CHAPTER TWO
CommonSymbols Used In
Pharmacy
BY Tigabu.E(B.Pharm)
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Latintermsand abbreviations
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RouteofAdministrationAbbreviations
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ad aurio dextra
as., al aurio laeva,aurio sinister
au auris utrae
IM
IV
od oculusdexter
Right Ear
Left Ear
EachEar
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Right Eye
os
ou
oculussinister
oculusuterque
LeftEye
EachEye
po per os ByMouth
sl Sublingually
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TimeofAdministrationAbbreviations
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ac ante cibum Before Meals
pc post cibum After Meals
prn pro re nata AsNeeded
hs hora somni At Bedtime
qd quaquedie Every Day
qod EveryOther Day
tid ter indie Three TimesADay
bid bisin die TwoTimesADay
qid quater in die FourTimesADay
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DosageFormAbbreviations
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elix Elixir
supp
ung
tab
cap,caps
suppositorium
unguentum
tabella
capsula
Suppository
Ointment
Tablet
Capsule
SR,XR,XL Slow/Extended Release
solutio Solution
sol
susp
syr syrupus
Suspension
Syrup
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MeasurementAbbreviations
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semis
gutta(e)
ss
i,ii
gtt
gm
gr
l
onehalf
one, two
drop
gram
grain
liter
quantumsufficiat
mcg
mg
meq
ml
qs
disp
microgram
milligram
milliequivalent
milliliter
ASufficientQuantity
dispense
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OthersAbbreviations
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Stat statim Now/Immediately
NoRefill
NR
UD ut dictum AsDirected
Sig Write On Label
tsp Teaspoon
noct nocte AtNight
U.S.P
. United StatesPharmacopoeia
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TypesOf Dispensed
PharmaceuticalPreparations
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/Dosage Forms
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Typesofdosage forms
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Definition: Dosage formsare the meansby whichdrug molecules are
delivered to sitesof action within the body.
Theneedfor dosage forms:
1 -Accurate dose.
2 Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules.
3- Protection from gastric juice.
4 -Masking taste and odour.
5 - Placementof drugs within body
tissues. 6- Sustained release medication.
7- Controlled release medication.
8- Optimal drug action.
9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal)
10- Useof desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.
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Dosage Forms
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Medicine
API(Active
Pharmaceutical
Ingredients)
Excipients
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Excipients
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ColoringAgents
Sweetening
Agents
Flavoring
Agents
Solubilizing
Agents
Antioxidants
Preservatives
Thickening
Agents
Suspending
Agents
BindingAgents
Solvents
Lubricants
Perfumes
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Whywe should befamiliarwiththebasic propertiesof dosage forms?
APIhandlingcanbe difficult or impossible(e.g.low mgand g doses)
Accuratedrug dosingcanbe difficult
APIadministration canbe impractical, unfeasible or not according to the
therapeutically aims
Some API can benefit from reducing the exposure to the environmental
factors (light, moisture…), or they need to be chemically stabilised due
to theinherentchemical instability.
o APIcanbe degraded at thesiteof administration(e.g.,low pHin
stomach)
o APImaycauselocal irritations or injury whentheyare presentat high
concentrationsat thesiteof administration
o APIcanhaveunpleasantorganoleptic qualities (taste,smell–
compliance!)
o Administrationof active substancewouldmeanto havenochancefor
modification (improvement)of itsPKprofile
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Theyareclassifiedaccording to:
TypesOf Dosage Forms:
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Physical
form
I)Solid
II)Semisolid
III)Liquid
IV)Gaseous
Routeof
administration
I)Oral
II)Topical
III)Rectal
IV)Parenteral
V)Vaginal
VI)Inhaled
VII)Ophthalmic
VIII)Otic
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I) Oral dosageforms:
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1-Tablet:
Atablet isahard, compressedmedicationinround, ovalor square
shape.
Theexcipients include:
-Binders,glidants(flowaids)andlubricants to ensure efficient tabletting.
-Disintegrantsto ensure that the tablet breaksup inthe digestive tract.
active
-Sweeteners or flavours to mask the taste of bad-
tasting ingredients.
-Pigments to makeuncoated tablets visually attractive.
