2. 2.1 The Transport System in Human
Being
Internal transport system is needed to deliver useful
materials to body cells and remove waste materials
Internal transport system Circulatory system
Human circulatory system Double circulatory
system
Blood must flow through heart twice
Pulmonary circulation
Transport blood between heart and lungs
Systematic circulation
Transport blood between the heart and all other parts of
body
3.
4. Characteristics of circulatory
system
• Circulating fluid
Blood
Transports useful and waste materials
Pumping device
Heart
Move through body by muscular contractions of heart
Blood vessels
3 main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and
capillaries
Valves
Present in some blood vessels
Prevent backflow
Ensure blood flows in 1 direction only
5. Structure of human heart
To head
From head and body
and body
To lungs
From lungs
Bicuspid valve /
mitral valve
Septum
From trunk
and legs
6. Blood Vessels and Their
Functions
3 types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Human circulatory system is called a
closed system
7.
8.
9. Comparisons
Characteristics Artery Vein Capillary
Cross section
Size of lumen Small Big Small
Thickness of Thick, muscular thinner, Wall only one
wall and elastic muscular and cell thick
walls less elastic
Valves Absent Present Absent
Blood flow Fast and under Slow and under Slow and under
very high low pressure high pressure
pressure
10. Characteristics Artery Vein Capillary
Colour of blood Bright red, Dark red, Bright red,
inside contains contains contains
oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated
blood (except blood blood
pulmonary
artery)
Function Carries blood Carries blood • Connects
away from to heart arteries and
heart veins
• Allows
exchange of
substances
between
blood and
body cells
13. Maintaining a healthy heart
Factors
that increase risk of getting heart
disease:
Heredity
Cholesterol and obesity
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Stress
Alcohol
14. Human Blood
Blood
Plasma Blood Cells Blood Fragments
Red Blood White Blood Platelets
Cells Cells
Plasma makes up 55% of blood by volume
The other 45% consists of red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets
15. Plasma
Yellow liquid in blood
90% of plasma is water
10% of plasma include:
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids and
vitamins
Proteins:
antibodies, hormones, enzymes, albumins
and fibrinogen
Inorganic ions: sodium, calcium, chlorides
and phosphates
16. Main functions of plasma:
To transport nutrients to tissues
To remove waste products from tissues
To distribute hormones, enzymes, antibodies
and other proteins
To distribute heat energy from liver and
muscles to all other parts of body
17. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Biconcave, disc shaped cells without
nucleus
18. Transport oxygen from the lungs to all parts
of body
Contain a red pigment called haemoglobin
which combines with oxygen molecules to
form oxyhaemoglobin
Carry carbon dioxide from body cells to
lungs
RBC are produced in bone marrow
Lifespan: 120 days
When RBC are worn out, they are destroyed
in liver and spleen
19. White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
WBC are much larger than RBC and they
each have a nucleus
Usually irregular in shape, colourless and
do not contain haemoglobin
20. Produced from bone marrow cells
Lifespan of WBC depends on type of
WBC. It varies from a few hours to a few
months
Play a vital role in body’s defense against
diseases
Produce antibodies
WBC can squeeze through walls of blood
capillaries into the space among the cells
to destroy the bacteria
22. Blood groups
ABO system classifies the human blood
into 4 groups called A, B, AB and O.
During blood transfusion, donor’s blood
must be compatible with the recipient’s
blood
When an incompatible type of blood is
transfused, RBC of donated blood will
agglutinate and cause fatal blockages in
recipient’s blood vessels
23. Donor’s blood
O A B AB
O
Recipient’s
blood
A
B
AB
Compatible
Incompatible
24. Blood group O can safely donate blood,
in small quantities, to anyone. People with
group O are called universal donors
Blood group AB can safely receive blood
from anyone. Group AB people are
called universal recipients
25. Transport system in Plants
Wilting
Non woody plants depend on the water
stored in the cells of the stem for support
Wilting occurs in non woody plants when
water loss through aerial parts of plant
exceeds water absorption by roots
Cells in plants lose their turgidity (stiffness)
and the plant droops
26. Transport Tissues in Plants
Transport system in plants is made up of
Xylem tissues
Phloem tissues
They are found in roots, stems and leaves
29. Xylem tissues
Made up of xylem vessels
Form woody tissues of plants and give
support
Transport water and dissolved minerals from
roots, up the stems and to the leaves
30. Phloem tissues
Transportfood substances from leaves to
the stems and roots
Xylem and phloem tissues form vascular
bundles