3. Cosmetics
According to D&C act…
Any article intended to be rubbed, poured,
sprinkled or sprayed on or introduced into, or
otherwise applied to human body or any part
thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting
attractiveness or altering the appearance.
4. Shampoos
Defination :
A shampoo is a
preparation of surfactant
in a suitable form- liquid
solid or powder- which
when used under the
specified conditions will
remove surface grease,
dirt & skin debris from
the hair shaft & scalp
without adversely
affecting the user.
5. Requirements of Shampoo
• It should produce a good amount of form to satisfy the
psychological requirements of the user.
• It should be easily removed on rinsing with water.
• It should impart a pleasant fragrance to the hair.
• It should not cause any side effects / irritation to the
skin or eye.
• It should effectively or completely remove dust or soil.
• It should not make the hand rough.
6. Types of Shampoo
Shampoos are of the following types:
• Powder shampoo
• Liquid shampoo
• Lotion shampoo
• Cream shampoo
• Specialized shampoo
• Conditioning shampoo
• Anti-dandruff shampoo
7. Product Ingredients:
• Surfactants are the main component of
shampoo. Mainly anionic surfactants are used.
1. Primary surfactants: Provide detergency
and foam.
2. Secondary surfactants:Improve detergency,
foam & hair condition.
3. Other additives
8. Surfactants:
• Anionic surfactants are mostly used(good
forming properties). The hydrophilic portion
carries a negative charge which result in superior
foaming & cleaning. eg: Sodium dodecyl benzene
sulfonate, Lauric acid, stearic acid.
• Non-ionic surfactants have good cleansing
properties but do not have sufficient foaming
power. eg: Sorbitol esters (TWEENS), Ethoxylated
fatty alcohols, Lauric monoethanolamide.
9. Cont…
• Cationic surfactants are toxic & are hence not
used. However, they may be used in low conc.
in hair conditioners.
• Ampholytics, being expensive, are generally
not used. However, they are mainly used as
secondary surfactant & good hair
conditioners. eg: β – amino acid derivatives,
Asparagine derivatives.
12. Role of ingredients:
Surfactant: They are the compounds that lower
the surface tension b/w two liquids or b/w a
liquid and a solid. They may act as detergents,
wetting agent, foaming agent & emulsifiers.
Additives:
• Conditioning agents: They are intended to
improve manageability, feel & lusture of hair.
• Viscosity modifier: They are used to improve
the thickness of compounds.
13. Cont…
• Preservatives: Many synthetic products are vulnerable
to microbial attack, if not preserved efficiently.
Bacterial growth in shampoo can lead to breakdown of
detergent i.e. resulting in discoloration of product. The
simple & most effective antimicrobial agent is
formaldehyde.
• Perfumes: There are two imp. aspects which should be
ascertained before final selection of fragrance for
shampoos.
1. Fragrance must be soluble in shampoo
2. It must be compatible with shampoo i.e. not affect
the viscosity & stability.
15. Evaluation of Shampoos
Performance characteristics
• Foam and foam stability
• Detergency and cleaning action
• Effect of water hardness
• Surface Tension and wetting
• Surfactant content and analysis
• Rinsing
• Conditioning action
• Softness
• Luster
• Lubricity
• Body, texture and set retention
• Irritation and toxicity
• Dandruff control
• Eye irritancy test
Product characteristics
• Fragnance
• Colour
• Consistency
• Package
16. Evaluation cont..
1. Foam and foam stability:
The Ross-Miles foam column test is accepted. 200 ml of
surfactant solution is dropped into a glass column
containing 50ml of the same solution.
The height of the foam generated is measured immediately
and again after a specified time interval, and is considered
proportional to the volume.
2. Detergency and cleaning action:
Cleansing power is evaluated by the method of Barnet and
Powers
• 5gm sample of soiled human hair is placed at 35°c in 200 cc
of water containing of 1 gm of shampoo.
17. Evaluation cont…
• The flask is shaken 50 times a minute for 4
minutes. Then washed once again with sufficient
amount of water, then after filter the hair dried
and weighed.
• The amount of soil is removed under these
condition is calculated.
3. Rinsing:
Skilled beauticians are employed to make
comparisons on the performance of several
shampoos.