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1-Tablet…
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Acoating maybe applied to:
1 Hide thetaste of thetablet's components.
2Make thetablet smootherand easier to
swallow. 3- Make it moreresistant to the
environment.
4- Extending its shelf life.
4/2/2023 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

2-Buccaland
sublingualtablet:
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- Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by
placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue
(sublingual)or betweenthegumand thecheek (buccal).
- The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed
through the mucousmembranes of the mouth, where they
enter into the bloodstream.
- Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the
stomach and the drug metabolizing enzymes of the
liver.
- Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g.
vasodilators, steroidal hormones.
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3-Effervescenttablet:
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Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain
acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or
bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water
by releasing carbon dioxide.
They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before
useproviding:
A- Very rapid tablet dispersion and
dissolution. B- Pleasant tasting carbonated
drink.
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4-ChewableTablet:
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- They are tablets that chewed prior
to swallowing.
- They are designedfor administration
to children e.g.Vitamin products.
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5-Capsule:
A capsule isa medication in a gelatin container.
- Advantage: maskthe unpleasant taste of its contents.
Softgelatincapsule
Hard gelatin capsule
Spansules
normally used for dry,
- Thetwomaintypesof capsulesare:
1- Hard-shelled capsules, which are
powdered ingredients,
2- Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active
ingredientsthat are dissolvedor suspendedin oil.
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6-Lozenge:
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It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum,
the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the
lozenge and facilitating slow release of the
medicament.
It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow
administration of indigestionor cough remedies.
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7-Pastilles:
Theyare solid medicated preparations designed
to dissolveslowly inthemouth.
Theyare softer thanlozengesand their basesare
either glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar.
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8- Dental Cones:
- A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty
socket following a tooth extraction, for preventing the
local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated
with tooth extractions.
- Theconesmaycontainanantibiotic or antiseptic.
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9-Pills:
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• Pills are oral dosage forms which consist of
spherical masses prepared from one or more
medicaments incorporated with inert
excipients.
• Pillsare nowrarely used.
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10-Granules:
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They are consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder
particles often supplied insingle-dose sachets.
Some granules are placed on the tongue and swallowed with
water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before
taking.
Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when added to
water.
4/2/2023 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

11-Powder(Oral):
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use.
Thereare twokindsof powder intendedfor internal
1-Bulk Powders are multidose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry
particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one or more active
ingredients, with or without excipients and, if necessary, coloring matter
and flavoring substances.
- Usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient
measuresa dose by volume using a 5ml medicine spoon. Thepowder is then
usually dispersed in water or, in the caseof effervescent powders,dissolved
before taking.
2-Divided Powders are single-dose presentations of powder ( for example, a
smallsachet)that are intended to be issuedto the patient assuch,to be taken
inor with water.
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12-Powdersfor Mixtures:
- The mixed powders may be stored in dry form
and mixture prepared by the pharmacist when
required for dispensing, by suspending the
powders in the appropriate vehicle.
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13-liquid Preparations:
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a- Oral Solution:
Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for
oral use containing one or more active ingredients
dissolvedina suitable vehicle.
b- Oral Emulsion:
Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water
dispersions, either or both phases of which may
containdissolved solids.
c-Oral Suspension:
Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral
use containing one or more active ingredients
suspended ina suitable vehicle.
Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is
readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform
suspension which remains sufficiently stable to
enable thecorrect doseto be delivered.
4/2/2023 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

13-Liquidpreparations (Cont.):
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d- Syrup:
 It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar,
usually sucrose.
 Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking
disagreeable tastes.
e-Elixir:
 It is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral
preparation of potent or nauseousdrugs.
 The vehicle may contain a high proportion of
sucros
e
which
together with antimicrobial
confers the stability of the
ethanol or
preservative
s
preparation.
4/2/2023 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

13-LiquidPreparations (Cont.):
f-Linctuses:
Linctusesare viscous,liquidoral preparations that are usuallyprescribed
for the relief of cough.
Theyusuallycontain ahighproportion ofsyrup andglycerolwhichhavea
demulcent effect on the membranes ofthe throat.
