This document discusses various technologies for enabling demand response and reducing kW usage. It describes energy efficiency technologies, information and reporting systems, direct load control, distributed generation, energy management systems, smart load control systems, lighting technologies, and load shifting technologies that can be used to reduce demand. It also discusses considerations for determining the kW impacts and effects on facility operations when implementing demand reduction strategies.

1. Technologies for Enabling Demand
Response or kW Reduction
Gary Epstein
ERS
US Department of Energy
State Energy Program Regional Meeting
October 2003
Boston, MA
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2. Demand Response Considerations
Participant Facility Needs
Technology Options
Efficiency vs. Demand Control Technologies
Permanent vs. Short Duration kW Reductions
What Can and Can’t Be Done
Determination of kW and Facility Impacts
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3. Enabling Technology Options
Energy Efficiency Technologies
Information and Reporting Systems
Metering Systems
Direct Load Control
Backup Generation
Distributed Generation
Energy Management System Load Control
Smart Load Control Systems
Lighting Technology Options
Load Shifting Technologies
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4. Energy Efficiency Technologies
Many (Most) Energy Efficiency Technologies Also
Have Demand Reductions
Permanent Demand Reductions
Measures Observed Through DR Programs
Lighting Efficiency and Control
Chiller Plant Upgrades
EMS or BAS System Installation
Process Measures
Compressed Air Measures
VFD for Short Duration Curtailment
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5. Information and Reporting Technologies
Real-Time and Day-After Access to Load Data
Online Access is Increasingly Popular – Customers report that they find
the data useful for achieving load reduction and educating senior
management.
Baseline Data
Aggregation Data for Multiple Sites
Load Curtailment Notification
Phone, Fax, Pager, Email
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6. Direct Load Control
Traditionally Focused on Residential Sector
DHW, Pool Pumps, AC
Many New Approaches for C&I Sector
Central Control of Multi-Facility Customers
Remote EMS Control of Sites
Programmable, Direct Load Control Thermostats
Direct Load Control Switches: AC, Electric Heat, Etc.
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7. Distributed Generation Technologies
Backup Generation Systems
Assessment of Load Applicability During Curtailment is Critical
Environmental Requirements are Similarly Critical
Diesel Generators
Steam Turbine DG
MicroTurbine Systems
Renewable Technologies
Fuel Cells
Photovoltaics
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8. Central and Focused Energy Management Systems
for Demand Control
Local Scheduling Controllers
Typically Address HVAC and Lighting
Many Energy Management Systems have Demand Control
Features
Programmed Scheduling
Demand Limiting
Duty Cycling
Generally, EMS Systems Schedule (Turn Off) Predetermined
Groups of Equipment
Challenges or Limitations
Demand Control Can Conflict with Control Rules
Rules Based Logic Can Limit Certain Demand Control Effectiveness
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9. Smart Demand Control with kW Forecasting
Systems are Dedicated to Demand Control
Do Not Have Standard BAS or EMS Functionality
Continually Monitor Facility kW
Single or Multiple Meters
Smart Algorithm Continually Forecasts Average kW
During Specified Period (e.g.: 15 or 30 minute period)
Smart Duty Cycling Routine is Used to Modulate or Turn
Off End Use Equipment to Avoid Reaching Threshold
kW Levels
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10. Smart Demand Control: Neural Net Technology (AI)
Effectively, a Smart Building Automation System
that Progressively Learns Best Operation of
Building Systems
Use Neural Net (Adaptive Learning) Computational Methodologies
Ideally Suited for Full BAS System Operation
Excellent Demand Control Features
But: Control Functionality Seems Like a Black Box
to Many Facility Managers, Who Have Been Slow to
Adopt this Technology
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11. Demand Control with Lighting Technologies
kW Impacts with Lighting Efficiency Technologies
and Occupancy Sensors
Scheduling with Lighting Control Panels
Direct Addressable Lighting Systems (DALI, etc.)
Multi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
Load Shedding Ballasts
Power Reducing or Current Limiting Devices ???
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12. Load Shifting/Fuel Switching Technologies
Load Shifting
Thermal Storage
Off-Peak Operations for Industrial Facilities
Fuel Switching Technologies
Absorption Chillers
Steam Turbine Chillers
Engine-Driven Chillers
Engine-Driven Compressors
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13. Determination of kW Impacts
Turning Off or Scheduling Certain Systems Can
Have Effects on Other Building Systems
Particularly True of HVAC Equipment
Approaches for Determining kW Impact
Spreadsheet Modeling
Addressing Interactive Effects May Require Building Simulation or Other
Complex Analysis
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14. Understanding Impacts on Space Conditions
Does DR Approach Have an Impact on Space Conditions
Space Temperatures and Humidity
Ventilation
Illumination Levels
Safety Issues
Approaches for Estimating Impact
Duration of Impact and Recovery Period
Communications with Customer
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