this
disease, crop rotation
may be helpful.
Seed should be
treated with Thrim
@ 3g/kg of seed
before planting.
96. Root Rot and Wilt Diseases
This disease is swear in canal irrigated
areas.
Specially, when the temperature is high and
more irrigation is given to the crop.
To overcome this disease, safflower should
not be cultivated at one place.
Field should be leveled so that water should
not stand in the field to avoid root rot.
97.
98. Harvesting
When the leaves become brownish and seeds
come out of the capsules by rubbing with fingers
the crop is ready for harvest.
In dry weather the crop should be harvested in
the morning or after noon.
After the harvesting, the crop should be dried at
one place. Seed should be collected after thrashing
with sticks from the dry capsules and clean them.
Crop can be cut with harvester and thrashed with
threader.
Seed dried at 8-10% moisture before storage.
99. Yield
India occupies first position in area and
production in the world with 60%(4.3 lac
hectares) of area and 66% production (2.0 lac
tones)
Productivity is highest in Mexico with
1200kg/ha and India with 630 kg/ha .
The sale prices of safflower is Rs=350-/40 kg.
Yields of 800 to 1200 kg/ha may be achieved
with improved production and protection
technology.
104. Advantages
Safflower seed oil is used for
preventing heart disease, “hardening of the
arteries” Stroke & reduce cholesterol levels.
It is also used to treat fever, tumors,
coughs, chest pain, breathing problems,
clotting conditions, and traumatic injuries.
Today this crop supplies oil, meal,
birdseed.
It has very high amount of vitamin E
naturally, about 34%.
105. Women sometimes use safflower oil for
absent or painful menstrual periods.
The meal that remains after oil extraction is
used as a protein supplement for livestock.
Safflower also used in weight loss and its
maintenance.
Rightfully dried flowers used to treat
circulatory, inflammation and muscular
problems.
106. EFFECTS OF SAFFLOWER
According to Wellness, Hemorrhaging, Diarrhea,
stomach cramps, Nausea and vomiting may occur
in patients using safflower every day.
Safflower may cause Allergic Reaction for
allergy sensitive people.
It is dangerous for Low Blood Pressure Patients.
It may interfere with diabetes management and
blood sugar stability.
It may induce uterine contractions, so not use
during pregnancy.