Thedose volumeissmall(5ml) and, to prolongthe demulcent action,
theyshouldbe taken undiluted.
g- Oraldrops:
Oral drops are liquid preparations for oral use that are
intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a
suitablemeasuring device.Theymaybe solutions, suspensions or
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emulsions.
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13-Liquid preparations:
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h- Gargles:
They are aqueous solutions used in the
prevention or treatment of throat
infections.
Usually they are prepared in a
concentrated solution with directions for
the patient to dilute with warm water
before use.
i- Mouthwashes:
Theseare similar to gargles but are
used for oral hygiene and to
treat infections of the mouth.
4/2/2023 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

II) TopicalDosage Forms:
1 Ointments:
•Ointments are semi-solid, greasypreparations for
application to the skin, rectum or nasalmucosa.
•The base is usually anhydrousand immisciblewith
skin secretions.
•Ointments maybe used asemollients or to apply
suspended or dissolvedmedicaments to the skin.
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TopicalDosage Forms (Cont.):
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2- Creams:
- Creamsare semi-solidemulsions,that ismixturesof oil and water.
- Theyare divided into two types:
A- Oil-in-water (O/W) creams: which are composed of small droplets of
oil dispersed ina continuousaqueousphase.
Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as
they are lessgreasy and moreeasily washedoff using water.
B- Water-in-oil (W/O) creams: which are composed of small droplets of
water dispersed ina continuousoily phase.
Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which
are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more
readily from a water-in-oil creamthananoil-in-water cream.
Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturizing as they provide an oily
barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the
outermostlayer of the skin.
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TopicalDosage Forms (Cont.):
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3-Gels (Jellies):
Gels are semisolid systemin which aliquid phaseis constrained within a
3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) havinga
highdegree of physicalor chemical cross-linking.
They are used for medication, lubrication and some miscellaneous
applications like carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra
vaginally
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
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5- Pastes :
 Pastesare basically ointmentsintowhicha highpercentage of insoluble
solid has been added.
 Theextraordinary amountof particulate matter stiffens thesystem.
 Pastesare lesspenetrating and lessmacerating and lessheating than
ointment.
 Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when placed on the skin,
the solid they contain can absorb and thereby neutralize certain noxious
chemicals before theyever reachthe skin.
 Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken relatively water– impermeable
film unlike ointments the film is opaque and therefore can be used as an
effective sun block accordingly.
Pastes are lessgreasy becauseof the absorption of the fluid
hydrocarbon fraction to the particulates.
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TopicalDosage Forms
(Cont.):
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Thereare two types of paste:
a) Fatty pastes(e.g: leaser'spaste) .
b) Nongreasy pastes(eg: - bassorin paste).
6- Dusting powders:
- These are free flowing veryfine
powders for external use.
- Not for useonopenwoundsunlessthepowders
are sterilized.
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TopicalDosage Forms(Cont.):
7 Transdermal Patch:
Atransdermal patch or skin patch isamedicatedadhesivepatch
that isplacedon the skinto deliver aspecificdoseofmedicationthrough
the skinandinto the bloodstream.
Anadvantageofatransdermal drug deliveryroute overother types such
asoral, topical, etc isthat it providesacontrolled release ofthe
medicamentinto the patient.
Thefirst commerciallyavailablepatchwasscopolamine for motion
42 sickness.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
8-Plasters:
Plasters are solid or semisolid masses adhere to the skin when
spread upon cotton felt line or muslin as a backing material
and they are mainly usedto,
A-Afford protection and mechanical
support.
B-Furnishanocclusiveand macerating
action.
C- Bring medication into close contact with the surface of the
skin.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
9- Liniments:
- Linimentsare fluid, semi-fluidor,occasionally,semi-solid
preparations intendedfor application to theskin.
- Theymaybe alcoholicor oily solutionsor emulsions.
- Mostare massagedintotheskin(e.g. counter-irritant).
- Linimentsshouldnotbe applied to brokenskin.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
10-Lotions:
- These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external
application without friction.
- They are either dabbed on the skin or applied on a
suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof
dressingto reduce evaporation.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
11- Collodion:
Collodion is a solution of nitrocellulose
in ether or acetone, sometimes with the
addition of alcohols.
