احتياجات الباحث العلمي.pdf

1. ‫البحثية‬ ‫المقترحات‬ ‫كتابة‬
‫بلوم‬ ‫تصنيف‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫والرسائل‬
‫للتعليم‬
Ts. Dr. Adel Al-Gheethi
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
adel@uthm.edu.my; adelalghithi@gmail.com

2. At the end of this lecturer you will be able to
1. Have the main skills for writing a
synopsis and thesis report
2. Differentiate between novelty and
contribution
3. Draft the thesis according to bloom
taxonomy

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Think

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Do

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Check

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RELIABLE SOURCES

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INDEXED/NON-INDEXED SOURCES
INDEXED
• Books
• Journals
• Conferences
Non-INDEXED
• Books
• Journals
• Conferences
• Newspapers
• Thesis
• Internet
• Website
• Reports
• Magazine

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BOOK TYPES

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DATABASE

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KEYWORDS

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• Title
• Introduction
• Problem statement
• Objectives
• Literature review (x)
• Methodology
• Expected results
• Scope of the Project (outline, include and exclude) (x)
• Significance of the study
• References
ELEMENTS OF THE SYNOPSIS

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Thesis structure

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BLOOM TAXONOMY

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Master
Ph.D

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Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Action verbs
Brown, C., 2019. LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THESIS-BASED PROGRAMS: A How-To Guide.

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DRAFTING A TITLE
• Attractive Title (No ? Yes : )
• Appropriate keywords
• Examples
• Effect of independent factor = Behavior of the dependent factor
• Removal of pollution from water = Improvement of water quality
• Synthesis of nanoparticles by biological methods= Efficiency of green synthesized
nanoparticles in ....
• Key words in title=key words in the problem statement=key words in the
objectives
• Objective = title

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• Brief (short and sharp) phrase,
• Accurate, unambiguous, specific and complete
• Reflecting the content of the paper
• General!, wide scope (a study of’, ‘investigations into, ‘observations on)
• Less than 12-15 words, No comma, No full stop., No question mark?
No abbreviations, No prepositions (as possible), No formula
TITLE

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1.Background of the study
2.Use recent references (avoid the over using of refs)
3.Highlight the weakness in the previous studies
4.Put your theoretical hypothesis
5.Give evidence for your novelty
It is assumed that your introduction is prepared for
readers who have adequate knowledge of your discipline
INTRODUCTION & PROBLEM STATEMENT

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• Read more
• Provide context and background, but don't be a history lesson
• Write from general to specific
• Define the abbreviation at the first time
• Analysing published peer reviewed journal papers
• Be examiner for the previous wok
• Get gaps in the pervious works relate to your work
• Problem statement in terms of WHAT and WHERE?
• Problem statement, consistent with the objectives
• Reasons for conducting the research, in term of WHY?
• Present the connection between your work and pervious works
INTRODUCTION

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A thesis problem statement must seek to answer the following
questions:
1) What is the problem?
2) Where is the problem?
3) How can the problem be solved?
4) Why do you want to solve the problem?
5) Is the problem a current issue?
6) Will the problem persist if it is not solved?
7) Who are affected adversely by the problem?
8) Will this problem prove or disprove existing knowledge?
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Faryadi, Q., 2018. PhD Thesis Writing Process: A Systematic Approach--How to Write Your Introduction. Online Submission, 9, pp.2534-2545.

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• Explain how this work differs from other studies on this topic,
• Explain if you have published a part of the work previously, indicate to the
differences
• Present the originality and importance of your work
• Explain how your work fills the gaps in previous work
• Cite the similar works in the selected journal
• Note the Chief Editor/Editorial Board Members, include their names and articles in
your references, even marginally related to your work.
• Cite your previous works (your are expert in this topic)
• Fact=Reference
PROBLEM STATEMENT

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NOVELTY VS. CONTRIBUTION
Item NOVELTY CONTRIBUTION
Something that
hasn't been done
before
Solving a problem that hasn't previously
been solved (or solving an old problem
better).
Example
Discover a
vaccine for
infectious agents
has not vaccine
before,
society
impactness
Develop a vaccine
Out put Active/non-active Should be better than previous one
Body of Knowledge

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COMPLEX PROBLEM SOLVING
Are you a suitable person to do this research?
Are you qualified?
Do you have the necessary skills to carry out this study?
If your answer is no, then time and resources will go to waste if you proceed.