18. Evaluation cont..
4. Conditioning Action:
Conditioning action is a difficult property to
assess. This is because it is basically dependent
on subjective appraisal.
• No method has been published for measuring
conditioning action.
• The degree of conditioning given to hair is
ultimately judged by shampoo user who is
making the evaluation on the basis of past
experience and present expectations.
19. Evaluation cont..
5. Viscosity:
• Viscosity of the liquid shampoo is determined
using a Brookefield viscometer.
• 100 mL of the shampoo is taken in a beaker
and the spindle is dipped in it for about 5 min
and then the reading is taken.
20.
21. Toothpaste
“A toothpaste or dentifrice
is a substance used with a toothbrush for
the purpose of cleaning the accessible
surfaces of the teeth.”
22. Requirements of a Toothpaste
• When used properly, with an efficient
toothbrush, it should clean the teeth adequately,
that is, remove food debris, plaque and stains.
• It should leave the mouth with a fresh, clean
sensation.
• Its cost should be such as to encourage regular
and frequent use by all.
• It should be harmless, pleasant and convenient
to use.
23. Ingredients Used in Toothpaste
• Cleaning and polishing agents: Clearly the main
purpose of the cleaning and polishing agent is to
remove any adherent layer on the teeth.
• Calcium carbonate: Calcium carbonate is
probably one of the most commonly used dental
cream abrasives. Precipitated calcium carbonate
(chalk) is available with a white or off-white
colour and both particle size and crystalline form
can be varied, depending upon its conditions of
manufacture.
24. Cont…
Sodium bicarbonate: It is a very mild abrasive, usually
used at a 5-30% level, in combination with other
abrasives such as silica or calcium carbonate to achieve
the required cleaning action.
Surfactants: Surfactants are used in the toothpaste to
aid in the penetration of the surface film on the tooth
by lowering the surface tension. They also provide the
secondary benefits of providing foam to suspend and
remove the debris, and the subjective perception of
toothpaste performance.
25. Cont…
Sodium lauryl sulphate: Also known as
sodium dodecyl sulphate i.e. currently the
most widely used detergent in toothpaste
because it satisfies almost all the
requirements. It is a foaming & solubilizing
agent that is derived from coconut and palm
oil. SLS emulsifies fats, has a high affinity for
protiens, and has mild antibacterial activity
26. Cont…
Humectants: Humectants are used to prevent the paste
from drying out and hardening to an unacceptable level. At
the same time they give shine and some plasticity to the
paste. Generally only two major humectants are considered
for use in toothpaste.
Some common humectants are:
Glycerin: Glycerin is still the humectant used in greatest
bulk quantity in toothpaste. It is one of the best
humectants, producing a shiny, glossy product. It is stable,
non-toxic, available from both synthetic and natural
sources, and provides a useful sweetening function to the
paste.
27. Cont…
Sorbitol: Sorbitol syrup (approximately 70%) is
also extensively used throughout the industry
and is sometimes considered superior to glycerin
depending upon the formulation. It also imparts
sweetness, and is a stable humectant.
Sweetening agents: These are important for
product acceptance, since the final product must
be neither too sweet nor too bitter. These
ingredients must always be considered in
partnership with the flavor because of their
combined impact.
28. Cont…
Sodium saccharin: This is the sweetening agent in widest
commercial use, and is generally used at a level between
0.05% and 0.5% by weight.
Flavours: Flavours are probably the most crucial part of
toothpaste because of consumer preferences. They are also
the most proprietary part of the formulation. Exotic
flavours, although available, are generally not well liked
under longterm usage conditions, since one of the primary
consumer requirements of toothpaste is the perception of
freshness and cleanliness after brushing conventionally,
therefore, mint flavours tend to predominate.
29. Cont…
Minor ingredients: This section is intended to cover
all additional ingredients added to the paste to form
either a functional or cosmetic aspect.
Titanium Dioxide: Titanium dioxide may be added to
give additional whiteness and brilliance to the paste.
Colours: Colours can be an integral part of the aspect
of any toothpaste that may influence consumer
preference and purchase intent.
30. Cont…
A small amount of colour may be added to the
paste as a whole to give it a pastel shade.
Equally if a translucent gel had been
formulated then colour would be added to
give it a different visual appearance.
pH regulators: Occasionally buffering
systems need to be added to the dental cream
to adjust the pH of the final finished product.
