the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.

1. BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTURE
Subject : Building material and construction-3
Topic : Steel
Faculty :- Ar. Kunal engineer
Ar.Krupali Mam

2. STEEL

3. METAL
 Metal is an element, compound or alloy that is a good conductor of
both electricity and heat.
 Metal crystal structure and specific metal properties are determined by
holding together the atoms of a metal
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4.  Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in
construction and other applications because of its hardness and
tensile strength.
 Steel is a Malleable Alloy of Iron and
Carbon (not over 2%) with substantial
quantities of Manganese.
 Steel used in construction is mild steel.
Metals
Ferrous
Iron
Steel
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought
iron
Non-
Ferrous
Copper &
Alloys
Aluminium
Zinc
Tin
Cobalt
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5.  HISTORY OF STEEL IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
 Important milestones in Architecture
was development of iron and steel in
construction.
Mill at Derby- 1793
By William Strut, wooden beams sheeted in iron
Dithering Flax Mill-1797 first fully integrated iron-
framed building, oldest iron framed building in the world,
by Charles Bage
 Steel Buildings – Symbol of Modern
Architecture
1780-1840 Cast Iron
Arched shaped bridges up to 30 m
span
1840-1890 Wrought Iron
Span up to 100 m
1870-1920 Bessemer Converter
Intro. Carbon Steel
1920- To
Date
Third most popular material
after Concrete and Timber
Steel is crucial in development of
economy and is considered as backbone
of human civilization.
5
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6.  High strength
 The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per unit weight)
 Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
 Elasticity, uniformity of material
 The specific strength is a material's strength (force per unit area at
failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-
weight ratio or strength/weight ratio. In fiber or textile applications
ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN STRUCTURES
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7. WHAT ARE STEEL STRUCTURES ?
 A structure which is made from organised combination of structural
STEEL members designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity
 Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a building made
from structural steel.
SOME FAMOUS STEEL STRUCTURES ARE
WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL,US TYNE BRIDGE,UK HOWRAH BRIDGE,INDIA
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8. IRON
DUST
MAGNETIC
SEPRATOR
IMPURITIES
MULTI HEARTH FURNACES
COAL
VOLATILE COAL &
COMPONENTS
DE VOLATILE COAL
& PC
LIMESTONE
CO2 AND
WASTE
GASES
KILN
RPCC
ELECTRIC
MELTER
SLAG
MOLTEN IRON
CO AND
OTHER
GASES
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9. STEEL MAKING PROCESS
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10. TYPES OF STEEL
1. Mild steel or medium carbon steel :
carbon steel that contains 0.25% carbon & 0.4-0.7%
manganese,0.1%-0.5% silicon and some traces of
the other elements such as phosphorous.
2. Hard steel or high carbon steel :
This term is often used for medium or high carbon steel that has been given the
heat treatment of quenching followed by tempering. To make steel harder, it must
be heated to very high temperature.
3. Cast-iron:
It is a iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until
it liquefies and is then poured into a mold to solidify. It is
a usually made from pig iron.
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11. Mild Steel
• Carbon steel that contains 0.25% carbon & 0.4%-0.7% manganese, 0.1%-0.5%
silicon and some traces of other elements such as phosphorous.
• It may also contain lead (free cutting mild steel) or sulphur.
• Magnetised Permanently.
• Readily Forged And Welded.
• Not Easily Hardened And Tempered.
• Fibrous Structure.
• Malleable And Ductile.
