p t im is in g N e u r a l N e t w o r k s f o r Id e n t if ic a t iowewe

1. XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00©20XX IEEE
(Enhancing the Power and Efficiency of
Photovoltaic Panel Using Heat Sinks with fans)
Abstract— With its tremendous environmental and
economic potential, the renewable-energy sector is quickly
gaining traction as a new growth area for many countries. Solar
energy is an essential primary energy source, particularly in
rural areas. In recent years, solar panels have become
increasingly popular for converting solar energy to electrical
energy. In this work, a newpassive cooling system arrangement
was planned and design. It is made up of a two identical heat
sink made with four DC fans which is attached with the back
part of the solarcell in orderforimproving the solarcell’spower
efficiency by providing suitable cooling conditions. The system
will consist of Temperate sensor, ATmega328P microcontroller
(Arduino Nano), Heat sink, Fan, and a solar Panel (5.5v). The
results showed that is the solar the temperature of the cell
decreased in average output from 41.45T to 39.37 T with
enhancements about 5 C % with using passive cooling system.
The cooling causes to increase the average output current from
0.388 A and 0.428A with enhancements about 9.34 % for the
gained current. The cooling causes to increase the average
output voltage from 18.52v to 19.92v with enhancements about
7.03% for the gainedvoltage. The cooling causes to increase the
average output power from 7.22W to 8.56W with enhancements
about 13.34 % for the gained current. The cooling causes to
increase efficiency with enhancements about 11% which is a
good ratio that when using the cooling system.
Keywords— PV, solarcell, Arduino, heatsink, fan.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sun energy is a key component of all renewable energy
sources since it is both clean and limitless. [1] Because Iraq is
a country with abundant sunlight throughout the year,we must
concentrate on utilizing the abundance of intense sunlight to
address the country's power supply issue. [2] As a result,
electricity generated by using solar cell energy resources that
not emit pollutants with does not require fuel, making it a
particularly attractive source of green energy. important
renewable energy sources, with applications ranging from
solar power to solar cooling and heating to solar cell systems.
The photovoltaic effect allows a solar cell systemto convert
solarenergy into electrical energy.[3] In general,there are two
methods for utilizing solar energy: photo thermal and
photovoltaic (PV). Crop drying, solar stoves,and solar water
heaters are all examples of photo thermal devices that use the
heat energy from sun radiation. [4] the PV solar cells may be
able to transform solar energy into electrical energy
immediately. [5] Solar cell technology was widely used in
small-scale applications such as street lighting and delivering
domestic electricity, as well as large-scale applications such
as nationalpower plants.[6] The problem lies in its ability to
convert part of the solar energy received into an electric
energy and the significant part converts to heat which
accumulate inside the solar module causing an increasing in
temperature of the module. Several parameters have an effect
on PV systemperformance including temperature. to look for
the space of local optima [7] The high temperature will lead
to decrease module efficiency. undesirable effect in
conversion efficiency of PV module may be partly avoided by
using a suitable method for extracting the unwanted heat.
using Arduino is constructed from ATmega328
microcontroller to control and reading temperature for easy
calculate and immediately read in LCD, Temperature degree
is very hot in summer in Iraq. [8,9]
In recent years, a number of microcontroller boards for
designing embedded systems have been introducedby various
vendors. On the one hand, some of these boards, such as the
zedboard, are designed for more complex projects and are
relatively expensive [10,11].
In this work, a new passive cooling systemarrangement
was planned and design.It is made up of a two identical heat
sink made with four DC fans which is attached with the back
part of the solar cell in order for improving the solar cell’s
power efficiency by providing suitable cooling conditions.
The systemwill consist of Temperate sensor, ATmega328P
microcontroller (Arduino Nano), Heat sink, Fan, and a solar
Panel (5.5v).
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The following is a survey of the highly relevant research
works to the scope of this project.
• J. Zainal Arifin, Suyitno Suyitno and et al. [12] In
2020, presented a cooling design was demonstrated to
attaching a heat sink and fins for solar cell's back part panel.
fins were 5, 10, and 15 in number, with materials made by
aluminum with copper. findings revealed that increasing the
number of fins improved cooling capacity and improved
photovoltaic efficiency. and the fin heat sink materials with
15 fins with a copperbase provided a best cooling capability
with performance. temperature dropped by 10.2 degrees
Celsius and the efficiency increased by 2.74 percent,
respectively.