-Its generic name ispyroxylin solution.
-It ishighly flammable.
-Asthe solvent evaporates, it dries to a
celluloid- like film.
- Compound Wart Remover consists of
acetic acid and salicylic acid in an acetone
collodion base used in Treatment of warts
bykeratolysis.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
ou
s
12- Paints:
- Paints are liquids for applicationto the skin or
mucus membranes.
- Skinpaints containvolatile solventthat evaporates
quickly to leave a dry resinousfilm of medicament.
- Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content of
glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament
with theaffected site.
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Topicaldosage forms (Cont.):
13- Pressurized dispensers (aerosol sprays):
- Several different types of pharmaceutical product
may be packaged in pressurized dispensers,knownas
aerosols.
- Surface spraysproduce droplets of 100 umdiameter
or greater.
- May be usedassurface disinfectants, woundor burn
dressing,relieve irritation of bites.
-Spray-on dusting powders are also available
from pressurized containers.
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III) Rectaldosage forms:
1- Suppository:
It is a small solid medicated mass, usually
cone- shaped ,that is inserted either into the
rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal
suppository or pessaries) where it melts at
body temperature .
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Rectaldosage forms:
2- Enema:
Anenemaistheprocedure of introducingliquids
into therectumand colonvia the anus.
Typesof enema:
1- Evacuantenema:usedasa bowel stimulantto treat
constipation.E.g.soft soapenema& Mgso4 enema.
The volume of evacuant enemasmayreach
upto 2 liters.
Theyshouldbe warmed to body temperature
before administration.
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Rectaldosage forms(Cont.):
2- Retention enema:
- Theirvolumedoesnotexceed100 ml.
- Nowarming needed.
- May exert:
A- Localeffect: e.g.a bariumenemaisusedasa contrast substance
intheradiological imaging of the bowel.
B-Systemiceffect:
e.g. the administration of substancesinto the bloodstream. This may be
done in situations where it isimpossible to deliver a medication by
mouth,suchasantiemetics.
e.g.nutrientenemawhich containscarbohydrates,vitamins &
minerals.
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IV) Vaginal dosageforms:
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1- Pessary:
- Pessariesare solid medicated preparations designedfor insertioninto the
vagina wheretheymeltor dissolve.
- Thereare threetypes:
A- Mouldedpessaries:theyare coneshapedand prepared ina similarway to
moulded suppositories.
B-Compressedpessaries:made ina variety of shapesand are prepared by
compressionina similarmannerto oral tablets.
C-Vaginal capsules:are similarto soft gelatin oral Capsulesdiffering only in
sizeandshape.
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Vaginal Dosage Forms:
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2-Vaginal ring:
Vaginal rings are 'doughnut-shaped' polymeric drug delivery
devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the
vagina over extended periods of time.
Several vaginal ring products are currently available, including:
Femring :
 Alow-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring, manufactured
from silicone elastomer, for the relief of hot flashes and
vaginal atrophy associatedwith menopause.
NuvaRing:
 Alow-dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing progesterone
and estrogen.
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Vaginal dosage forms(Cont.):
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3- Douche:
•Adouche is adevice used to introduce astream of
water into the body cavity for medical or hygienic
reasons.
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Vaginal Dosage Forms(Cont.):
4-IntrauterineDevice:
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-It isabirth control deviceplacedin the uterus, alsoknownasanIUD or a
coil.
-The IUDisthe world's most widelyusedmethod ofreversible birth control.
-The devicehasto be fitted insideor removedfrom the uterus byadoctor .
-It remainsin placethe entire time pregnancyisnot desired. Dependingon
the type, asingleIUDisapprovedfor 5 to 10 years use.
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V) Parenteraldosage forms:
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An injection is an infusion method of putting liquid into the body,
usually with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the
skinto a sufficient depth for thematerial to be forced into the body.
Thereare several methodsof injection,including:
1-An intravenous injection:
It isa liquid administered directly into thebloodstream via a vein.
It isadvantageouswhena rapid onsetof actionisneeded.
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Parenteraldosage forms :
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either
2- Intramuscular injection:
-It isthe injection of asubstance directly into a muscle.