• Not Easily Attacked By Salt Water.
• Tougher And More Elastic Than
Wrought-iron.
• Rusts Easily And Rapidly.
• Melting Point Is About 1400c.
• Specific Gravity Is 7.80.
• Compressive Strength Is About 80 To 120 KN/Cm2.
• Tensile And Shear Strengths Are About 60 To 80 KN/Cm2.
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12. HARD STEEL
• This term is often used for medium or high carbon steel that has been given the heat
treatment of quenching followed by tempering
• To make steel harder, it must be heated to very high temperature
• The hardness of steel depends on the amount of carbon present in the metal
• Its much less brittle
• Not Readily Forged And Welded.
• Easily Hardened And Tempered.
• Granular Structure.
• Not Easily Attacked By Salt Water.
• Tougher And More Elastic Than Mild Steel.
• Used for finest cutlery , edge tools and for
• part which are to be subjected to shock
and vibrations.
• Rusts easily and rapidly.
• Melting point is about 1300c.
• Specific gravity is 7.90.
• Compressive strength is about 140 to 200 kn/cm2.
• Tensile strength is about 80 to 110 kn/cm2.
• Shear strengths is about 110 kn/cm2.
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13. CAST-IRON
• If Placed In Salt Water ,It Became Soft.
• It Can Be Harden By Heating And Sudden
Cooling , But It Can't Be Tempered.
• It Can't Be Magnetised.
• It Doesn’t Rust Easily.
• It Is Fusible.
• It Is Hard ,But It Is Brittle A It Is Not Ductile
And Hence It Can't Be Adopted To Absorb
Shocks And Impacts.
• Melting Temperature Is About 1250c.
• It Shrinks On Cooling.
• Its Structure Is Granular And Crystalline With
Whitish Or Greyish Tinge.
• Specific Gravity Is 7.5.
• Weak In Tension And Strong In Compression.
• The Two Pieces Of Cast-iron Can't Be Connected By
The Process Of Riveting Or Welding.
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14. DIFFERENCE
 MILD STEEL
1. Readily forged and welded
2. Fibrous structure
3. Melting point: 1400deg C
4. Specific gravity is 7.8
5. Ultimate compressive
strength is 80-120kN/cm
sq
 HARD STEEL
1. Not easily forged and welded
2. Granular structure
3. Melting point: 1300deg C
4. Specific gravity is 7.9
5. Ultimate compressive
strength is 140-200kN/cm sq
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15. Magnetic properties of steel
• Following are the properties of various elements in steel for making it to achieve better
magnetic properties:
1. Carbon: desirable to keep carbon content as low as
possible and it should not exceed 0.10%
2. Silicon: presence of silicon results in considerable
increase of electrical losses and hence it is highly
undesirable
3. Sulphur and phosphorous: if combined content of
sulphur and phosphorous exceeds about 0.30%,
the magnetic properties of steel are greatly
affected
4. Manganese: if content of manganese exceeds
about 0.30%, it proves to be injurious to the
magnetic properties of steel
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16. – High Strength
– Uniformity
– Elasticity
– Ductility
– Toughness
– Brittle Fracture
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17. USES OF STEEL
• It is also required for the existence of the heavy and light engineering
industries, for ship building, railways and rolling stock, automobiles,
sheet metal industries, power generation, electrical industries, etc.
NAME OF STEEL CARBON CONTENT USES
MILD STEEL UPTO 0.10% Motor body ,sheet metal ,tin plate etc.
UPTO 0.25% Boiler plats ,structural sheets etc.
UPTO 0.45% Rails ,tyres etc.
UPTO 0.60% Hammers ,large stamping ,pressing dies etc.
HARD STEEL UPTO 0.75% Sledge hammer ,springs ,stamping dies etc.
UPTO 0.90% Miner’s drills ,smith’s tools ,stone mason’s tools etc.
UPTO 1.00% Chisels ,hammers ,saws ,wood working tools etc.
UPTO 1.10% Axes ,cutlery ,drills ,knives ,picks ,punches etc.
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18. Architectural cladding Handrails and balustrading Roofing
Drainage and rainwater supplies Wall support products
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USES OF STEEL