• Ahmed H. Ali and et al. [13] in 2019 studied
compare between three different cooling techniques and
determine their effects on the output power.The first, cooling
techniques is applied, the panel front surface cooled using the
water spray on the surface. The second, the panel back
surface cooled by extended fins. The third, the panel back
surface cooled by extended fins with fans. In these
Hadi Jameel Hadi
Electrical Engineering Department
Oil Products Distribution Company
Baghdad, Iraq
hadi_eng@opdc.oil.gov.iq
Zaid Khudhur Hussein
Medical Instrumentation Technical
Engineering
Al-Esraa University College
Baghdad, Iraq
zaid.khudhur@esraa.edu.iq
Jenan Ayad
Computer Technology Engineering
Al-Esraa University College
Baghdad, Iraq
jenan.ayad@esraa.edu.iq
Hanan j. Abdulkareem
Medical Instrumentation Technical Engineering
Al-Esraa University College
Baghdad, Iraq
hanan.jabbar@esraa.edu.iq

2. experiments the output power increased 2.5 %. At the first
technique using water spray method the temperature dropped
7 degrees.At the othertwo methods the temperature dropped
3 degrees less than the panel without cooling.
• Gautam Raina, N. S. Thakur. [14] in 2018 has
resulted in an increase in research and development of
appropriate cooling systems to lower the temperature
coefficient of modules on both a small and big scale. This
study provides a mathematical strategy for building an
optimal heat sink for maximal heat transfer from the PV
module in order to improve solar PV module performance for
natural convection cooling. The resultant heat sink
dimensions were subjected to a thermal study in ANSYS.
• Cheng Siong Chin and et al. [15] The goal of the
study in 2020 is to look at the cooling approach of employing
cold plate in back part to the solar cell to minimum the
temperature of operation. A cold plate is made up to multiple
guided channels or ribbed walls with a thickness of 0.013 m
that route circulating water flow to the PV panel’s. When
comparison made PV panels without a cooling system,
experiment shows a decrease in surface temperature of
roughly 21.2°C and increases electrical efficiency by 2%,
thermal efficiency by 8%, and PV panel efficiency by 1.6
percent.
III. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The system content form the components (Arduino Nano,
Temperate sensor,PV solar, heat sink, and fan).
A. Arduino Nano
Arduino has become the most influential open-source
hardware movement of its time [16]. The Arduino Nano is
an ATmega328p (Arduino Nano V3.x) / Atmega168
microcontroller designed by Arduino.cc in Italy (Arduino
Nano V3.x). It's like Arduino UNO but smaller. [Figuer1]
[17].It operates at 5V, although the input voltage ranges
from 7 to 12V. The Arduino Nano has 14 digital, 8
analogs,2 reset,with 6 power pins. The most crucial duty
for each of these Digital and Analog Pins is to be setup as
an input or output. They are input pins when used to
interface with sensors,but output pins when usedforother
purposes.[17]
Fig. 1. Arduino Nano
B.Temperate sensor (LM 35)
The output voltage of the LM35 sensor of precision
integrated-circuit temperature sensors is proportional to the
temperature in Celsius. It can detect temperatures ranging
from -55 to +150 degrees Celsius. Temperate sensor 's
voltage output increases by 10 millivolts for every degree
Celsius as the temperature rises. [18]
Fig. 2. LM35 Temperature Sensor.
C. PV PANEL
The solar panel used in this investigation is a PT Len
Industries 55 Wp (watt peak) poly-crystalline module. The
specifications of solar panel module are shown in Table 1.
TABLE I Specifications for the Len 55 Wp solar module.
The following equations are used to compute the solar cell's
power and efficiency: Efficiency of solar cell modules is
affected by ambient temperature also temperature of the
module, because the design voltage with current are
temperature dependent. The maximum power for a PV
module, as represented from [19] and [20], is:
𝑃
𝑚𝑝 = 𝑉
𝑚𝑝 . 𝐼𝑚𝑝 = 𝑉
𝑜𝑐 . 𝐼𝑠𝑐 . 𝐹𝐹 (1)
Where Pmp is maximum power of the PV module, Vmp
denotes maximum voltage, Imp denotes the maximu m
current, FF denotes the fill factor, and Voc and Isc denote the
open circuit voltage and short circuit current, respectively.Isc
increases somewhat as the module temperature rises, while
fill factor and Voc decrease.