-Manyvaccinesare administered intramuscularly.
-Depending on the chemicalproperties of the drug, the
medication may be absorbedfairlyquicklyor more
gradually.
-Intramuscular injections are often givenin the deltoid,
vastuslateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles.
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Parenteraldosage forms:
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3- Subcutaneous injection:
•Subcutaneous injections are given byinjecting
afluid into the sub cutis, the layer of skin
directly below the dermis and epidermis.
•Subcutaneous injections are highly effective
in administering vaccines and such
medications asinsulin.
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VI) Inhaled dosage forms:
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1-Inhaler:
- Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert
propellants held underpressureinanaerosol dispenser.
- Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50 umdiameter or
less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering
device.Thepatient theninhalesthe released drug througha mouthpiece.
- In some types, the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other types the valve is
actuated by thepatient breathing inthroughthe mouthpiece.
- It iscommonlyusedto treat asthmaand other respiratoryproblems.
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Inhaled dosage forms(Cont.):
2-Nebulizeror (atomizer):
Anebulizer isadeviceusedto administer medicationto people in forms of aliquid
mist to the airways.
- It iscommonlyusedin treating asthma, andother respiratory diseases.
-It pumps air or oxygenthrough aliquidmedicineto turn it into avapor, whichisthen
inhaledbythe patient.
-Asageneralrule, doctors generallyprefer to prescribe inhalersfor their patients,
because:
1-Theseare cheaper
2- More portable
3- Carry lessrisk ofside effects.
Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of
6r0espiratorydisease,or severeattacks.
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VII) Ophthalmicdosage forms:
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1 Eye drops:
Eye drops are saline-containing drops used asavehicle to
administer medication in the eye.
Depending on the condition being treated, they maycontain
steroids, antihistamines or topical anesthetics.
Eyedrops sometimes do not havemedications in them and
are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions.
2- Ophthalmic ointment &gel:
These are sterile semi-solid Preparations intended for
applicationTothe conjunctiva or eyelid margin.
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CHAPTER THREE
INTRODUCTION TO
PHARMACY PRACTICE
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Pharmacy practice areas
•Pharmacy professionals can be involved in different
pharmacy practice areas:
• Health care institutions (hospital, health center…..)
• Community pharmacies
• Pharmaceutical industries
• Government agencies
• Importers and wholesalers
• Academic and research institutions
• Others ( professional associations, NGOs……
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A. Hospital Pharmacy
The practice and profession of choosing, preparing,
storing, compounding, and dispensing Medicines &
M/devices
Hospital Pharmacy Services include:
1. Dispensing:
• Is the process of issuing medications with provision of appropriate
information
• It can be based on:
• A prescription
• Oral request – for OTC drugs (responding to symptoms)
 Counseling is an integral part
 Appropriate communication skill is needed
 Ethical practice is expected
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Hospital pharmacy…
• 2. Compounding
• Is small-scale preparation of pharmaceutical preparations
• There are different reasons for the need of compounding
• 3. Drug supply management
• Is the process of the efficient management of resources to
ensure access to medications
• It involves:
• Selection
• Quantification
• Procurement
• Distribution
• Use
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Hospital pharmacy….
4. Drug information service
Pharmacists can provide drug information on different areas to
• Other health care professionals
• Patients/caregivers
5. Clinical pharmacy/ pharmaceutical care
• Is the application of the pharmaceutical expertise to help maximize
drug efficacy, minimize drug toxicity and promote cost-
effectiveness
• The main revolutionary feature of clinical pharmacy is the presence
of the pharmacist in the ward
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Hospital Pharmacy….
•Pharmacists collaborate with other members of the
health care team to:
• Initiate therapy
• Monitor therapy
• Modify therapy
• Discontinue therapy to avoid or resolve medication related problems
•Pharmaceutical care process
• Step 1: targeting and screening of patients
• Step 2: assess the patient’s drug therapy needs and identify actual and
potential drug therapy problems
• Step 3: develop a care plan to resolve and/or prevent drug therapy
problems
• Step 4: Implementation and monitoring of the care plan.
• Step 5: evaluation and reviewing of the care plan.4/2/2023
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Cont..