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Words used to highlight the novelty
• According to our best knowledge (need evidence, which key words you have been used if the
examiner want to check ) (Advance lecturer)
• Without evidence Your justifications just a claim
• This gaps give an opportunity for the researchers to find alternative methods
• This emphasize the novelty of the current work
• Theoretical justifications (hypothesis)

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1.Aim to answer the problem statement
The current study aim to ….
1.Objectives to answer the issues
The specific objectives are the following;
1.Use same key words in the title (bloom’s taxonomy)
4. Max 2-3 objectives for master
5. 4 objectives for Ph.D
No standards
OBJECTIVES

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1.To Find (X), to investigate (X), to study (X)
2.To synthesize organic compound (X)
3.To characterize the synthesized compounds (√)
4.To summarize, to compare (X)
5.To determine, to evaluate (√)
6.To analyze the correlation, coefficient (X)
7.To determine the effectiveness (√)
Measurable OBJECTIVES

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Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
6 months
Systematic
review
Discussion
Paper
Preliminary
study
Valid
Proposal
defense
Laboratory
Chapter 4

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SUBHEADING FORMATTING
Objective Subheading
Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5
1 2.1 3.1 4.1 Paragraph 1
2 2.2 3.2 4.2 Paragraph 2
3 2.3 3.3 4.3 Paragraph 3

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LITERATURE REVIEW (Cognitive ‫اكي‬‫ر‬‫)اإلد‬
1. Organize, integrate, and evaluate previously published material:
2. Clearly define and clarify the problem
3. Summarise previous work in the area (as a table or figures (no copy
paste)
4. Identify relationships, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the
literature, and
5. Suggest the next step or steps in solving the problem
6. Use recent references (at least 50% of the Refs in the last 5 Years)
7. Put the research findings in the last paragraph of Chapter 2
8. Critical, systematic, Bibliometric review, ,,,,

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Methodology setup (flowchart)
• Study area (location, google map, photo), period of study,
• Samples collection, transportation,
• More details enough to repeat the experiments
• Reliability
• Control

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• Past tense, samples were collected, tested, detected,
• Avoid using the first person for example, we determined
• Look for new procedure (if you don't have data yet)
• Go to the depth (if you don't have data yet)
• Explain why you used this method
• Refs, Standards Methods (section No.)
• Be careful with the gaps in methodology
• Modification (explain WHY, WHAT, HOW)
• No modification for standards Methods
• Identify the equipment and the materials you used, specifying
their source, model,
• Work with replications
MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Work smarter not harder
• Which statistical program have you used for experimental design and analysis? with version no.
• How you analyzed the data, ANOVA, T test, p value (test the validity of calculated and observed)

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Use one sentence between heading and subheading
• No Introduction
• Go direct to the results
• Be clear and logical (Clear message)
• Use the best way to present your data (Table/Figure)
• Error bars for experimental points
• Put the Table/figure after you indicate in the text
• Comment on the results
• Significant differences as determined by ANOVA (p<0.05)
• Avoid the repetition
• Be cool but not lazy (take your time to read the results)
• Think about the results, see the table/figure several times/different times
• follow the objectives

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• What do you want from us to see (every table/ figure has message )
• Compare with others study
• Explain your results (What do you think, what happened)
• Avoid citing irrelevant references
• Should link this section back to the introduction,
• Cover how the results relate to your expectations and cited sources
• Go from specific to general
• Present your results in past tense
• Compare to previous studies in present tense
• Don’t repeat the results in the figure/table (the main findings)
• “Data not shown” notes, observations not in table/figure
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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• Results support or contradict existing theories
- Yes (HOW)
- No (WHY)
 Your results are consistent with others (HOW)
 Your results are not in consistence with others (WHY)
 Your results better/less than that have been reported previously
(HOW, WHY)
 Limitations for your work
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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• Consistent with the objectives
• Don’t repeat the results
• One conclusion for one objective
• Highlight your contributions and novelty
• Suggest further experiments
• Include recommendations
CONCLUSIONS

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• High resolution, clear, simple
• Clear message
• Do not use the colors only
• Title
-Enough to understand the results without back to text
-Contains the conditions of experiment
-If multi-figures, use letters (a, b, c) and explain
-How many replications for every point
FIGURES

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TABLES

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Explain the mechanism

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References

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Appendix
• Evidence for statistical analysis
• Photo
• Raw data
• Plates

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Questions? Contact Us.
Thank You!