Efficiency of a solar cell, as defined in [21], is the ratio of the
PV cell's energy output split by the sun's energy input, that
shown from Equation (2):
𝜼 =
𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒊𝒏
⁄ (2)
A PV module's efficiency is alternatively represented as
Equation (3):
𝜂 =
Pmax
𝐸 . 𝐴
⁄ (3)
Where Pmax denotes the maximum power, E denotes the
solar irradiance under STC (W/m2), and A is the module's
surface area in m2.
The relationship from [22] can also be used to represent the
efficiency of a solar cell as:
𝜂𝑝𝑣 = 𝜂𝑟𝑇 [1 − 𝛽(𝑇𝑝𝑣 − 𝑇𝑟𝑇 )] (4)

3. Where ηpv denotes the PVcell's efficiency, ηrT denotes the
PV module's efficiency at the reference temperature, which
is usually 25◦ C, Tpv denotes the temperature of the PV
module cell, represents the temperature coefficient of
power, and TrT denotes the PV module's or module cell's
reference temperature.
D. Heat Sink
It will absorb heat from power equipment and assist keep the
temperature in the safe zone, as the name implies. This
thermal resistance calculation for a heat sink is being
produced specifically for convection cooling. The thermal
resistance of a heat sink is used to determine its efficiency.
There will be a physically large heat sink, but it will have a
higher thermal resistance than a tiny heat sink. A perfect heat
sink, by the way, has no thermal resistance.[23]
The figure below is crucial for calculating A heat sink's
thermal resistance. Figure 3 depicted the heat sink's
components as well as their respective temperatures. [23]
Fig. 3. Heat sink with details.
In between temperatures, there is a thermal resistance as
illustrated below.
Fig. 4. The between temperatures, there is a thermal
resistance.
Below is an equation relating the temperatures and thermal
resistances:[23]
𝑃
𝐷 =
𝑇𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑇𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑗𝑐+𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐ℎ𝑠+𝑅𝑡ℎℎ𝑠𝑎
(5)
Where:
PD is the device total power dissipation.
Tjmax is the device maximum junction temperature.
Tcmax is the maximum allowable case temperature.
Rthjc is the device thermal resistance from junction case.
Rthchs is the thermal resistance from case to heat sink.
Rthhsa is the thermal resistance from heat sink to air.
Heat sinks with a high thermal conductivity are usually found
behind the solar cell. The heat transferarea from the solarcell
to the ambient environment is increased by using a heat sink
[24,25]. Because of its simplicity and low cost, it offers a lot
of potential for cooling PV panels. We used two identical
aluminum heat sinks with dimension of (22.7*22*8.2 cm (as
shown in figure 5.
Fig. 5. the heat sink with dimension of (22.7*22*8.2) cm.
E. Cooling DC Fan
The use of a passive cooling systemrequires adjustment of
its parameters. We use four dc fan to cooling the PV panel.
The air velocity over the heat sinkis controlled by a fan, while
the ambient temperature is maintained by an air conditioning
unit.
F. System Architecture
In figure 6 show the complete design schematic diagram of
the system. The content of the design systemthat controlled
(inputs & outputs) by the Nano Arduino with the PV solar
cells and two heat sink and four fans, LCD to monitor the
reading for the Temperature and output voltage.
Fig. 6. The block diagram of the complete system design.

4. G. The Complete system design
The proposed systemdesign had been completed that shown
in figure 7.
Fig. 7. proposed systemdesign.
As shown in figure 7 the prototype design ofthe systemmade
of the PV solar cell with two identical heat sinks but under
the pv cell and four dc fans in each corner attached to the pv
cell and the Arduino Nano in the middle of the pv and placed
the temperature senor in the cell with LCD to monitor the
reading temperature.
IV. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS
We have two cases to discussion forthe reading values of the
output for temperature, voltage, current, power and efficacy
the first case is using only the PV solar cells, the second case
is using the PV solar cells with cooling system(heat sink with
fans).
