Federalism as an ideal political order and an objective for constitutional reform

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Akash Shrestha

The author, James M Buchanan discusses federalism as a central element in an inclusive political order.

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Federalism as an ideal political order and an objective for constitutional reform

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Working for a big product like Yelp comes with his own set of challenges and opportunities related to workflows, visual design and asset management. I’ll cover the lessons learnt by introducing a scalable visual asset system and how it impacts the user experience and branding of the product. In doing so I’ll touch on topics like implementation strategy, delightfulness and style guides. I will also share my personal experience in working from San Francisco and moving back to working remote. About Stephen Stephen is a Belgian designer working for Yelp in San Francisco. Before taking the great leap across the ocean, he led the design team at Wijs where he worked with clients like Humo, Vedett, Bru, City of Ghent & Antwerp.

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The power of the market

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The capital of State 4, Pokhara - Lekhnath Metropolitan City (PLMPC) – the largest city by area and second largest city by population in Nepal – has immense potential for growth. Its rich abundant natural resources and scenic landscapes have helped promote the region as a tourist hub. However, there is an urgent need to improve the overarching macroeconomic indicators and regulatory barriers that pose a serious threat to the city’s economic development. To the same end, promoting enterprises with the highest-growth potential by creating a conducive business environment also becomes extremely vital.

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There is evidence that property ownership empowers women by increasing their self-confidence, ability to contribute to decisions, control over their reproductive behaviour, ability to borrow and economic independence. Yet, women around the world own negligible assets. It is not surprising that assets ownership among Nepalese women is insignificant. In urban areas of Nepal, however, women’s assets holdings have increased dramatically over the last four decades. The article analyses the institutions that resulted in increased asset holdings among women in Kathmandu, Nepal, and shows how strategic action by some men and women has given rise to new norms which favour property ownership among women. The findings are based on a sample of 193 women who legally own property (home or land) in Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Akash Shrestha

In this chapter, we won’t try to prove that trade is good for growth and that liberalisation is good for trade, so liberalisation is always good for growth whatever the circumstances. But we will demonstrate that an open trade policy is more likely to contribute to economic growth than alternative policies. We’ll start by looking at the different factors that contribute to economic growth and how trade affects them, and then we’ll look at the relationship between trade and R&D, trade and the diffusion of new technologies, and trade and investment.

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The anti-globalization movement had its coming-out party in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of activists and trade union members protested against a new round of trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation. Millions were drawn to these protests because of a preceding anti-WTO statement that was circulated on the internet, and signed by about 1 500 different groups, from churches to militant communists.

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China is passing through massive transformation; from a command to a market economy, from an economy based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing and services, from one with high fertility and low longevity to one faced with OCDE style low fertility and high longevity, and from an economy that was almost totally closed to one that, today, even before her accession to the WTO, is much more open than most countries at the same level of income. This vast movement of transformation started on a very simple principle frequently stated by Deng Xioaping: “Poverty is not socialism”. Prosperity was the new face of the socialism according to Deng Xiaoping’s famous dictum: to get rich is glorious. In the past socialism used to mean government planning, for the new China, it means common prosperity.

The chinese economic reform

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Since India began liberalizing its economy in 1991, entrepreneurship in the country has been on the upswing. Some of the most respected companies in the business community today are considered children of liberalization. Take information technology firm Infosys: In the first decade of its existence, from 1981 to 1991, Infosys grew to less than $5 million. In the 20 years since liberalization began, the company has grown to become a $6 billion-plus entity, and one that is well established in the global arena.

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Akash Shrestha

There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.

How reforms benefited the poorer half

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Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society . . . . He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, and in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was not part of his intention. - Adam Smith

The invisible hand

Akash Shrestha

सरकार एउटा संस्था हो, जोसँग निश्चित भौगोलिक क्षेत्रमा सामाजिक आचरणका नितिनियमहरु लागु गर्ने शक्ति हुन्छ । के व्यक्तिलाई यस्तो संस्था आवश्यकता पर्छ? पर्छ भने किन?

सरकारको स्वरुप

Akash Shrestha

There cannot be a second opinion when we say that human civilization has profited immensely by opening up markets and fostering the spirit of entrepreneurship. Before the last two centuries, almost every human kind lived in poverty. Suddenly everything changed. After the industrialization in United Kingdom and capitalist approach in United States of America, the globe witnessed increase in wealth of people along with the rise in their life expectancy rate. But how was this suddenly possible? Maybe the answer is quite relevant and required for our country.

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Introduction to Free Market and Market Economy

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In presidential and Congressional campaigns, the issue of raising the minimum wage workers is often brought up. Most Republicans and many Democrats oppose a rise in the minimum wage. Some economists believe it should be abolished altogether; in other words, businesses would be able to pay $1 or $7 per hour if they wanted, assuming they could find people to hire at the specified rate. This analysis examines the pros and cons of the economists' suggestion.

Should the minimum wage be abolished (i.e. reduced to

Akash Shrestha

The traditional analysis of the costs of monopoly concentrates on the deadweight loss involved, monopoly rents being considered merely a transfer to the monopolist from the consumer surplus that would exist under competition. Some years ago, that analysis was challenged by Posner (1975), who presented an ingenious argument that monopoly rents in fact measure the resources lost to society through rent seeking activities and thus should be counted in the costs of monopoly. That argument has recently been used by staff members of the Federal Trade Commission (Long et al. 1982, chap. 3, esp. pp. 77, 97, 104; see also Tollison, Higgins, and Shugart 1983, pp. 23-44) in an attempt to estimate the benefits potentially flowing from the use of the FTC's line-of-business program in antitrust enforcement.

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In this issue, we will be discussing about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Foreign Direct Investment has been a very productive tool for the economic growth of many countries. Recently after the government made the decision to celebrate 2012/13 as investment year and after the agreement with India i.e. Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, the topic of Foreign Direct Investment has been highly discussed among the lawmakers, policymakers and general public. The examples provided in this issue of different countries regarding FDI has shown how the growth rate is positively affected by the investment from outside the country.

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Privatisation. Political Economic Digest Series - 14.

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In this special edition of Political Economic Digest Series, we will look back at some of the highly commendable voluntary efforts made by the people (individuals and groups), coming together for the victims spontaneously, as the earthquake hit. The articles that follow contain documentations of how people acted on their own, in any capacity they could, rather than waiting for the government relief to reach the victims of the quake. Additional articles feature opinions about the spirit of entrepreneurship that has been gaining grounds in Nepal, and also about how the affected people have lost their homes but not their skills – the skills that the people will use to rise again. In the article “A new generation will help Nepal rise up and rebuild,” by Tashi Sherpa, he talks about the faith he has in the entrepreneurial youth of the nation and expresses his belief in them in re-building the country. The article “Unbent and unbowed,” by Samrat Katwal, contains additionally, useful words of caution as we move towards the reconstruction phase. He talks about protecting and using the indigenous knowledge about construction in different topographical and cultural regions of the country.

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