19. STEEL IN FACADES Different from double-grazing concept, façade
design using louver was investigated for adapting climates,
effective to renew the design of the building
 Particularly well suited for the facades of buildings, steel is a
functional, practical, and long lasting material with a universal
aesthetic appeal.
EXTERIOR FACADES
SUN SHADING
19M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi
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20. • PARKS & RECREATION ART & SCULPTURES
LANDSCAPE FURNITURE
VERTICAL Columns
Because of its exceptional properties, It has
been chosen for a variety of applications.
20M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

21. JOINTING METHODS OF STEEL
Temporary methods:
1. Bolting
Permanent structure:
1. Welding
2. Riveting
The selection of a particular jointing method is based on many
criteria:
• Economic consideration
• Fabricators preference
• Code requirements
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22. BOLTING
• It is mainly used for temporary steel structures for example
exhibition panels.
• Sometimes during assembly of fabricated components for
example columns they are temporarily bolted to check
weather it works or not.
Washer(helps in distribution of
load)
SHANK
THREAD
BOLT
NUT
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23. WELDING
• Another method is to heat two plates at certain temperature and add
extra metal with the help of welding rod about 6-10 mm dia. This type of
welding is called fillet weld. Plates are joined at an angle.
P1 P2
EXTRA METAL`
• Most commonly used jointing process.
• In welding, mild steel is heated up to its melting point and two plates
are pressed then ideally they should become one. This type of welding
is called ‘Butt Weld Plates’ are joined at edges.
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24. • Gas welding: this type of welding was done on site. 2-4 mm sheets are
welded using this method. Oxyacetylene(fuel) and oxygen as a
combustive material are combined and used.
• Electric arch welding: This type of welding produces
large amount of heat. By passing electricity. It is
heated up to its melting point.
Advantages
• No drilling
• Aesthetically advisable
• Saving additional material
Limitations
• Produces large amount of heat so should be careful
while welding.
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25. WELDING ROD
GAS
CYLINDERS
WELDED
BRACING
TWO I
SECTIONS
JOINED BY
PLATE
WELDED
EXTRA METAL
( FILLET
WELDING)
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26. RIVETING
HEAD
SHANK
RIVET: -
FULL BUTTON
HEAD
FLATTENED
HEAD
COUNTER SUNK
HEAD
TYPES OF RIVETING:- -
• Rivets are metal pins
that are used for
permanently joining
two or more
structural steel
members.
-Butt joint
- Lap joint
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27. Defects Information Image
Cavities & Blow-
holes
•There are formed when GAS is
CONFINED or IMPRISONED in the
molten of metal.
•Confined GAS produces bubbles or
blow-holes on solidification of metal.
Cold Shortness •The steel, having cracks when being
worked in cold state.
•Due to the presence of excess
amount of phosphorus.
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28. Defects Information Image
Red Shortness •The steel having cracks
when being worked in hot
state.
•Due to the presence of
excess amount of Sulphur.
Segregation •Some Component of steel
solidify at an early stage
and they out from the
main mass.
•It is prominent on the top
surface of the ingots or
castings.
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29. ADVANTAGE DIS-ADVANTAGE
 Steel Is A Predominate Material For The
Construction Of Bridges, Buildings, Towers
And Other Structures.
 Steel Has All This Advantages As
Structural Material, It Also Has Many
Disadvantages That Make Reinforced
Concrete As A Replacement For
Construction Purposes.
 Steel Exhibit Desirable Physical
Properties That Make It One Of The Most
Versatile Structural Material In Use.
 The Disadvantages Of Steel Can Be
Summarized As Follow:
Maintenance Cost
Fireproofing Cost
Susceptibility To Bulking
Fatigue
 Its Great Strength, Uniformity, Light
Weight, Ease Of Use And Many Other
Desirable Properties Make It The Material
Of The Choice For Numerous Structures
Such As Steel Bridges, High Rise Buildings,
Tower And Other Structures.
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30. MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
• Angle sections
• Channel sections
• Corrugated sheets
• Expanded metal
• T-sections
• I-sections
• Plates
• Ribbed (HYSD) bars
• Round bars
• Square bars
• Flat bars
• Ribbed mild steel bars
• TMT bars
• CTD bars
• Welded wire fabrics
Following are the standard shapes in which the rolled steel
sections are available in the market;
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31. • Built in section are made using different standard section
mentioned above.
• These are used to stand heavier load.
MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
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32. Market forms of steel Information Image
Angle section
(i) Equal section •Available Sizes Are
20mm*20mm*3mm TO
200mm*200mm*25mm.
•Uses
•In parking shades
•In trusses
(ii) Unequal section •Are Available In
30mm*20mm*3mm TO
200mm*150mm*25mm
•Uses
•In Staircase.
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33. Market
forms of
steel
Information Image
Corrugated
sheet
•These Are Form Ed By Passing Steel Sheets Through
Grooves.
•Corrugated sheets are usually galvanized and are
referred to as G.I. sheets
•Widely used for roof covering
Expanded
metal
•These Form Of Steel Available In Different Shape And
Size.
•It Is Prepared From Sheets Of Mild Steel.
•Used For R.C.C. Foundations , bridges , roads Etc..
•Also used in protection
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34. Market
forms of
steel
Information Images
T-section • Available sizes are 20mm*20mm*3mm to
150mm*150mm*10mmm.
• Widely used as member of steel roof
trusses and to built-up sections
I-section •Also Known As The Rolled Steel Joists Or
Beams.
•Available Sizes Are 75mm*50mm To
600mm*210mm.
•The Bureau Of Indian Standard Has
Classified The I-section Into Junior Beams
And Light Beam.
•Suitable for floor beams, lintels, columns,
etc.
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35. Market
forms of
steel
Information Image
Plates • Available in different sizes with thickness
varying from 5mm to 50mm.
• Uses
•To connect steel beams for extension of
the length
•To serve as tension members of steel
roof truss
Channel Section •It Consist Of A Web With Two Equal
Flanges.
•Available In Size From 100mm*45mm To
400mm*100mm.
•Used as the structural members of the
steel framed structures
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