Compounding -involves the preparation, mixing, assembling,
packaging, and labeling of a drug in accordance with a licensed
practitioner's prescription.
Compounding should only be undertaken by capable,
qualified and authorized personnel who have been trained for the
type of compounding conducted.
• Why Compound ?
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Cont..
The benefit of compounding is for;
 Unavailable Strength/Dosage Form/Route of
Administration
Unavailable Medications (limited use, short shelf life,
etc.)
 Sensitivity to Dyes, Fillers, Preservatives
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Function of hospital pharmacist
Provide services to pt.'s & health care professionals in Hospitals
Advising HC professionals & pt.'s on their safe, effective and efficient
medication use
Providing specifications for the purchase of drugs, chemicals etc…
Proper storing of drugs & medical supplies.
Manufacturing & distribution of medicaments such as parenteral products,
tablets, capsules, ointments & stock mgt.
Generally hospital pharmacist provide serves to pt. and HCP, advising pt and
HCP on medication use ,proper storing manufacturing, distributing and
controlling of medication is its major function.
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B. Community Pharmacy
•Community pharmacy is the area of pharmacy
practice in which medicines and other related products
are dispensed directly to the public from a retail outlet.
•Roles
• Dispensing
• Compounding
• Drug information provision
• Public health role
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Cont…
Are often patients’ first point of contact and for some patients, the only contact
with a healthcare professional. This is due to;
Convenience
Location and Ease of access
Extended opening hours
Availability of medicines
• In addition to medicines & prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangements
of additional house hold items such as cosmetics, shampoo, office supplies,
confectionary and snack foods.
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Organization of a community pharmacy
Location :in the city/town among the public activities
Human resource:
Pharmacists (chief/manager and may be others)
Pharmacy technicians,
Other support staff (cashier, accountant, cleaner,
guard).
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The layout of the pharmacy includes:
Dispensary area
dispensing counter, shelves, dispensing aids, computer, etc
Patient waiting area
chairs, reading materials of health promotion materials,
Patient counseling area - a room that affords privacy and a comfortable chair and
table, shelves
Compounding room
compounding equipments and chemicals, washing facilities, etc
Office - desk, chair, computer, reference materials, etc
Toilet (with water facilities) and
Others required for proper operation of the pharmacy as required by the services
delivered and local regulatory requirements.
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C. Pharmaceutical industries
• Sales and promotion
• Marketing
• Research and development
• Pharmaceutical production
• Quality assurance and quality control
• Management and administration
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Cont..
• Industrial pharmacists conduct research, testing and
analysis in the development of medicines and
production of pharmaceuticals and related supplies.
Industrial pharmacists use the latest methods,
technologies and processes to develop new medications,
and may be involved in clinical drug trial.
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Cont..
• The role of the pharmacist is not limited to medication
dispensing and patient education, but extends further into
discovering, evaluating and manufacturing medications
• In Germany and France, qualified employees in the
pharmaceutical industry must also be well trained
pharmacists in the field as there are no other degrees that
could adequately cover their work responsibilities
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D. Government agencies
•Drug regulatory agencies
•Ensuring quality, safety and efficacy
•Product registration
•Controlling different pharmaceutical establishments
•Pharmaceutical supply agencies
•Pharmacists can be involved in forecasting,
procurement, storage, inventory management and
distribution of pharmaceuticals
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E. Academic institutions
• Teaching institutions utilize pharmacists in the education and
training of not only pharmacy students, but also students in the
allied health professions.
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F. Others
• Professional associations
• NGOs
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PHARMACIST ROLE IN
THE HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY
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•Pharmacy professionals can contribute a lot to improve
quality of health care through different pharmaceutical
services
 rational dispensing practice
Compounding
Clinical pharmacy practice
Drug information service
Managing drug supply……etc
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Besides pharmacists can have their own role in public
health (health promotion and education)
Immunization programs and other campaigns
Emergency preparedness and response
Prevention and control of infectious diseases, chronic
diseases, injuries
• Advice on diet and life style
• Health screening
Prevention and control of adverse drug events
Health education (e.g. drug use)
Smoking cessation initiatives and others
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
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