The readings were recorded in Baghdad, Iraq, between 8:00
a.m. and 3:00 p.m. for 15 readings at a 30 m interval in
2021/6/2.
A. Solarradiation
Pyranometers are used to measure solar radiation. As
indicated in Figure 8.
Fig. 8. A graph depicting sun radiation as a function of time.
the Pyrometer data were recorded. as shown in the figure
early in the morning, solar radiation is low from time (8:00
am), and it steadily grows with the intensity of the sun until
12.00 pm, when the solar radiation is high (peak) then lower
at the time (3:00 pm).
B. Temperature recording
The temperature recording for two cases the temperature
without cooling systemonly the solar cell and temperature
with passive cooling system(heat sink with fans) as shown
in Figure 9. we used the Lm35 to reading the temperature
with the Arduino Nano and it attaches with cell and monitor
the reading in the LCD display in any time.
The ambient temperature rises as the sun's intensity rises,
and as a result in most circumstances, heat moves from a
hotterto an older object.; however, heat transfer at the solar
cell system heat sink happened, leading the PV module's
(cooling system) temperature to be lower than the ambient
temperature.
Fig. 9. A plot of the temperature in two cases without
cooling system, and with cooling system(heat sink with
fan) temperature (◦C) Vs time.
The peak temperature of the system was 43 ◦ C without
cooling system at 112:30 PM, while the peak temperature
with cooling systemwas 37◦ C at 8:00 AM. And the dropped
in average solar panel temperature output from 41.45T to
39.37 T with enhancements about 5 C %.
C. The output power
The power output reading the voltage and current in two cases
without cooling system and with cooling system for 15
reading.
a) The voltage reading
Figure 10 showed the experimental results for output voltage
of a first case only the PV panel without cooling systemand
the other with cooling system. The comparison between two
cases show that the output voltage increases slightly at
decreasing the temperature (with cooling).
The cooling causes to increase the average output voltage
from 18.52v to 19.92v with enhancements about 7.03% for
the gained voltage.

5. Fig. 10. Solar panel output voltage without cooling system
and with cooling system.
As shown in the figure the maximum voltage values with
cooling system is (20.06 v) at 11:30 am, and the maximu m
values without cooling systemis (19.2 v) at 10:30 am.
b) The Current reading
Figure 11 showthe experimental results for output current of
a first case only the PV panel without cooling systemand the
other with cooling system. The comparison between two
cases showthat the outputmodule temperature (with cooling)
the current increases significantly when module temperature
decreases.
The cooling causes to increase the average output current
from 0.388 A and 0.428A with enhancements about 9.34 %
for the gained current.
Fig.11. Solar panel output current without cooling system
and with cooling system.
As shown in the figure the maximum current values with
cooling systemis (0.5A) at 11am, and the maximum values
without cooling systemis (0.46A) at 12 Pm
c) The output power
As showed in figure 12 the reading for the output power from
the values of the currents and voltages, when using the
cooling systemshown that the increase average output power
from 7.22W to 8.56W with enhancements about 13.34 %.
Fig.12. Solar panel output power without cooling system
and with cooling system.
As shown in the figure the maximum power values with
cooling systemis (10.25 w) at 11:30 am, and the maximu m
values without cooling systemis (8.832) at 12 Pm.
And now we can calculate the efficacy from equation 4, with
enhancements about 11% which is a good ratio that when
using the cooling system.
V. CONCLUSION
We design system for cooling PV solar panel by using heat
sink and four dc fans to ensure the best results to improving
and enhancements efficiency, output voltage and output
power of the solar cell.
The following are some of the conclusions drawn from the
current findings. The use of a passive cooling design
improves the PV panel performance, the results showed that
is the photovoltaic cell temperature decreased in average
output from 41.45T to 39.37 T with enhancements about 5 C
% with using passive cooling system, the cooling causes to
increase the average output current from 0.388 A and 0.428A
with enhancements about 9.34 % for the gained current, the
cooling improves the average output voltage from 18.52v to
19.92v with enhancements about 7.03% for the gained
voltage, the cooling causes to increase the average output
power from 7.22W to 8.56W with enhancements about 13.34
% for the gained current and the cooling causes to increase
efficiency with enhancements about 11% which is a good
ratio that when using the cooling system.
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