36. Market
forms of
steel
Information Image
Round bars •Available in circular cross-section with
diameters varying from 5mm to 250mm
•Used as reinforcement in concrete
structure, construction of steel grill-
work,beam etc.
Square Bars •Available in square cross-section with
sides varying from 5mm to 250 mm.
•Used in the construction of steel grill-
work, for windows, gates etc.
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

37. Market
forms of
steel
Information Image
Flat Bars •Available sizes are from 10mm to 400 mm
with thickness varying from 3mm to 40mm.
•Widely used in the construction of steel
grillwork for windows & gates.
Ribbed Mild
Steel Bars
•These are the hot rolled steel bars but during
rolling steel rods, ribs are produced on them.
•These ribs increase the bond strength of the
bars.
•These bars should not be used in R.C.C. work
because they are too weaker than Ribbed
bars.
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

38. Market
forms of
steel
Information Image
Thermo-
mechanically
treated bars
(TMT BARS)
•Sudden quenching of red hot steel
bars by a spray of water can produce
steel bars with high strength at the
surface with a core of mild steel
•As the core of the wire is still hot,
the heat inside helps in tempering
the surface.
•More corrosion resistance then cold
twisted bars.
Cold Twisted
Deformed
Bars
(CTD BARS)
•1st high strength steel bars in India.
•Cold twisting introduces residual
stresses in the steel. Hence, these
bars corrode much faster then other
steel bars and not used in many
advanced country.
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

39. Market forms of steel Information Image
Ribbed bars •High Strength Steel.
•They have ribs or projection on their
surface.
•Their surface twisted individually.
•Available sizes are from 6mm*50mm
diameter.
•Uses
•As reinforcement in concrete
structure
Welded Wire Fabrics
(WWF)
•It is fabricated from a series of wires
arranged at right angles to each other
and electrically welded at all
intersection.
•It is mostly used for floor slabs on
well-composed ground
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

40. SHAPE TYPES LENGTH(FEET) RATE(Rs.)
1. ROUND 304 1
1.5
3
4
5
6
90
200
300
450
600
900
202 1
1.5
3
4
5
6
70
185
300
425
575
875
2. SQUARE - 1
1.5
3
4
5
6
105
215
33
465
640
930
Stainless steel are usually available in two shapes:
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

41. CONCLUSION
• Strong internal demand and emphasis on developing infrastructure can
be expected to remain the foundation of Economic growth.
• Industry and infrastructure segments can be expected, the key demand
drivers for steel structures in India over the next 5 years.
• Presently, structural steel industry employs the on-site model of
fabrication for industry and infrastructure segments.
• Overall, there is good potential for steel structures in India owing to
robust economic growth, increased government spending on
infrastructure and change in mindset with regards to use of structural
steel in building.
41
INTRODUCTION
(ALUMINIUM)
MANUFACTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
USES
FORMS
EVALUTIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
(STEEL)
MANUFACTURE
TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
USES
DEFECTS
ADV/ DISADV
CONCLUSION
JOINTING
METHOD
FORMS

42. BY:-
FAIZ SHAIKH
KUSH PATEL
KISHAN GOSWAMI
SONU JANGID
YATHARTH THAKKAR
THANK YOU